红腺忍冬叶有效成分含量动态积累研究

目的:考查红腺忍冬叶中有效成分含量动态积累过程,确定红腺忍冬叶药材的最佳采收时间。方法:采用高效液相色谱法考查红腺忍冬叶中的绿原酸含量积累情况,采用紫外分光光度法考查红腺忍冬叶中总绿原酸和总黄酮的含量积累情况。结果:在连续12个月中红腺忍冬叶药材的有效成分含量变化较大。结论:综合绿原酸、总绿原酸和总黄酮的含量确定红腺忍冬叶的最佳采收时间为11月。     

忍冬叶总黄酮的测定及其体外抗菌活性

目的:研究忍冬叶总黄酮的分离工艺及其对9种常见病原菌的体外抗菌活性。方法:以河南封丘忍冬叶为研究对象,以总黄酮为主要考察指标,通过大孔树脂柱色谱分离得到忍冬叶总黄酮,并对其进行最小抑菌浓度(MIC),最小杀菌浓度(MBC),抑菌圈活性等体外抗菌评价。结果:建立了忍冬叶总黄酮简便、有效的分离工艺,证实了忍冬叶总黄酮对9种供试病原菌具有较好的广谱抑菌性(MIC为1.95~62.5 g·L~(-1),MBC几乎均为125 g·L~(-1))。此外,当忍冬叶总黄酮部位同时含有较多绿原酸(4.2%)时,不仅得率高(10.5%),活性也更强。结论:忍冬叶总黄酮具有较好的广谱抗菌性,可以将其开发抗畜禽病原菌药物或者饲料添加剂,这也为忍冬叶资源的合理开发利用奠定了坚实的基础。     

一枝黄花煎剂及其提取物体外抑菌作用的初步研究

目的：观察一枝黄花煎剂及其提取物的抗菌试验效果。方法：采用微量琼脂稀释法在体外分别测定一枝黄花煎剂及其提取物（总皂苷、总黄酮）对革兰阳性菌如金黄色葡萄球菌（Sa）标准菌株及Sa临床菌株、枯草杆菌和革兰阴性菌如大肠埃希菌、福氏志贺菌、伤寒沙门菌、奇异变形杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌标准菌株的抗菌效应。结果：一枝黄花总皂苷（浓度≤16mg／ml）对试验菌均未显示出抑菌作用；一枝黄花煎荆对金黄色葡萄球菌有较强的抑制作用，但对其他试验菌株的抑制作用很弱（MIC≥100mg／ml生药浓度）；一枝黄花总黄酮对试验菌株均有不同程度的抗菌活性（MIC范围为0．25mg／ml-4．0mg／ml）。一枝黄花煎剂、一枝黄花总黄酮对Sa标准菌袜的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）分别为12．5mg／ml和0．5mg／ml；对15株Sa临床菌株的MIC范围分别为6．2．5mg／ml-50．0mg／ml和0．25mg／ml～4．0mg／ml，MIC均数分别为22．083mg／ml和1．283mg／nd，MIC50分别为12．5mg／ml和1．0mg／ml，MIC90分别为50．0mg／ml和2．0mg／ml，经统计学处理两者差异有显著性（t=5．252，P〈0．01）。结论：一枝黄花具有较强的抗菌作用，不同提取方法的抗菌效果存在一定的差异，以黄酮类化舍物抗菌效果最好，且对革兰阳性菌的抑菌作用比对革兰阴性菌的抑菌作用要强。     

华中枸骨叶总黄酮超声提取工艺的优化及其抑菌作用

目的优化华中枸骨叶总黄酮超声提取工艺,并评价其抑菌作用。方法在单因素试验基础上,以乙醇体积分数、液料比、提取时间作为影响因素,总黄酮含有量为评价指标,Box-Behnken响应面法优化提取工艺。然后,采用牛津杯法测定抑菌作用。结果最佳条件为提取温度25℃,超声功率480 W,乙醇体积分数55%,液料比25∶1,提取时间30 min,提取次数2次,总黄酮含有量57.81 mg/g。提取液(总黄酮质量浓度50 mg/mL)对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、宋内志贺菌均有抑制作用,并呈浓度依赖性。结论该方法稳定可靠,可用于超声提取具有广谱抑菌作用的华中枸骨叶总黄酮。     

黄花忍冬茎和叶提取液中绿原酸的检测及其体外抑菌研究

目的 测定黄花忍冬茎和叶中绿原酸的含量,考察其抑菌效果.方法 采用HPLC法对黄花忍冬茎和叶中绿原酸含量进行测定,最小抑菌浓度(MIC)测定法对其抑菌效果进行考察.结果 黄花忍冬茎木质部、韧皮部和叶中绿原酸的含量分别为0.34%,0.27%,0.11%.黄花忍冬茎和叶提取液对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌均有一定的抑制作用.结论 黄花忍冬茎和叶中均含有绿原酸,其含量和抑菌效果因部位的不同而有差异.     

桑叶发酵前后总黄酮、总酚酸含量变化及抗氧化活性研究

目的:比较桑叶70%乙醇提取物液体发酵前后的抗氧化活性,并考察发酵前后总黄酮、总酚酸含量的变化。方法:利用冠突散囊菌在桑叶70%乙醇提取物的液体培养基中发酵培养,将得到的发酵液和未发酵的桑叶70%乙醇提取物以抗坏血酸和EDTA为阳性对照,针对指定指标(DPPH、ABTS、FRAP、OH·、螯合能力)进行体外抗氧化活性试验;并对发酵前后总黄酮、总酚酸含量进行测定。结果:未发酵桑叶70%乙醇提取物的抗氧化活性整体优于液体发酵后的抗氧化活性。其中未发酵桑叶70%乙醇提取物对DPPH、ABTS、螯合能力的IC50值分别为:4.69mg·ml-1、2.03mg·ml-1、20.89mg·ml-1,而液体发酵后的桑叶70%乙醇提取物三者的IC50值分别为:12.42mg·ml-1、2.65mg·ml-1、14.81mg·ml-1;同时含量测定结果显示,发酵后桑叶中总多酚含量较发酵前明显下降,而发酵后桑叶中总黄酮含量却明显高于发酵前总黄酮含量。其中发酵前桑叶中总黄酮、总酚酸含量分别为4.39mg·ml-1、3.95mg·ml-1,而发酵后桑叶中总黄酮含量高达8.53mg·g-1,总酚酸却下降为1.24mg·g-1。结论:桑叶70%乙醇提取物液体发酵前后体外均具有一定的抗氧化活性,但发酵前抗氧化作用较明显。此外通过微生物转化,显著性提高桑叶中总黄酮含量的同时,却降低了桑叶中总酚酸含量,因此可以推测,桑叶中起到抗氧化作用的主要成分并非是黄酮类化合物,而是非黄酮类的多酚类成分。     

HPLC-ELSD法测定红腺忍冬叶抗氧化有效部位中果糖和葡萄糖的含量

目的:建立用HPLC-ELSD法同时测定红腺忍冬叶抗氧化有效部位中果糖和葡萄糖含量的方法,同时应用此方法研究不同批次红腺忍冬叶抗氧化有效部位果糖和葡萄糖的变化。方法:采用HPLC-ELSD法,对红腺忍冬叶水提液中果糖和葡萄糖的含量测定进行方法学研究,检测12批红腺忍冬叶水提液、30%乙醇沉淀物及其滤液中果糖和葡萄糖的含量。结果:该方法使果糖和葡萄糖得到良好分离。果糖的双对数线性方程为logy=1.2325logx+0.2442,r=0.9999,线性范围为40²560μg·mL-1,葡萄糖的双对数线性方程为logy=1.2178logx+0.2748,r=0.9995,线性范围为33.752560μg·mL-1,葡萄糖的双对数线性方程为logy=1.2178logx+0.2748,r=0.9995,线性范围为33.75²160μg·mL-1;果糖和葡萄糖的精密度(RSD)分别为1.45%和1.31%;稳定性分别为2.49%、2.25%;重复性分别为1.72%和1.85%。果糖的平均加样回收率为97.23%,RSD=1.29%,n=9;葡萄糖的平均加样回收率为97.58%,RSD=0.9%,n=9。结论:同一批次红腺忍冬叶,水提液>30%乙醇醇沉滤液>30%乙醇沉淀物。不同批次红腺忍冬叶果糖和葡萄糖含量存在差异,表明果糖和葡萄糖的含量可能与采收时间有关。     

新固肠止泻丸体外抗菌作用研究

目的:通过新固肠止泻丸体外抑菌实验来探讨其治疗UC的机制。方法:采用微孔二倍稀释法测定金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单孢菌、福氏志贺菌、伤寒沙门菌、鼠伤寒沙门菌、肠炎沙门菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、变形杆菌、白色假丝酵母菌等11株菌株,标准菌株的MIC、MBC以及360株临床株的MIC及MBC。结果:新固肠止泻丸体外抗菌试验结果分析显示:对实验所选的11株肠道感染菌标准株均有抑菌作用(MIC 18.5～150mg/ml)。除铜绿假单孢菌和白色假丝酵母菌外(MBC>300mg/ml),对其他9株标准菌有杀菌作用(MBC:37.5～150mg/ml)。对340株临床分离肠道感染菌均有一定的抑菌和杀菌作用(MIC 9.4～300mg/ml;MBC 18.8～300mg/ml)。结论 :实验结果表明,新固肠止泻丸对UC大鼠模型具有一定的治疗作用;这可能与对引发UC的肠道菌群等有一定的抑制作用有关。     

遗传算法优化红腺忍冬叶中绿原酸的酶解提取工艺

目的:采用遗传算法优化红腺忍冬叶中绿原酸的酶解提取工艺。方法:以纤维素酶用量、酶解时间、酶解温度、酶解pH为考察因素进行正交试验优化。以绿原酸含量为目标函数,采用遗传算法进一步优化正交试验结果。结果:酶解提取的最佳条件为:纤维素酶用量为红腺忍冬叶药材的0.29%,酶解时间20 min,酶解温度68℃,酶解pH 5.35,超声时间20 min,超声温度40℃,绿原酸含量为2.23%。结论:该酶解最佳提取工艺合理可行,为红腺忍冬叶合理利用提供实验依据。     

商陆提取物抑菌活性评价研究

目的:探讨商陆的有效抑菌活性成分。方法:采用琼脂扩散法测定不同商陆提取物对临床常见的15株病原菌的抑菌圈;采用液体稀释法测定最小抑菌浓度。结果:商陆不同粗提物对病原菌有不同程度的抑制作用,商陆水煎液仅对不动杆菌、白假丝酵母、新生隐球菌有一定抑制作用,最小抑菌浓度分别为500.0,500.0,62.5mg.mL-1,抑菌作用不明显;多糖提取物仅对产气荚膜梭菌、痢疾志贺菌有一定抑制作用,最小抑菌浓度为60.0,7.5mg.mL-1;商陆皂苷30%乙醇提取物抑菌效果较明显、抗菌谱较广,对产气荚膜梭菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、志贺菌、甲型副伤寒菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、普通变形杆菌、白假丝酵母均有抑菌作用,最小抑菌浓度范围为17.6～70.0mg.mL-1;商陆皂苷60%和90%乙醇提取物无抑菌活性。结论:商陆抑菌活性主要有效部位为极性较大的皂苷类提取物。     

黑老虎果皮体外抑菌活性的初步研究

目的研究黑老虎果皮及其提取物的体外抑菌效果,确定黑老虎果皮对伤寒沙门氏菌的最小抑菌浓度、最小杀菌浓度和有效部位。方法采用滤纸扩散法观察黑老虎果皮及其乙醇提取液和各相萃取液的抑菌作用;用二倍稀释法测定最小抑菌浓度和最小杀菌浓度。结果黑老虎果皮及其乙醇提取物对伤寒沙门氏菌有抑制作用,最小抑菌浓度为31.25mg/ml,最小杀菌浓度为125 mg/ml,抑菌物质主要存在于乙醚萃取相中。结论黑老虎果皮对伤寒沙门氏菌有显著地抑制作用。     

Evaluation of antibacterial activity of Asparagus racemosus willd. root

Different concentrations (50, 100, 150 microg/mL) of the methanol extract of the roots of Asparagus racemosus Willd. showed considerable in vitro antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. The effects produced by the methanol extract were compared with chloramphenicol.     

Antibacterial activities of medicinal plants used for the treatment of diarrhoea in Limpopo Province, South Africa

The ethnobotanical survey conducted in this study showed that 21 plant species belonging to 14 families are used in traditional medical practice in Limpopo Province, South Africa, for the treatment of diarrhoea. Methanol, ethanol, acetone and hot water extract from different plant parts (leaves, roots, bark and stem rhizome), of several of these plants (Indigofera daleoides, Punica granatum, Syzygium cordatum, Gymnosporia senegalensis, Ozoroa insignis, Elephantorrhiza elephantina, Elephantorrhiza burkei, Ximenia caffra, Schotia brachypetala and Spirostachys africana), were screened for antibacterial activity against Vibro cholera, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella spp., Salmonella typhi. The antibacterial activity was determined by agar-well diffusion method and expressed as the average diameter of the zone of inhibition of bacterial growth around the wells. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of active extracts was determined by using the micro-plate dilution assay. Most of the extracts showed relatively high antibacterial activity against most of the tested microorganisms with the diameter of inhibition zones ranging between 10 and 31 mm. Of the plants studied, the most active extracts were those obtained from Punica granatum and Indigofera daleoides. All extracts from two plants, namely, Punica granatum and Ozoroa insignis, were active against all bacterial strains while only organic extracts of Indigofera daleoides inhibited the growth of all tested microorganisms. Water extract of Punica granatum were equally active as organic extracts against bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri. All extracts of Elephantorrhiza elephantina, Elephantorrhiza burkei and Ximenia caffra and Schotia brachypetala were not active against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. The MIC values for active extracts ranged between 0.039 and 0.6 mg/ml. The results obtained appeared to confirm the antibacterial potential of the plants investigated, and their usefulness in the treatment of diarrhoea.     

苦参提取物体外抗菌实验研究

目的：探讨苦参总生物碱、总黄酮提取物及其混合物的体外抗菌效果。方法：采用液体二倍稀释法分析苦参总生物碱、苦参总黄酮提取物及其混合物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、福氏志贺菌、乙型副伤寒杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、白色葡萄球菌、痢疾杆菌和柠檬色葡萄球菌的抗菌作用,并测定最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC）。结果：苦参总生物碱对以上菌株的MIC分别为：9.00、3.38、8.25、9.00、4.50、13.50、6.75、7.13mg.mL-1,MBC分别为：13.50、14.25、8.25、9.00、14.25、14.25、13.13、14.25mg.mL-1;苦参总黄酮对以上菌株的MIC分别为3.00、2.63、3.56、3.38、1.50、2.44、3.56、2.35mg.mL-1,MBC分别为14.25、12.75、7.13、13.50、13.50、12.75、12.75、13.13mg.mL-1;苦参总生物碱与总黄酮混合物对以上菌株的MIC分别为：2.25、2.07、3.28、3.94、1.22、2.44、2.07、1.97mg.mL-1,MBC分别为9.00、13.13、6.75、6.38、13.88、7.50、6.38、7.13mg.mL-1。结论：苦参总生物碱和总黄酮提取物对上述菌株存在体外抑菌和杀菌活性,混合物呈现一定协同作用。     

Antibacterial efficacy of five medicinal plants against multidrug-resistant enteropathogenic bacteria infecting under-5 hospitalized children

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate in vitro antibacterial effectiveness of five medicinal plants used by an Indian aborigine, against 8 multidrug-resistant(MDR) enteropathogenic bacteria isolated from clinical samples of under-5 hospitalized children.METHODS: Antibiotic sensitivity patterns of eight clinically isolated strains of enteropathogenic bacteria, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella paratyphi, S. typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, S. sonnei and Vibrio cholerae were assessed by disc-diffusion method. Antibacterial activities of 8 solvent-extracts of leaves and bark of five medicinal plants were monitored by the agar-well diffusion method. The microbroth dilution method was used to assess minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC). Qualitative phytochemical analyses of active plant extracts were carried out.RESULTS: Ethanol, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Holarrhena antidysenterica leaf tissue were most effective against 8 MDR pathogens in vitro. Similarly, acetone, ethanol and methanol extracts of Terminalia alata leaf tissue; chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Terminalia arjuna leaf tissue and ethyl acetate, ethanol and methanol extracts of Paederia foetida leaf tissue were most effective in inhibiting in vitro growth of the 8 MDR enteropathogens. Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of H. antidysenterica bark tissue; acetone, ethanol and methanol extracts of T. alata bark tissue and acetone, ethanol and methanol extracts of T. arjuna bark tissue were most effective in controlling enteropathogen growth. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values of the 3 most antimicrobial leaf and bark extracts from the fi ve plants were in the range of 1.56 to 50 mg/m L.CONCLUSION: These 5 plants exhibited in vitro control over a cohort of 8 enteropathogenic bacterial strains isolated from clinical samples.     

Antidiarrhoeal activity of the methanol extract of the barks of Xylocarpus moluccensis in castor oil- and magnesium sulphate-induced diarrhoea models in mice

The methanol (MeOH) extract of the barks of Xylocarpus moluccensis, and different fractions of this extract were studied for antidiarrhoeal activity using castor oil- and magnesium sulphate-induced diarrhoea models in mice. At the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, the MeOH extract showed significant antidiarrhoeal activity in both models. The EtOAc fraction (EAF) and the residual MeOH fraction (RMF) exhibited similar activity using a dose of 250 mg/kg in both models. No antidiarrhoeal activity was observed with the chloroform fraction (CHF) at the test doses. When tested for antibacterial effect, the MeOH extract displayed moderate inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholera, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, Shigella dysentery, Staphylococcus pyogenes, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter aerogenes. While the CHF inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella sonnei, Staphylococcus epidermis, Staphylococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the EAF was active against all test organisms except Vibrio cholera and Staphylococcus epidermis. The RMF inhibited the growth of all the test organisms with moderate zone of inhibition. On the basis of these findings, it can be assumed that Xylocarpus moluccensis could be a potential source for novel 'lead' discovery for antidiarrhoeal drug development.     

Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of ethanol extract from Paullinia cupana Mart

The antibacterial and antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract from Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis Mart. (Sapindaceae) seeds, commonly called guarana, was assessed towards selected bacteria as well as in different antioxidant models. The extract, at a concentration between 16 and 128 microg/ml, showed a significant antibacterial effect expressed as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. In particular, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC=16 microg/ml), Proteus mirabilis (MIC=32 microg/ml), Proteus vulgaris (MIC=32 microg/ml) and Escherichia coli (MIC=32 microg/ml) were the most inhibited. The antioxidant activity was determined by the malonyldialdehyde (MDA) test, measuring the MDA concentration in 3T3-L1 cells after induced cellular damage using ferric ammonium citrate (FAC). The reduction of lipid peroxidation was 62.5% using a guarana extract with a concentration of 2 microg/ml. This effect was dose/dependent. The ethanol extract from Paullinia cupana seeds was analysed by spectrophotometry to determine the concentration of catechol substances after treatment of the extract with p-aminophenol. The total phenolics content in the ethanol extract was also determined spectrophotometrically according to the Folin-Ciocalteu procedure and calculated as gallic acid equivalents (GAE). The concentration of catechol equivalent was 6.06+/-0.13 mg/g (mean+/-S.D.), while the total phenolic content was 8.43+/-0.21 mg/g (mean+/-S.D.). The correlation index between antioxidant activity and catechol content was 0.96.     

杜仲叶绿原酸提取纯化工艺的研究

以乙醇为溶剂提取杜仲叶绿原酸,采用响应面分析法优化工艺条件,其最佳工艺条件为:乙醇浓度51.7%,提取温度55.8℃,料液比1: 12.8,提取时间2 h.通过对6种树脂进行静态吸附实验,选出NKA-Ⅱ树脂为吸附分离杜仲叶绿原酸的最佳树脂,最佳吸附-解吸条件:吸附流速2 ml/min,原液过柱吸附2次,最佳吸附剂为40%乙醇.