社交媒体和自杀预防:对相关人员的调查结果（英文）

背景:自杀是死亡的一个主要原因,在年轻人中尤为如此。社交媒体快速增长,年轻人热衷于此,自杀预防面临着新的挑战和机遇。人们常常在社交媒体网站上与他人交流关于自杀相关的行为,因而就有可能利用社交媒体来预防自杀。然而,不同的自杀预防倡导者对社交媒体的利用也是不尽相同的。这种干预方式在社区整体自杀预防战略中发挥的作用仍然是一个有争议的问题。目的:探讨相关人员使用社交媒体来预防自杀的方式,并且评估他们如何看待社交媒体作为预防自杀工具的潜在作用。方法 :这是一项为期12周的相关人员的调查。一共有10位研究自杀和社交媒体的受访者、13个用社交媒体来预防自杀的受访组织和64位社交媒体的用户参与并完成了在线调查。结果 :人们认为社交媒体能够有效提供一系列自杀预防活动。受访者表示社交媒体的主要好处是有机会获得别人的情感支持、表达自己的感情、跟其他人讨论类似的问题,并为别人提供帮助。Facebook被认为是最具有潜力提供自杀预防活动的社交媒体网站。受访者也担忧社交媒体的潜在风险,但他们认为潜在利益大于风险。结论 :不同方面的相关人员者认为社交媒体具有提供自杀预防活动的潜力。需要进行更多的研究以明确社交媒体为基础的干预的有效性和安全性,还需要制定并落实相关的道德标准和规章制度,以确保这样的干预是安全的。     

5-羟色胺和胆固醇水平对抑郁症患者再次自杀风险评估的研究

目的 探讨抑郁症患者血小板5-羟色胺（5-HT）和胆固醇水平与抑郁症患者再次自杀的关系.方法 对33例有自杀行为的抑郁症患者在接受治疗前测定血小板5-HT和胆固醇水平,评定汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD-24）和Beck绝望量表（BHS）,然后进行2年的随访.结果 16例患者再次出现自杀行为,再次自杀组血小板5-HT及血清胆固醇水平显著低于无再次自杀组（P＜0.01）.5-HT和血清胆固醇水平与HAMD-24、BHS分及自杀次数、自杀严重程度均呈负相关（P＜0.01）,且5-HT与血清胆固醇水平呈正相关（P＜0.01）.多重回归分析显示血小板5-HT浓度、家族史是自杀次数的主要影响因素.结论 低血小板5-HT及血清胆固醇浓度是抑郁症自杀的危险因素,对抑郁症自杀行为可能具有一定的的预测作用.     

首次发作的儿童青少年抑郁障碍患者中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值和自杀意念的关系

背景 自杀是全球严重的公共卫生问题之一。自杀与中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值（NLR）的关系可能在不同地区和不同年龄的人群中存在差异,有必要进一步研究NLR与我国儿童青少年抑郁障碍患者自杀意念之间的关系。目的 探讨儿童青少年抑郁障碍患者NLR与自杀意念的相关性,为探寻自杀的生物学指标提供线索。方法 回顾性纳入2020年1月-2022年12月在阜阳市第三人民医院住院治疗的536例符合《国际疾病分类（第10版）》（ICD-10）诊断标准的儿童青少年抑郁障碍患者,根据患者是否报告存在自杀意念,将患者分为两组。从病历中收集患者的人口学资料、出院诊断以及入院第二天的汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项版（HAMD-17）评分和血液学检验数据（中性粒细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数）。使用受试者操作特征曲线（ROC）测定NLR预测儿童青少年抑郁障碍患者自杀意念的最佳临界点,采用二元Logistic回归分析探索患者自杀意念的危险因素。结果 在536例患者中,无自杀意念者429例（80.04%）,有自杀意念者107例（19.96%）。与无自杀意念组相比,有自杀意念组HAMD-17评分更高[（25.28±8.86）分vs.(21.2...     

广泛性焦虑与抑郁症自杀的关系研究

目的：探讨广泛性焦虑症与抑郁症自杀的关系。方法：对符合入组病倒进行回顾性诊断，判断其是否合并广泛性焦虑症（GAD），检查其自杀观念及行为，完成汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、抑郁量表（HAMD）、抑郁自评问卷（BDI）的评定。结果：①抑郁症合并广泛性焦虑症为27.63%。②自杀组GAD例数及HAMA评分低于非自杀组。③合并GAD组HAMD评分高于对照组，BDI评分两组相当。结论：①抑郁症合并广泛性焦眠症比例很高。②焦虑可以作为自杀的保护因子，抑郁严重程度、病程是自杀的预测因子。     

大学生宿舍人际关系对自杀风险的影响:孤独感的中介作用

目的:探讨大学生宿舍人际关系、孤独感对自杀风险的预测作用,并分析孤独感在宿舍人际关系和自杀风险之间的中介作用。方法:采用方便抽样方法,通过问卷星平台进行调查,共回收问卷393份。研究工具包括一般情况调查表、修订版自杀行为问卷、宿舍人际关系量表、UCLA孤独量表。采用SPSS 25.0进行描述统计和相关分析,采用Hayes编制的SPSS宏中的简单中介模型进行中介效应检验。结果:宿舍人际关系与孤独感、自杀风险呈正相关(r=0.614,P0.01;r=0.369,P0.01),孤独感与自杀风险呈正相关(r=0.440,P0.01)。大学生宿舍人际关系不仅可以直接预测自杀风险,还可以通过孤独感的中介作用间接预测自杀风险,直接效应(0.165)和间接效应(0.210)分别占总效应(0.375)的44%和56%。结论:大学生宿舍人际关系对自杀风险有预测作用,孤独感在宿舍人际关系与自杀风险之间起部分中介作用。     

从既往史及家族史预测住院精神分裂症自杀效能的分析

目的：本研究旨在从既往史及家族史角度分析精神分裂症住院病人自杀 的危险因素，并对其预测自杀效能进行评估。方法：回顾性对照分析。病例组为1960至2000年期间我院偏执型精神分裂症住院自杀病人；同时，以1：2比例随机抽取同期病例进行对照分析有关项目。结果：病例组16例，对照组32例，组间一般资料均衡（P＞0．05）。几项危险度指标（既往攻击史、一级亲属精神病史、自杀及自杀未遂史）经单因素分析未发现组间显著性差异（P＞0．05），提示其预测自杀的效能有限。结论：有效地预测住院精神分裂症自杀仍缺乏理想手段，必要预防措施仍应面向所有住院病人。     

强迫症的非药物治疗

强迫症的患病率为2％，该药能损害病人的社交、家庭关系、工作和研究能力，其中强迫观念比强迫行为（仪式动作）更多损害生活质量，其损害程度类似精神分裂症，导致27％的曾有自杀企图，59％的曾有自杀观念，尽管药物治疗有效，但不能令人满意。本文将综述强迫症的常见症状，认知治疗、行为治疗和其非药物治疗。     

自杀（伤）行为的干预手段

目的：探讨和研究自杀（伤）干预的方法与策略。方法：通过对自杀（伤）行为的现状、来源和动机、危险因素动机的分析、归纳，总结自杀（伤）干预的步骤与原则。结果：自杀动机分为两类：一类称之为人际动机，另一类称之为内心动机。自杀（伤）产生的原因及相关因素与个体素质及外界社会因素有关。自杀（伤）者的50－90％的是由于精神疾病引起的。对自杀（伤）者的干预可分为评估、制定干预目标、实施、终止4期。预防措施主要有普及心理健康知识、减少自杀（伤）工具的可获得性、建立预防自杀的专门机构，及晨对有自杀（伤）者进行早期心理干预。结论：自杀（伤）者的最积极的干预是预防，尤其是对自杀（伤）高危人群的预防是重点。     

有自杀意念的儿童青少年双相障碍抑郁发作患者SLC6A4 基因甲基化研究

目的 探讨儿童青少年双相障碍（PBD）抑郁发作患者自杀意念与SLC6A4基因甲基化 的关系。方法 选取 2020 年 12 月至 2022 年 12 月于新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院临床心理科住院的 43 例 PBD 抑郁发作患者为研究对象。采用自杀意念自评量表（SIOSS）评估患者的自杀意念，将总分≥ 12 分且掩饰因子得分＜ 4 分的患者纳入有自杀意念组（n=29），将总分＜ 12 分的患者纳入无自杀意念组 （n=14）。采用 Methprimer 软件对SLC6A4基因启动子区进行甲基化岛预测和甲基化引物设计，将提取好 的DNA经亚硫酸盐转化后进行PCR扩增和焦磷酸盐测序，确定甲基化的CpG位点和甲基化率。比较两组 患者SLC6A4基因不同位点甲基化的差异，采用 Spearman 相关分析基因甲基化与自杀意念的相关性。 结果 基因甲基化检测结果显示，两组患者SLC6A4基因甲基化的位点包括 CpG1、CpG2.3、CpG4、 CpG5.6位点。有自杀意念组与无自杀意念组患者CpG1、CpG2.3、CpG4位点的基因甲基化率比较［48.28% （14/29）比 8/14、96.55%（28/29）比 14/14、20.69%（6/29）比 6/14］，差异无统计学意义（χ2 =0.297、0.494、2.306； P＞ 0.05）。有自杀意念组患者的 CpG5.6 位点基因甲基化率高于无自杀意念组［68.97%（20/29）比 5/14］， 差异有统计学意义（χ2 =4.289，P＜ 0.05）。相关分析结果显示，PBD 抑郁发作患者的 SIOSS 得分与 SLC6A4基因甲基化CpG1位点、CpG2.3位点、CpG4位点不存在相关性（r=-0.244、-0.210、-0.281；P＞0.05）； 与甲基化 CpG5.6 位点呈正相关（r=0.312，P＜ 0.05）。结论 PBD 抑郁发作患者的自杀意念与SLC6A4基 因甲基化 CpG5.6 位点有关，为明确其自杀意念的发生原因提供了基础。     

卷入欺负行为初中生的自杀意念与个性特征的关系

目的 探讨初中生卷入欺负行为者的自杀意念与个性特征的关系。方法 整群抽取山东省两所中学的初中生,采用初中生欺负问卷、自杀意念自评量表（SIOSS）和艾森克个性问卷（EPQ）进行问卷调查,回收有效问卷830份。结果不同类型欺负卷入者自杀意念检出率和自杀意念得分均存在明显差异（P〈0.05）;欺负卷入者EPQ各因子中神经质、精神质总体评分自杀意念组均高于无自杀意念组（P〈0.05）,内外向、掩饰性均低于无自杀意念组（P〈0.05）;有无自杀意念与EPQ各因子中内外向和掩饰性均成负相关（P〈0.05）,与神经质和精神质均成正相关（P〈0.05）。结论 个性特点是初中生不同类型欺负卷入者自杀意念的内在易感因素,个性内倾和高神经质等与卷入欺负的初中生自杀意念密切相关。     

Neuroimaging in epilepsy in tropics

Epilepsy is a major public health problem in many tropical countries. Also, some of the tropical diseases are major contributors to the higher prevalence of epilepsy in these countries. The etiologic factors responsible for epilepsy in these countries are quite different from those in the developed world. This article discusses the etiologic factors and neuroimaging of epilepsy in light of the conditions in these tropical countries.     

癫痫与抑郁关系的研究进展

抑郁是癫痫患者中常见的精神障碍,严重地影响了患者的生活质量。传统的观点认为癫痫患者因为存在着诸多社会学问题易出现抑郁倾向,癫痫和抑郁是单向的联系,但大量的研究已经证明癫痫和抑郁之间存在双向的联系,一种异常状态的存在可能易转化为另一种异常状态的发展。癫痫和抑郁存在着共同的发病机制。本文主要就癫痫和抑郁的双向联系以及抗抑郁药物在癫痫患者中的应用进行阐述。     

Sudanophilic lipid accumulation in astrocytes in periventricular leukomalacia in monkeys

Summary Sudanophilic lipid accumulation is a characteristic feature of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) of infants. At least two types of lipid-containing cells have been identified, one being the macrophage, the other the pre-myelin glial cell. A third type of lipid-containing cell has been seen in two monkeys with spontaneous PVL. Electron microscopically this cell appears to be an astrocyte. This probably represents a reaction of the astrocyte to hypoxia and may be the equivalent of the hypertrophic astrocytes found in human infants.Supported in part by NIH grant HDO 8633 and the Regional Primate Research Center Grant RR-00166     

Increase in cathepsin D activity in rat brain in aging

Cathepsin D-like activity in homogenates of five brain areas of 3-month-old and 24-month-old Fischer 344 rats was measured. With hemoglobin as substrate at pH 3.2, more than 90% of the activity was inhibited by pepstatin. In each area studied, activity was more than twice as high in the old rat brain: 140-160% higher in the cortex, cerebellum, pons-medulla, and striatum and 90-100% higher in the hippocampus and spinal cord. The greatly increased metabolic capacity in the absence of an increase in protein turnover may have a role in age-related pathological degeneration in the brain.     

Increase in noradrenaline-synthesizing enzyme activity in medulla oblongata in Parkinson's disease

Summary Dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH), the noradrenaline-synthesizing enzyme, and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT), the adrenaline-synthesizing enzyme, were assayed in 18 areas of brain stem in eight cases of parkinsonian syndromes and of four age- and postmortem delay-matched controls. Dissection was performed by the punch technique and enzyme activities assayed by radiometric methods. No significant change was found for PNMT activity. DBH activity was significantly increased in the A2-C2 area of the medulla oblongata (including the nucleus tractus solitarius) in the cases of Parkinson's disease.The A2-C2 area is known to be implicated in the control of blood pressure in rats. These findings are discussed in relation to orthostatic hypotension and the influence ofl-dopa therapy.Supported by grants from INSERM ATP 657897, ATP 8179113, CRL 79-1-356-6, DGRST (80 E 0882), FRMF, and Sandoz-France France     

Issues in evaluation of cognition in the elderly in developing countries

Background:

Developing regions of the world host the majority of elderly subjects who are at risk for dementia. Reliable epidemiological data from these countries is invaluable in tackling this global problem. Scarcity of such data in literature is largely attributable to problems that are unique to developing communities worldwide.

Objective:

To classify and describe the problems that interfere with the collection of reliable epidemiological data on cognitive impairment in the elderly in developing communities, and to suggest practical solutions for some of them.

Methods:

Inferring from the experiences of a large, ongoing, population-based study on the cognitive impairments in the elderly in South India and from the review of literature.

Conclusion:

A fatalistic attitude regarding aging in the communities, significant heterogeneity in educational abilities and activities of daily living, high illiteracy among rural subjects, and lack of an organized health care system and updated demographic figures are some of the major factors that contribute to technical, namely, methodology-related problems and practical, namely, subject-related problems in such epidemiological studies.     

Suicide in the elderly in Austria

In most countries men and women have the highest suicide rates in age groups over 60 years. We investigated suicide rates for the elderly in Austria, a country with one of the highest suicide rates in the world, for the period 1980–1991, using data from the Federal Statistical Division. Suicide rates remained stable over the last decade at a very high level. The mean rate for men was 85.2, for women 28.6/100 000. In men and women rates rise with age. The mean rate of men rises from 51.2 (60–64 years) to 117.3/100 000 (over 85 years); in women there is an increase from 21.4 (60–64 years) to 32.8/100 000 (over 85 years). We did not confirm findings in other countries, where suicide rates have increased in recent years.     

Characteristics of nociceptors in the periodontium--an in vitro study in rats

Recent studies have indicated that nociceptors can be classified into various types according to their physiological properties. These studies have clarified that the frequency distribution of various nociceptor types is different among body sites and animal species. In the present study, we investigated the physiological properties of rat's periodontal nociceptors in an in vitro jaw-nerve preparation. Responses were recorded from functional single filaments in the inferior alveolar nerve. To determine the nociceptor type, calibrated von Frey filaments, heat, and bradykinin (BK) stimuli were used. We found five subtypes of nociceptors in the periodontal ligaments of the lower incisor: Adelta-high threshold mechanonociceptors (Adelta-HTM, n=28), Adelta-mechanoheat nociceptors (Adelta-MH, n=6), Adelta-polymodal nociceptors (Adelta-POLY, n=26), C-high threshold mechanonociceptors (C-HTM, n=3) and C-polymodal nociceptors (C-POLY, n=4). Most nociceptors were Adelta-innervated, while only a small number of C-innervated nociceptors were found. The present results suggest that periodontal nociceptors transmit mainly fast pain, and may thus play a role in rapid detection of injure-related stimuli during mastication.     

Ethnic disparities in problem behaviour in adolescence contribute to ethnic disparities in social class in adulthood

BACKGROUND: It is important for prevention of social class disparities to know how ethnic disparities in social class arise among migrant children. We contribute to this understanding by examining the role of problem behaviour in adolescence. METHODS: Prospective observational study with 753 Dutch native and 217 Turkish migrant adolescents (11-18 year) followed for 10 years. Internalising and externalising problems were assessed in adolescence and employment status and occupational level were assessed in adulthood. The difference in odds ratios (OR) before and after adjustment for internalising and externalising problems was an indication of the predictive value of disparities in internalising and externalising problems for the development of social class disparities. RESULTS: A total of 135 (62%) of the Turkish and 602 (80%) of the Dutch adults were employed. Internalising and externalising problems were not associated with employment status. Of the employed, 65 (48%) Turkish and 179 (30%) Dutch adults worked in low-level occupations (p < 0.0001). Internalising and externalising problems were associated with both ethnicity and occupation. The OR for low-level occupation for Turkish adults was 1.78 (1.19-2.65), indicating ethnic disparities. Adjustment for internalising problems lowered the OR with 36% to 1.50 (0.97-2.31), and adjustment for externalising problems lowered it with 8% to 1.72 (1.15-2.57). Findings were similar for men and women and did not vary by age. CONCLUSIONS: Ethnic disparities in occupational level in adulthood could partly be attributed to disparities in mental health between Turkish migrants and Dutch natives in adolescence. Prevention of ethnic disparities in mental health at young age may therefore also contribute to the prevention of occupational differences in adulthood.     

Defects in Bioenergetic Coupling in Schizophrenia

Synaptic neurotransmission relies on maintenance of the synapse and meeting the energy demands of neurons. Defects in excitatory and inhibitory synapses have been implicated in schizophrenia, likely contributing to positive and negative symptoms as well as impaired cognition. Recently, accumulating evidence has suggested that bioenergetic systems, important in both synaptic function and cognition, are abnormal in psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia. Animal models of synaptic dysfunction demonstrated endophenotypes of schizophrenia as well as bioenergetic abnormalities. We report findings on the bioenergetic interplay of astrocytes and neurons and discuss how dysregulation of these pathways may contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, highlighting metabolic systems as important therapeutic targets.