IOL Master 700与Lenstar LS900对高度近视合并白内障患者术前生物测量及人工晶状体计算的比较

目的：比较IOL Master 700与Lenstar LS900对高度近视合并白内障患者术前眼生物测量的差异性、相关性、一致性及人工晶状体(IOL)度数计算的准确性。

方法：回顾性研究。收集2021-03/2023-03于陆军特色医学中心眼科行白内障超声乳化联合IOL植入手术的高度近视合并白内障患者136例136眼,平均年龄57.38±8.08岁。根据眼轴长度(AL)将患者分为3组：A组(26 mm≤AL≤28 mm)41眼,B组(28 mm30 mm)52眼。术前分别使用两种仪器测量AL、平均角膜曲率(Km)、前房深度(ACD)、晶状体厚度(LT)和白到白距离(WTW)。所有患者均采用Barrett Universal Ⅱ公式计算IOL度数,个性化选择适宜的预留屈光度,比较两种仪器的预测屈光误差(PE)和绝对屈光误差(AE)。

结果：三组患者中Lenstar LS900测量的AL和ACD均大于IOL Master 700测量值(均P<0.05),且两种仪器测量AL的平均差值C组>B组>A组。两种仪器测量LT、Km与WTW值均无差异(均P>0.05)。两种仪器所得各组生物参数均具有正相关性(均r>0.9,P<0.05)且一致性较好(95%LoA范围较窄)。两种仪器计算的AE无差异(P>0.05),但IOL Master 700计算的PE小于Lenstar LS900(P<0.05),且前者远视偏移百分比更低。

结论：在高度近视合并白内障患者中,Lenstar LS900测量AL值大于IOL Master 700,且该差异随着AL的增加而增大,两种仪器对IOL的计算均具有良好的预测性,但IOL Master 700术后屈光误差更小,远视偏移百分比更低。     

三种仪器测量白内障术前角膜生物学参数的比较

目的：比较Pentacam、IOL Master和iTrace三种仪器测量白内障患者术前角膜曲率和散光的测量值的差异。

方法：前瞻性临床研究。收集白内障患者68例82眼，术前均接受IOL Master、Pentacam及 iTrace检查，测量患眼平坦轴角膜曲率(K1)、陡峭轴角膜曲率(K2)、角膜散光及轴向，计算平均角膜曲率(Km)、散光矢量 J0和J45，分析三种仪器测量结果的差异性、相关性和一致性。

结果：三种仪器测量的K1、K2、Km值均无差异(P>0.05)； 三种仪器测量的K1、K2、Km值均呈高度相关(|r|>0.5，P<0.01)，IOL Master与Pentacam、IOL Master与iTrace测量的J0、J45值均呈中度相关(0.3<|r|<0.5，P<0.01)，Pentacam与iTrace测量的J0、J45值均呈低度相关(0.1<|r|<0.3，P<0.05)； Bland-Altman分析法显示三种仪器测得K1、K2、Km、J0、J45一致性差。

结论：Pentacam、IOL Master和iTrace测量角膜曲率及散光之间具有相关性，但一致性差，不可任意替代使用，需根据患者眼部具体情况谨慎选择。     

IOL Master在硅油眼并发性白内障患者中的临床研究

目的：研究眼科光学生物测量仪(IOL Master)在硅油眼并发性白内障患者硅油取出联合白内障手术后的测量屈光误差及影响因素。

方法：纳入2020-08/11来南昌大学附属眼科医院就诊的硅油眼并发性白内障行硅油取出联合白内障超声乳化吸除及人工晶状体植入术患者41例,将其分为2组：高度近视组18例18眼和非高度近视组23例23眼。收集并记录患者使用IOL Master的测量数据,所有数据使用SPSS 20.0行统计学分析。

结果：高度近视组和非高度近视组组内球镜度数、散光度数比较均无差异(P>0.05)。两组眼轴差值(ΔAL)分别为-0.28±0.29、0.05±0.31mm(P<0.05),角膜曲率差值(ΔK)、绝对屈光误差(MARE)、散光差值(Δ散光)均无差异(P>0.05)。高度近视组术前、术后眼轴长度(AL)分别为28.37±1.73、28.10±1.55mm(t=3.994,P<0.05),而非高度近视组术前、术后AL无差异(P>0.05)。高度近视组患者术前AL、ΔAL与MARE呈中度相关(r=0.742、-0.646,均P<0.05),而非高度近视组术前AL、ΔAL、术前K、ΔK与MARE均无相关性(P>0.05)。

结论：IOL Master测量硅油眼并发性白内障患者人工晶状体度数准确性高,测量生物学参数误差小。高度近视硅油眼并发白内障患者硅油取出术前眼轴越长、术后眼轴变化越多,屈光误差越大。     

Pentacam与IOL Master测量角膜屈光力的比较

目的：比较Scheimpflug 原理摄像系统Pentacam与光学相干生物测量仪IOL Master测量角膜正常的白内障患者角膜屈光力,分析两者的一致性。

方法：前瞻性临床研究。选取我院2017-01/06门诊就诊的角膜正常的白内障患者41例64眼,术前分别采用IOL Master和Pentacam测量角膜屈光力,采集的数据包括：sim K、true net power、角膜中央1.0～7.0mm直径Holladay equivalent K(EKR)(Pentacam)及Km\〖Km=(K1+K2)/2\〗(IOL Master)。两种仪器测量K值之间的差异采用配对样本t检验,其相关性采用Pearson相关性分析,一致性采用Bland-Altman法。

结果：角膜正常的白内障患者Pentacam测量所得true net power、角膜中央1.0、2.0、3.0mm直径EKR 比IOL Master测量所得Km小; 角膜中央4.5、5.0、6.0、7.0mm直径EKR比IOL Master 测量所得Km大,差异具有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。Pentacam测量所得 sim K、角膜中央4.0mm直径EKR与IOL Master测量所得Km差值最小,差值均值分别为-0.03±0.252和0.04±0.244D,差异无统计学意义(t=-1.018,P=0.313; t=1.461,P=0.149); 且一致性最高,95%一致性界限分别为-0.53～0.46D和-0.43～0.52D。两种仪器间所测量K值均具有较高的相关性(均r>0.9,P<0.01)。

结论：角膜正常的白内障患者Pentacam测量所得sim K、角膜中央4.0mm 直径EKR与IOL Master测量所得Km一致性最高,但使用中需结合临床意义进一步对仪器的适用范围加以判断。     

IOL Master 700与A超联合角膜地形图测量对白内障术后屈光误差影响的比较

目的：分析A超联合角膜地形图测量白内障患者眼部相关生物参数及术后屈光误差,并与IOL Master 700进行对比,评估其在临床应用中的精确性。

方法：前瞻性研究。收集2020-07/2021-07在苏州大学附属第一医院就诊的白内障患者113例122眼,分别应用IOL Master 700、A超及角膜地形图测量眼轴长度(AL)、前房深度(ACD)、晶状体厚度(LT)和角膜曲率(Km),并分析术后3mo屈光误差情况。

结果：IOL Master 700和A超联合角膜地形图测量的AL(24.09±1.65、23.81±1.62mm)、ACD(3.11±0.42、2.97±0.43mm)、Km(44.12±1.59、44.06±1.54D)均有差异(P<0.05),LT(4.34±0.46、4.30±0.59mm)无差异(P>0.05)。不同测量方法人工晶状体(IOL)屈光度计算公式术后平均绝对屈光误差(MAE)具有显著差异(P<0.001),其中IOL Master 700测量仪自带的Barrett Universal Ⅱ公式MAE与 Holladay Ⅰ、Haigis、SRK/T公式比较均有差异(P<0.01),与A超联合角膜地形图计算公式SRK/T、Barrett Universal Ⅱ公式比较亦均有差异(P<0.01),但IOL Master 700测量仪自带的Holladay Ⅰ、Haigis、SRK/T公式MAE与A超联合角膜地形图计算公式SRK/T公式比较均无差异(P>0.05)。此外,IOL Master 700测量仪自带的Barrett Universal Ⅱ公式绝对屈光误差中值(MedAE)最小(0.260D),A超联合角膜地形图计算公式Barrett Universal Ⅱ公式MedAE最大(0.765D)。

结论：A超联合角膜地形图测量的AL、ACD、Km值均较IOL Master 700偏小,运用SRK/T公式计算IOL屈光度时,二者测算结果相近,而使用Barrett Universal Ⅱ公式时A超联合角膜地形图屈光误差较大,易导致远视漂移。     

三种仪器测量低中度青少年近视患者角膜曲率的比较

目的：比较Pentacam、IOL Master和角膜地形图测量低中度青少年近视患者角膜曲率的差异性和一致性。

方法：前瞻性临床研究。选取2019-01/10在南京医科大学附属眼科医院就诊的低中度青少年近视患者291例291眼,其中低度近视患者141例141眼,中度近视患者150例150眼,分别采用Pentacam、IOL Master及角膜地形图检查角膜曲率(K₁、K₂、K_m)和角膜散光(J₀、J₄₅)情况,分析三种仪器测量结果的差异性、相关性和一致性。

结果：差异性分析结果显示,Pentacam和角膜地形图测量低度和中度青少年近视患者J₄₅的测量值无差异(P>0.05); Pentacam和IOL Master测量低度近视患者J₀的测量值无差异(P>0.05); Pentacam和角膜地形图测量低度近视患者K₂、中度近视患者J₀的测量值均无差异(P>0.05); 三种仪器测量低度和中度青少年近视患者其他测量值均有差异(P<0.05)。相关性分析结果显示,三种仪器测量结果两两分析均呈正相关(r=0.545～0.997,均P<0.001)。Bland-Altman一致性分析结果显示,三种仪器的检测结果具有较好的一致性。

结论：Pentacam、IOL Master和角膜地形图三种仪器的检测结果具有较好的一致性,均可用于低中度近视患者角膜塑形镜验配前的参数检测,其中Pentacam与角膜地形图差异性最小,但三种仪器是否可以互做替代仍需结合临床实际应用。     

不同角膜仪测量的角膜曲率值的一致性分析

目的：比较测得后三种不同角膜仪测量的角膜曲率,以评估其测量值之间的一致性。

方法：前瞻性研究。252例患者(252眼)使用IOL Master(IM),Bausch & Lomb手动角膜仪(Man)以及TOPCON KR-8800自动角膜仪(Top)进行角膜曲率测量。记录并对比平均角膜曲率值。使用Bland Altman统计方法进行仪器间的一致性分析。

结果：1)IOL Master 和 手动角膜仪：IOL Master平均角膜曲率为44.62±1.52 D,手动角膜仪为44.60±1.52 D。 t-test显示差异具有统计学意义(P=0.001); Bland-Altman图显示两种仪器间95%一致性区间(LOAs)为-0.22～0.22; 2)IOL Master 和自动角膜仪：IOL Master平均角膜曲率为44.62±1.52 D,自动角膜仪为44.46±1.53 D。t-test显示差异具有统计学意义(P<0.0001)。Bland-Altman图显示两种仪器间95%LOAs为 -0.24～0.55; 3)自动角膜仪和手动角膜仪：自动角膜仪平均角膜曲率为44.60±1.52 D,手动角膜仪为44.46±1.53 D。t-test显示差异具有统计学意义(P<0.0001)。Bland-Altman图显示两种仪器间95%LOAs为-0.30～0.57。

结论：使用不同的仪器获得的角膜曲率数据是不可替换的,这对于白内障外科医生在外科手术计划和结果评估方面具有重要意义。     

IOL Master 700与Pentacam测量不同年龄段白内障患者角膜生物参数的分析

目的：分析比较IOL Master 700与Pentacam在不同年龄段白内障患者角膜生物参数的差异性、相关性及一致性。

方法：横断面研究。收集2020-02/09就诊于潍坊眼科医院的白内障患者87例162眼,其中男44例80眼,女43例82眼,平均年龄61.2±9.87岁,将患者按年龄分为四组,A组(40～50岁)17例32眼,B组(51～60岁)25例47眼,C组(61～70岁)28例53眼,D组(71～80岁)17例30眼,分别用IOL Master 700和Pentacam测量各组白内障患者术前角膜生物参数,记录为平坦轴角膜曲率(K1)、陡峭轴角膜曲率(K2)、平均角膜曲率(Km)、角膜散光度数、前房深度(ACD)、中央角膜厚度(CCT)。分析两种生物测量仪器间在不同年龄组测量结果的差异性、相关性及一致性。

结果：两种仪器测量C组患者角膜散光度数及D组患者K1、角膜散光度数之间有差异(t=2.746、-2.582、2.637,均P<0.05)。Pearson相关性分析显示两种仪器在测量四组患者参数时有良好的相关性。Bland-Altman分析结果显示IOL Master 700与Pentacam测量四组患者K1、K2、Km、角膜散光度数、ACD、CCT的一致性较好。

结论：IOL Master 700与Pentacam在测量40～60岁白内障患者的角膜生物参数方面无明显差异,在61～70岁患者时散光度数有差异,在71～80岁患者时散光度数、K1值有差异,测量结果显示两种仪器有良好的相关性。总体来说,两种检查设备的一致性较好,角膜散光度数及角膜曲率要综合分析数据进行选择。     

高度近视合并白内障患者不同术式术后屈光误差因素的分析

目的：研究不同手术方式对轴性高度近视合并白内障患者手术前后前房深度(ACD)、眼轴长度(AL)以及角膜曲率(K)的变化,以及对术后屈光误差(MFE)的影响。

方法：选取我院行白内障联合人工晶状体(IOL)植入术患者126例126眼,依据不同手术方式与AL将其分为3组：A组42例42眼为高度近视合并白内障患者,行白内障超声乳化吸除联合IOL植入术; B组42例42眼为高度近视合并白内障患者,行小切口白内障囊外摘除术联合IOL植入术; C组42例42眼为正常眼轴合并白内障患者,行白内障超声乳化吸除联合IOL植入术。测量3组患者术前1d和术后3mo的ACD、AL、K及视力值,并行统计学分析。

结果：A、B两组间术前、术后ACD变化(△ACD)和AL变化(△AL)均无差异。A、B组与C组间△ACD、△AL均有差异(均P<0.01)。三组△ACD与△AL均呈现正相关(r_A组=0.855,r_B组=0.856,r_C组=0.639,均P<0.05),三组术前AL、△AL、△ACD与MFE均呈正相关(r_A组=0.874、0.877、0.858,r_B组=0.875、0.879、0.858,r_C组=0.428、0.766、0.862,均P<0.05)。A、B两组标准化回归系数△AL>△ACD(1.32、1.31倍),C组标准化回归系数△ACD>△AL(1.66倍)。

结论：不同手术方式对轴性高度近视合并白内障患者术后的K值和MFE无明显影响,其术后MFE的主要影响因素是手术前后AL的变化,正常眼轴患者术后MFE更多因为ACD的变化。     

iTrace与IOL Master 700和Pentacam HR测量白内障术前角膜散光的比较

目的：iTrace与IOL Master 700和Pentacam HR在白内障术前测量角膜散光的差异性及一致性。

方法：横断面研究。收集2020-05/2021-05来院就诊的白内障患者149例181眼。术前使用iTrace、IOL Master 700和Pentacam HR三种仪器测量陡峭轴角膜曲率(Ks)、平坦轴角膜曲率(Kf)、平均角膜曲率(Km)、角膜散光度数(Cyl)、陡峭轴轴位(Axis)。分析三种仪器测量指标的差异性及一致性。

结果：三组仪器间测量Ks、Kf、Km均有差异(F=4.912、3.514、4.873，均P<0.05)，Cyl与Axis均无差异(F=0.523、0.128，均P>0.05)。Bland-Altman分析提示iTrace与另两种仪器测量的Ks、Kf一致性较差，Cyl和Axis的一致性好，但Axis差值不在临床可接受范围。低度散光组(50眼)、中度散光组(34眼)和高度散光组(18眼)的iTrace与另两种仪器的测量值差值均无差异(P>0.05)。

结论：iTrace与IOL Master 700和Pentacam HR在白内障患者术前测量除散光度一致性好外，其余Ks、Kf均有差异性，Axis差值偏大，超过临床可接受范围，尤其是高度散光组。白内障术前角膜散光的测量应选择多种测量仪器，全方位规划手术方案。     

Paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic retinopathy and optic neuropathy: Evaluation and management

Paraneoplastic syndromes involving the visual system are a heterogeneous group of disorders occurring in the setting of systemic malignancy. Timely recognition of one of these entities can facilitate early detection and treatment of an unsuspected, underlying malignancy, sometimes months before it would have otherwise presented, and gives the patient an increased chance at survival. We outline the clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment strategies for the retinal- and optic nerve–based paraneoplastic syndromes: cancer-associated retinopathy; melanoma-associated retinopathy; paraneoplastic vitelliform maculopathy; bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation; paraneoplastic optic neuropathy; and polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and skin changes syndrome. Distinguishing these disorders from their non-paraneoplastic counterparts (e.g., autoimmune-related retinopathy and optic neuropathy, and acute zonal occult outer retinopathy) and determining appropriate systemic evaluation for the responsible tumor can be challenging. In addition, we discuss the utility and interpretation of autoantibody testing.     

Segmentation and accuracy in copying and drawing: Experts and beginners

As part of an ongoing investigation into real-world copying and drawing, I recorded the eye-hand drawing strategies of 16 subjects with drawing experiences ranging from expert to novice while they copied a line drawing of a standing nude. The experts produced accurate copies whereas all the beginners produced marked inaccuracies of overall scaling, proportion and shape. Analysis of eye and hand movements showed that the experts alone segmented the original drawing into simple line sections that were copied one at a time using a direct eye-hand strategy not requiring intermediary encoding to visual memory. The results suggest that segmentation into simple lines defines the task-specific process of accurate copying, and that this process is restricted to experts, i.e. acquired through training and practice. Additional preliminary tests also suggest that a similar process may apply to drawing a model from life.     

Nodes and nodal points and lines in eyes and other optical systems

The typical stigmatic optical system has two nodal points: an incident nodal point and an emergent nodal point. A ray through the incident nodal point emerges from the system through the emergent nodal point with its direction unchanged. In the presence of astigmatism nodal points are not possible in most cases. Instead there are structures, called nodes in this paper, of which nodal points are special cases. Because of astigmatism most eyes do not have nodal points a fact with obvious implications for concepts, such as the visual axis, which are based on nodal points. In order to gain insight into the issues this paper develops a general theory of nodes which holds for optical systems in general, including eyes, and makes particular allowance for astigmatism and relative decentration of refracting elements in the system. Key concepts are the incident and emergent nodal characteristics of the optical system. They are represented by 2 × 2 matrices whose eigenstructures define the nature and longitudinal position of the nodes. If a system's nodal characteristic is a scalar matrix then the node is a nodal point. Otherwise there are several possibilities: Firstly, a node may take the form of a single nodal line. Second, a node may consist of two separated nodal lines reminiscent of the familiar interval of Sturm although the nodal lines are not necessarily orthogonal. Third, a node may have no obvious nodal line or point. In the second and third of these classes one can define mid-nodal ellipses. Astigmatic systems exist with nodal points and stigmatic systems exist with no nodal points. The nodal centre may serve as an approximation for a nodal point if the node is not a point. Examples in the Appendix , including a model eye, illustrate the several possibilities.     

Sensitivity to first- and second-order motion and form in children and adults

We compared the sensitivity of adults and children aged 3-10 years to first- and second-order motion and form. For first-order stimuli, at all ages sensitivity was better for motion than form, and motion thresholds were better at 6 Hz than at 1.5 Hz. For second-order stimuli, at all ages sensitivity was better for form than motion, and motion thresholds were better at 0.25 cyc/deg than at 1 cyc/deg. Thresholds became adult-like later for motion than for form and later for first-order than second-order stimuli. For first-order stimuli, the changes with age were larger and more protracted.     

Ethics and optometry: concepts and applications

Ethics refers both to the study of behaviour, and moral principals. The related concepts of justice and law are also relevant to optometry. A profession typically claims specialist knowledge and ethical behaviour – putting the interests of clients above its own. However, professional codes fail as ethical directives, and their goals are questioned. Beginning with broad principles, institutional ethics and issues of general health care provision are considered, and applications to optometry are made. Ethical theory can guide us in interacting with our patients, utilising resources and ordering priorities. The conservative approach to consumerism and advertising is defended on the basis of protecting public and professional interests. Ethical behaviour can be fostered, and this process should begin in undergraduate education.     

Nutritional antioxidants and age-related cataract and maculopathy

Loss of vision is the second greatest, next to death, fear among the elderly. Age-related cataract (ARC) and maculopathy (ARM) are two major causes of blindness worldwide. There are several important reasons to study relationships between risk for ARC/ARM and nutrition: (1) because it is likely that the same nutritional practices that are associated with prolonged eye function will also be associated with delayed age-related compromises to other organs, and perhaps, aging in general, (2) surgical resources are insufficient to provide economic and safe surgeries for cataract and do not provide a cure for ARM, and (3) there will be considerable financial savings and improvements in quality of life if health rather than old age is extended, particularly given the rapidly growing elderly segment of our population. It is clear that oxidative stress is associated with compromises to the lens and retina. Recent literature indicates that antioxidants may ameliorate the risk for ARC and ARM. Given the association between oxidative damage and age-related eye debilities, it is not surprising that over 70 studies have attempted to relate antioxidant intake to risk for ARC and ARM. This article will review epidemiological literature about ARC and ARM with emphasis on roles for vitamins C and E and carotenoids. Since glycation and glycoxidation are major molecular insults which involve an oxidative stress component, we also review new literature that relates dietary carbohydrate intake to risk for ARC and ARM. To evaluate dietary effects as a whole, several studies have tried to relate dietary patterns to risk for ARC. We will also give some attention to this emerging research. While data from the observational studies generally support a protective role for antioxidants in foods or supplements, results from intervention trials are less encouraging with respect to limiting risk for ARC/ARM prevalence or progress through antioxidant supplementations, or maintaining higher levels of antioxidants either in diet or blood. Without more information it is difficult to parse these results. It would be worthwhile to determine why the various types of studies are not yielding similar results. However, there are many common insults and mechanistic compromises that are associated with aging, and proper nutrition early in life may address some of these compromises and provide for extended youthful function later in life. Indeed, proper nutrition, possibly including use of antioxidant supplements for the nutritionally impoverished, along with healthy life styles may provide the least costly and most practical means to delay ARC and ARM. Further studies should be devoted to identifying the most effective strategy to prevent or delay the development and progress of ARC/ARM. The efforts should include identifying the right nutrient(s), defining useful levels of the nutrient(s), and determining the age when the supplementation should begin.     

Exogenous attention and color perception: performance and appearance of saturation and hue

Exogenous covert attention is an automatic, transient form of attention that can be triggered by sudden changes in the periphery. Here we test for the effects of attention on color perception. We used the methodology developed by Carrasco, Ling, and Read [Carrasco, M., Ling, S., & Read, S. (2004). Attention alters appearance. Nature Neuroscience, 7 (3) 308-313] to explore the effects of exogenous attention on appearance of saturation (Experiment 1) and of hue (Experiment 2). We also tested orientation discrimination performance for single stimuli defined by saturation or hue (Experiment 3). The results indicate that attention increases apparent saturation, but does not change apparent hue, notwithstanding the fact that it improves orientation discrimination for both saturation and hue stimuli.     

血糖和血脂异常代谢与糖尿病性眼肌麻痹患者的关联分析

目的探究糖代谢和脂代谢异常与糖尿病性眼肌麻痹患者的关联性。方法选取2012年2月至2016年2月在首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院神经内科住院的39例糖尿病性眼肌麻痹患者为观察组,40例于本院体检中心进行健康检查的人群为对照组。对比两组研究对象糖代谢(Hb A1c、FPG、2h PBG)及脂代谢(TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C)水平;分析观察组患者脂代谢指标中TG、TC与糖代谢指标Hb A1c的相关性。结果观察组糖代谢的Hb A1c、FPG及2h PBG水平显著高于对照组;观察组脂代谢的TG、TC及LDL-C水平显著高于对照组,指标HDL-C水平低于对照组;观察组血糖血脂的关联性分析得出TG及TC与Hb A1c呈正相关,均处于平行上升趋势。结论糖尿病患者高血糖和血脂代谢异常是引发颅神经病变的因素,导致患者眼肌麻痹并发症的出现,治疗和改善糖尿病患者血糖及血脂代谢异常,可以更好的预防糖尿病患者眼肌麻痹的发生。