健康成人与住院病人肠球菌致病基因及表型和耐药性的比较研究

目的 调查健康成人与住院病人分离肠球菌致病基因、致病表型和耐药性的携带情况,以了解肠球菌在医院感染中的意义.方法 应用PCR检测肠球菌cylA、gelE、esp、ace、agg和efaA等6种致病基因,并用斑点杂交和基因测序确证.应用β溶血试验、明胶溶解和生物膜形成检测3种致病表型.应用琼脂稀释法检测肠球菌对高浓度庆大霉素、高浓度链霉素、万古霉素和氨苄西林的耐药性.结果 健康成人和住院病人粪肠球菌中均检测到6种致病基因,前者检出率7.4～40.7%,后者检出率29.0～80.6%;屎肠球菌健康成人分离菌株检测出3种致病基因,检出率5.6～16.7%;住院病人分离菌株检测出4种致病基因,检出率21.1～57.9%.健康成人和住院病人肠球菌β溶血、明胶溶解和生物膜形成的检出率分别为26.7%,54.0%;13.3%,40.0%;97.8%,90.0%.健康成人和住院病人屎肠球菌耐药率分别为22.2～94.4%,68.4～100.0%;粪肠球菌分别为3.7～33.3%,29.0～64.5%.结论 健康成人分离株较住院病人分离株的致病性弱,屎肠球菌比粪肠球菌的耐药性高.     

肠球菌属生物膜表型和基因型相关性分析

目的了解肠球菌属生物膜形成能力及其毒力基因携带率,分析生物膜的形成能力与毒力基因间的相关性。方法收集复旦大学附属华山医院2015-2017年临床分离自无菌体液的肠球菌属细菌,使用结晶紫染色法测定肠球菌的生物膜形成能力并进行形成能力的强弱分级,采用PCR方法筛查7种常见的肠球菌毒力基因以及Fsr群体感应系统基因(fsrA、fsrB、fsrC)。结果共收集了112株肠球菌菌株,其中粪肠球菌52株,屎肠球菌60株;两者生物膜形成的阳性率分别为63.46%和13.33%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.001)。52株粪肠球菌毒力基因携带率分别为:esp 40.38%、gelE 69.23%、sprE 73.08%、asa157.69%、cylA 46.15%、cylB 48.08%、cylM 50.00%、fsrA 40.38%、fsrB 42.31%、fsrC 80.77%,携带esp、asa1、cylA、cylB、cylM和fsrB基因的菌株更易形成生物膜。60株屎肠球菌毒力基因携带率分别为:esp 65.00%、gelE 10.00%。结论粪肠球菌比屎肠球菌更容易形成生物膜;多种毒力基因与生物膜形成相关,提示生物膜的形成并不是由单一基因调控,而是由多个基因多系统调控。     

儿童分离肠球菌表面蛋白基因的检测

目的探讨肠球菌表面蛋白基因（Esp基因）的表达与肠球菌致病性的相互关系。方法采用PCR检测自我院住院或门诊患儿分离的152株致病性肠球菌Esp基因。结果152株肠球菌中98株检出Esp基因，占64．5％；30株粪便分离的非致病性肠球菌均未检出Esp基因（P〈0．01）；粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌Esp基因检测阳性率分别为90．9％和28．1％，粪肠球菌明显高于屎肠球菌（P〈0．01）；152株致病肠球菌来自不同的感染部位，尿液、阴道分泌物、痰液、血液和脐分泌物标本Esp基因的阳性率分别为83．7％、55．6％、50．0％、43．0％和33．0％，住院患儿标本中分离的致病性肠球菌的Esp基因阳性率为75．0％，明显高于门诊患儿阳性率37．5％（P〈0．001）。结论肠球菌的Esp基因在肠球菌对宿主细胞的黏附定植以及逃避宿主免疫清除方面起到重要的作用。     

肠球菌耐药特征及对高浓度庆大霉素耐药基因的研究

目的研究从临床标本中分离到的303株肠球菌的耐药特征，以及了解我院庆大霉素高浓度耐药肠球菌耐药基因的流行分布。方法细菌鉴定和抗生素药敏试验采用Vitek-32全自动微生物系统自动分析，运用PCR方法检测ace(6’)-Ie-aph(2”)-Ia．aph(2”)-Ib和aph(2”)-Ic基因；并对部分PCR扩增产物DNA测序分析。结果303株肠球菌中以粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌最多见。分别占72．6％和22．4％；对庆大霉素高浓度耐药的粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌分别为57．9％和66．7％；对链霉素高浓度耐药粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌分别为52．6％和33．3％；对145株肠球菌进行高浓度庆大霉素耐药基因的检测显示：acc(6’)-Ie．aph(2”)-Ia基因是高浓度庆大霉素耐药肠球菌的惟一耐药基因，未检测到aph(2”)-Ib和aph(2”)-Ic基因。结论监测肠球菌属对高浓度氨基苷类抗生素的耐药情况和应用分子生物学技术检测高浓度庆大霉素耐药基因。为临床医师治疗肠球菌感染提供依据。     

粪肠球菌与屎肠球菌药敏表型和耐药基因的比较

目的检测粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌的耐药表型及多种耐药基因。方法琼脂稀释法测定抗菌药物对肠球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC);聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测tetM、ermB、TEM、mefA、aac(6′)aph(2″)、ant(6)Ⅰ基因。结果屎肠球菌对氨苄西林、青霉素G、红霉素、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、青霉素的耐药率分别为94.1%、100%、94.1%、88.2%、94.1%、85.3%,均高于粪肠球菌的12.5%、59.4%、78.1%、43.8%、68.8%、18.8%;对氯霉素的耐药率17.6%低于粪肠球菌的40.6%,但中介率已达64.7%,高于粪肠球菌中介率46.9%;肠球菌高水平庆大霉素耐药(HLGR)和高水平链霉素耐药(HLSR)检出率高,屎肠球菌中HLGR、HLSR的比例88.2%、67.6%分别高于粪肠球菌的68.8%、50.0%;全部肠球菌对万古霉素敏感。肠球菌中耐药基因检出率高,屎肠球菌中ermB、TEM、aac(6′)aph(2″)、ant(6)I分别为76.5%、26.5%、91.2%、64.7%,高于粪肠球菌的62.5%、0.0%、75.0%、62.5%;tetM的检出率38.2%低于粪肠球菌的43.8%;全部肠球菌未检出mefA基因。结论肠球菌对多种抗菌药物耐药率较高,屎肠球菌耐药比粪肠球菌严重。     

儿童患者中肠球菌属临床分离株耐药特征分析

目的了解儿童患者临床分离肠球菌属的耐药特征，指导临床合理用药。方法测定11种抗菌药物对158株肠球菌的MIC，Nithocefin纸片法检测B内酰胺酶，数据用WHONET5．3软件分析处理。结果158株儿童临床分离肠球菌中，粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌、坚韧肠球菌、鸟肠球菌和海氏肠球菌分别占56．3％、39．9％、1．3％、1．3％和1．3％；屎肠球菌对氨苄西林、阿莫西林-克拉维酸和环丙沙星的耐药率分别为96．8％，95，2％和84．1％，粪肠球菌对上述3种抗菌药的耐药率分别为23．6％，18％和49，4％，屎肠球菌的耐药率明显高于粪肠球菌（P〈20，001）；粪肠球菌出现2株万古霉素MIC为8mg／L的耐药菌，粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对替考拉宁全部敏感。儿童患者中多重耐药肠球菌属菌株占88．6％。结论儿童患者肠球菌属的耐药状况十分严重，尤其屎肠球菌对B内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类和氟喹诺酮类抗菌药耐药率很高。     

儿童肠球菌多重耐药与Ⅰ类整合子的检测

目的了解儿童临床分离肠球菌的耐药特征及其多重耐药与Ⅰ类整合子的相互关系。方法采用琼脂稀释法测定常用抗菌药物对152株肠球菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）,用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测肠球菌Ⅰ类整合子和Ⅰ类整合酶基因。结果屎肠球菌对氨苄西林、阿莫西林-克拉维酸、环丙沙星的耐药率分别为96．8％、95．2％和84．1％,粪肠球菌对上述3种抗菌药物的耐药率分别为23．6％、18．0％和49．4％,屎肠球菌的耐药率明显高于粪肠球菌（P〈0．001）;粪肠球菌中有2株对万古霉素的MIC为8μg/mL,粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对替考拉宁均敏感。儿童多重耐药肠球菌发生率高达93．7％。屎肠球菌耐药模式以耐氨苄西林、红霉素、环丙沙星、利福平、四环素、高水平庆大霉素6种抗菌药物为主,占屎肠球菌的59％,粪肠球菌以耐四环素、红霉素、利福平、氯霉素、高水平庆大霉素5种抗菌药物为主,占粪肠球菌的26％。全部152株肠球菌未检测到Ⅰ类整合子,仅有5株检测到Ⅰ类整合酶基因。结论儿童肠球菌多重耐药十分严重,儿童肠球菌多重耐药与Ⅰ类整合子和Ⅰ类整合酶基因尚无明显关系。     

223株常见肠球菌的临床分布和耐药性分析

[目的]分析常见肠球菌在临床标本中的分布及对常用抗菌药物的耐药性，为临床治疗提供参考。[方法]采用法国梅里埃生物API鉴定系统进行菌种鉴定，并采用K—B纸片扩散法进行体外耐药监测及统计耐药率。[结果]肠球菌的临床分离率为8．78％，分类以粪肠球菌为主，其次为屎肠球菌；肠球菌属对利福平、四环素、红霉素、达福普汀、氯霉素耐药率较高。而对万古霉素、替考拉宁和呋喃妥因仍然保持良好的敏感性。粪肠球菌对青霉素、氨苄西林、左旋氧氟沙星的耐药率分别是2．4％，2．4％，5．9％，低于屎肠球菌的90．7％，88．9％，13．0％；屎肠球菌对四环素、氯霉素的耐药率分别为51．9％，48．1％，低于粪肠球菌的95．3％，78．1％。[结论]临床标本中，肠球菌在泌尿生殖道标本中的分布最高，粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌的耐药谱明显不同，在重症感染时可选用万古霉素、替考拉宁和呋喃妥因进行治疗。     

肠球菌的毒力因子

肠球菌是人或动物肠道中的正常菌群.近年来,肠球菌的耐药性及医院感染已引起人们的广泛关注.本文就目前研究的肠球菌毒力因子如:溶血素的基因(cyl)、聚集物质(AS)、表面蛋白(esp)、心内膜炎抗原(efaA)、明胶酶(gelE)等作一综述.     

252株肠球菌的感染分布及耐药性观察

目的：了解肠球菌的感染分布特征及观察其耐药性。方法：所有菌株用常规方法分离，用API20Strep鉴定；药敏试验采用K-B法。结果：252株肠球菌中粪肠球菌172株(占68．3％)，屎肠球菌65株(占25．8％)；耐万古霉素肠球菌(VRF)检出率为4．5％，肠球菌庆大高耐株(MAR)检出率高达51．3％，屎肠球菌对青霉素等β内酰胺类抗生素耐药率明显高于粪肠球菌。结论：肠球菌种间鉴定及进行VRE和H12kR株的检测非常重要。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.