骨骼肌卫星细胞的体外培养与生物学特性(英文)

目的:建立理想的骨骼肌卫星细胞体外培养方法,探讨其生物学特性,以达到应用于组织工程和基因治疗的目的。方法:采用Ⅰ型胶原酶和胰蛋白酶二步消化法获取大鼠骨骼肌卫星细胞,进行体外原代和传代培养。观察细胞的形态,通过生长曲线、细胞融合率研究骨骼肌卫星细胞的增殖与分化能力,利用免疫细胞化学染色对所获得的细胞进行鉴定。结果:二步消化法适用于骨骼肌卫星细胞的获取。在生长培养基作用下,细胞增殖旺盛;在分化培养基条件下,细胞分化良好,可融合成肌管。α-sarcometric肌动蛋白和肌球蛋白细胞免疫化学染色,骨骼肌卫星细胞弱阳性,肌管强阳性。结论:体外培养的骨骼肌卫星细胞具有良好的增殖与分化能力,适用于组织工程和基因治疗。     

骨骼肌卫星细胞的体外培养与生物学特性

目的：建立理想的骨骼肌卫星细胞体外培养方法，探讨其生物学特性、以达到应用于组织工程和基因治疗的目的：方法：采用Ⅰ型胶原酶和胰蛋白酶二步消化法获取大鼠骨骼肌卫星细胞，进行体外原代和传代培养。观察细胞的形态，通过生长曲线、细胞融合率研究骨骼肌卫星细胞的增殖与分化能力，利用免疫细胞化学染色对所获得的细胞进行鉴定。结果：二步消化法适用于骨骼肌卫星细胞的获取。在生长培养基作用下，细胞增殖旺盛；在分化培养基条件下，细胞分化良好，可融合成肌管。α-sarcometric肌动蛋白和肌球蛋白细胞免疫化学染色，骨骼肌卫星细胞弱阳性，肌管强阳性。结论：体外培养的骨骼肌卫星细胞具有良好的增殖与分化能力，适用于组织工程和基因治疗。     

大鼠眼外肌成肌细胞的增殖及分化特征

目的:完善眼外肌成肌细胞体外培养、鉴定的方法及观察其生物学特性。方法:实验于2005-02/08在青岛大学医学院附院中心实验室(省级实验室)完成。取出生后3～7d的大鼠,通过大鼠眼外肌细胞的取材、分离、消化、培养等技术,观察细胞的形态、生长曲线、细胞融合率,观察大鼠眼外肌卫星细胞的增殖与分化能力,利用成肌细胞标记物α-横纹肌肌动蛋白、中间丝结蛋白免疫细胞化学染色对所获得的细胞进行鉴定。结果:①成肌细胞的生长情况:在生长培养基作用下,细胞增殖旺盛;在分化培养基条件下,细胞分化良好,可融合成肌管。②成肌细胞融合率:在24h和48h融合率提高明显,72h达高峰,之后不再变化。③细胞免疫化学检测结果:α-横纹肌肌动蛋白和中间丝结蛋白免疫细胞化学染色阳性。结论:体外培养的大鼠眼外肌卫星细胞具有良好的增殖与分化能力,其生物学特征同骨骼肌卫星细胞。     

当归多糖对体外造血微环境中肌卫星细胞增殖的影响

背景: 肌卫星细胞是造血功能重建最有希望的种子细胞来源.当归多糖对造血干细胞和造血祖细胞的增殖分化存在显著的促进作用,也可以有效改变肌卫星细胞的生长特性.目的: 观察当归多糖对不同培养条件下乳鼠骨骼肌卫星细胞增殖的影响.方法: 分离小鼠肌卫星细胞,培养5 d后采用a一肌动蛋白免疫细胞化学鉴定.将细胞接种于96孔板培养24 h,使细胞同步化;将细胞分为空白对照组,骨髓基质细胞培养上清组,加入含50,100,200,300,400 mg/L当归多糖的DMEM/F12培养基实验组及经50,100,200,300,400 mg/L当归多糖干预后骨髓基质细胞条件培养基组.经实验处理后采用MTT法检测各组细胞的增殖活性.结果与结论: 分离培养的骨骼肌卫星细胞呈α-肌动蛋白染色阳性,通过MTT法检测发现,经不同浓度当归多糖干预后的骨髓基质细胞条件培养基培养的各组肌卫星细胞增殖显著.且经当归多糖干预的骨髓基质细胞条件培养基可以有效改变肌卫星细胞的生长特性,并呈剂量依赖性.     

新生小鼠骨骼肌卫星细胞在成肌过程中的形态学变化

背景:目前对于大鼠、恒河猴等骨骼肌卫星细胞的研究较多,但有关小鼠骨骼肌卫星细胞的研究报道较少。目的:观察体外培养的小鼠骨骼肌卫星细胞在成肌过程中的光电镜结构及免疫组织化学特性。设计:单一样本研究。单位:天津中医学院组织胚胎学教研室。材料:实验在北京大学基础医学院人体解剖学与组织胚胎学系唐军民导师研究室完成。新生5d昆明种小鼠5只,雌雄不限(购自北京大学医学部实验动物中心)。干预:分离新生小鼠骨骼肌卫星细胞,进行体外培养。在倒置显微镜下观察肌卫星细胞的成肌过程,并应用透射电镜及免疫细胞化学技术观察小鼠成肌细胞的超微结构及结构蛋白的分布。主要观察指标:①小鼠骨骼肌卫星细胞的分离纯化与原代培养的形态学观察。②免疫组织化学观察。结果:卫星细胞生长、分化良好,最终由单个核圆形细胞逐渐变化为多个核的长圆柱的肌管状细胞。免疫细胞化学技术显示,细胞呈α-肌动蛋白阳性。结论:采用两步消化法分离,得到的骨骼肌卫星细胞质量较好;且α-肌动蛋白对鉴定小鼠骨骼肌卫星细胞具有特异性。     

差速贴壁法体外培养失神经骨骼肌肌源性干细胞的生物学特性

目的:探讨失神经过程中的肌源性干细胞的生物学特性,掌握其分离、培养及鉴定方法,了解其生长规律并进行体内定位。方法:实验于2004-01/2005-10华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院手外科完成。选取清洁级3周龄昆明种小鼠5只,切断小鼠双侧坐骨神经,造成失神经损伤模型。采用XI型胶原酶和胰蛋白酶消化法及差速贴壁法分离细胞获取小鼠肌源性干细胞,进行体外原代和传代培养。观察细胞的形态,通过生长曲线分析肌源性干细胞的增殖能力,利用免疫细胞化学染色对所获得的细胞进行鉴定。结果:①失神经骨骼肌内肌源性干细胞生长特性:失神经骨骼肌肌源性干细胞原代培养时细胞贴壁及生长较慢,1个月后才进行传代。传代培养3d后部分细胞呈梭形,成簇状生长。7～10d后大部分为梭形和多形状,细胞间相互出现成片融合,此后细胞生长速度放慢。②失神经骨骼肌肌源性干细胞生长曲线的绘制:细胞培养前3d细胞生长慢,3d后生长明显加快,7d后生长明显放慢,进入平台期。③失神经骨骼肌内肌源性干细胞的表型鉴定:细胞质CD34和Sca-1染色均呈阳性,细胞核大。④失神经骨骼肌内肌源性干细胞的体内定位:CD34和Sca-1阳性细胞位于肌细胞和基底膜之间,细胞小,细胞数量较少。结论:采用差速贴壁法可从失神经骨骼肌内分离出肌源性干细胞,体外培养的肌源性干细胞具有良好的增殖能力,适用于组织工程和基因治疗。     

骨骼肌卫星细胞纯化及培养的实验研究

目的:建立一种骨骼肌卫星细胞纯化及培养方法。方法:取成年雌性SD大鼠前肢肱三头肌,用胶原酶和Dispase进行消化,采用差速贴壁的方法纯化骨骼肌卫星细胞,用含20%胎牛血清的Hams-F10培养基进行培养,α-骨骼肌肌动蛋白(α-sarcometricactin)免疫细胞化学染色进行细胞鉴定。结果:成功地分离培养了成年大白鼠的骨骼肌卫星细胞。结论:采用差速贴壁的方法可以成功纯化骨骼肌卫星细胞,为将来自体肌卫星细胞移植治疗压力性尿失禁打下了基础。     

电穿孔转染酸性成纤维细胞生长因子基因对骨骼肌卫星细胞的影响

背景：课题组早期研究表明体外一定剂量酸性成纤维细胞生长因子对骨骼肌卫星细胞增殖有促进作用。目的：进一步验证电穿孔转染酸性成纤维细胞生长因子基因对骨骼肌卫星细胞生长、增殖及分化的影响。方法：原代培养、纯化骨骼肌卫星细胞,将带有酸性成纤维细胞生长因子基因的质粒pSectag-GFP-aFGF通过电转染的方法转染大鼠骨骼肌卫星细胞,荧光显微镜观察绿色荧光蛋白的表达情况并计算转染率,以流式细胞仪分析转染后细胞周期,绘制细胞生长曲线,观察转染后肌管形成情况,Western Bloting检测酸性成纤维细胞生长因子基因的表达。结果与结论：①免疫细胞化学检测：骨骼肌肌动蛋白呈阳性表达。②转染效率：pSectag-aFGF 质粒电转染12 h后即可看见散在发绿色荧光的卫星细胞,72-96 h达高峰,阳性表达率约90%。③细胞周期检测：电转染后S期所占的百分比明显多于未转染对照组(P <0.05)。④细胞生长曲线检测：电转染细胞接种后第3天进入对数生长期,第5天后开始减少。⑤分化能力观察：电转染组肌管较未转染对照组明显减少,老化细胞较少。⑥Western-blot：酸性成纤维细胞生长因子基因在转染骨骼肌卫星细胞中表达。结果表明,通过电穿孔法可以将酸性成纤维细胞生长因子基因转染进骨骼肌卫星细胞并获得高效持久的表达,并有促进骨骼肌卫星细胞增殖及抑制分化为肌管的作用。     

兔角膜缘干细胞原代培养优化方法的初步探索

目的观察用DispaseⅡ与胰酶-EDTA冷热交替消化获取的兔角膜缘干细胞体外培养的优化方法。方法获取兔角膜缘组织,分为优化组和常规组。优化组用DispaseⅡ中4℃与胰酶-EDTA中37℃冷热交替消化,常规组用DispaseⅡ中37℃制成单细胞悬液,两组均用含10%血清的培养基进行培养。观察细胞的形态及生长情况,结晶紫染色检测其增殖能力,免疫细胞化学染色方法对细胞进行鉴定。结果与常规组相比,优化组兔角膜缘干细胞表现出相似的生长特性,有较高的增殖能力,细胞免疫化学染色优化组较常规组ΔNp63阳性细胞明显多,而角蛋白K3(AE5)阳性细胞较少。结论用DispaseⅡ与胰酶-EDTA冷热交替消化法获取的角膜缘干细胞可以在体外成功培养,为临床研究奠定更好的实验基础。     

新生小鼠骨骼肌卫星细胞在成肌过程中的形态学变化

背景：目前对于大鼠、恒河猴等骨骼肌卫星细胞的研究较多，但有关小鼠骨骼肌卫星细胞的研究报道较少。目的：观察体外培养的小鼠骨骼肌卫星细胞在成肌过程中的光电镜结构及免疫组织化学特性。设计：单一样本研究。单位：天津中医学院组织胚胎学教研室。材料：实验在北京大学基础医学院人体解剖学与组织胚胎学系唐军民导师研究室完成。新生5d昆明种小鼠5只，雌雄不限(购自北京大学医学部实验动物中心)。干预：分离新生小鼠骨骼肌卫星细胞，进行体外培养。在倒置显微镜下观察肌卫星细胞的成肌过程，并应用透射电镜及免疫细胞化学技术观察小鼠成肌细胞的超微结构及结构蛋白的分布。主要观察指标：①小鼠骨骼肌卫星细胞的分离纯化与原代培养的形态学观察。②免疫组织化学观察。结果：卫星细胞生长、分化良好，最终由单个核圆形细胞逐渐变化为多个核的长圆柱的肌管状细胞。免疫细胞化学技术显示，细胞呈a一肌动蛋白阳性。结论：采用两步消化法分离，得到的骨骼肌卫星细胞质量较好；且a一肌动蛋白对鉴定小鼠骨骼肌卫星细胞具有特异性。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."