经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折

目的 探讨经皮椎体成形术(PVP)治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的适应证、椎体造影表现、关键技术、近期疗效及并发症的预防。资料与方法 43例骨质疏松症并55节椎体压缩骨折。患者在透视监视下经椎弓根行椎体穿刺，所有椎体均用非离子型对比剂行椎体造影，注入粉／液／对比剂比例为3：2：1的聚甲基丙烯酸甲脂(poly—methylmethaerylate，PMMA)，术后CT观察PMMA分布状况和有无渗漏，并进行临床疗效评价和观察有无并发症发生。结果 PVP技术成功率100％。椎体造影主要有4种表现，其中独特的征象是对比剂注入压缩骨折椎体内后呈囊状分布并滞留。PMMA平均注入量胸椎3．3ml，腰椎4．5ml。随访1-18个月，完全缓解(CR)、部分缓解(PR)和无效(NR)分别为74．4％、20．9％和4．7％，总有效率95．3％。CT证实椎体周围PMMA渗漏5例，但无l例出现临床症状。结论 PVP治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折安全可行；椎体造影有助于预测注射PMMA在椎体内的分布状况和发生渗漏的可能性；主要并发症为PMMA渗漏，防止渗漏的关键是必须在PMMA黏稠阶段及透视监视注射。     

再次椎体成形术的应用

目的探讨再次经皮椎体成形术(PVP)处理首次PVP术后疼痛不缓解的可行性、方法及疗效。方法骨质疏松症并椎体压缩骨折9例共9节行PVP治疗后疼痛不缓解,其中轻度压缩3例、中度以上压缩6例,包括合并囊性积液4例4节和粉碎性压缩2例2节;椎体转移性肿瘤4例共5节行经皮椎体成形术治疗后2～4个月疼痛复发。均采用再次PVP治疗,术后CT观察PMMA分布状况和有无渗漏,并进行临床疗效评价和观察有无并发症。结果再次PVP技术均成功,再注入PMMA量平均为4．8ml,随访1～18个月,CR10例、PR3例。CT证实椎体周围PMMA渗漏2例,但无一例出现临床症状。2例椎体转移肿瘤分别于再次PVP后4、5个月死亡,但无明显相应病变椎体平面疼痛。结论对骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折PVP后疼痛不缓解及椎体内转移性肿瘤疼痛复发者,再次PVP的疗效显著。关键技术是经椎弓根穿刺至椎体内致痛区并充分充填PMMA。     

经皮椎体成形术治疗症状性椎体血管瘤远期疗效分析

目的分析经皮椎体成形术治疗症状性椎体血管瘤的远期疗效。方法17例患者19处椎体血管瘤,13处椎体无压缩骨折,6处椎体已发生压缩骨折。17例患者均诉不同程度胸背部或腰部疼痛,其中5例发生压缩骨折的患者还伴有不同程度的神经功能缺陷(4例)或脊髓受压症状(2例)。在DSA监测下行经皮椎体成形术(PVP)。术后随访6～32个月,平均(15.8±8.7)个月。结果19处血管瘤椎体PVP均获得成功,术中每个椎体注射PMMA2～6ml,4例发生椎旁渗漏,2例发生硬膜外渗漏,但未出现明显的临床症状,1例椎体其上椎间盘发生渗漏。短期随访显示17例患者胸背部或腰部疼痛均有不同程度缓解,2例神经根或脊髓受压患者症状消失,其余3例患者症状仍存在。长期随访示2例患者疼痛加剧,系邻近椎体骨质疏松性压缩骨折引起。结论PVP是治疗症状性椎体血管瘤的一种安全、有效、创伤小的方法,远期疗效可靠。     

旋转DSA的软组织断层重建技术在经皮椎体成形术后并发症诊断中的价值

目的探讨旋转DSA的软组织断层重建技术(DynaCT)在经皮椎体成形术后并发症诊断中的应用价值。方法对30例中36个胸椎和腰椎行经皮椎体成形术(PVP),术后经X线摄片、DynaCT和螺旋CT扫描,对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)的椎体外渗漏和胸膜腔的图像和临床情况进行分析。结果所有病例的手术都获得成功。所有病例术中和术后未出现严重的并发症。在经PVP术后的36个椎体中,30个椎体的无椎体外渗漏,都经X线正侧位、DynaCT和CT确诊。6个椎体出现椎体外渗漏,经X线正侧位、DynaCT和CT检查确诊,其中2例中2个椎体出现椎间盘渗漏;2例2个椎体出现椎旁软组织渗漏;1例1个椎体出现静脉丛渗漏。1例椎弓根渗漏在侧位X线片怀疑为椎体后缘硬膜外渗漏,但在DynaCT重建图像和螺旋CT显示,PMMA位于两侧椎弓根内,椎管内并无PMMA。X线摄片和DynaCT、CT都未发现气胸和胸腔积液。结论DynaCT对PVP术后并发症的迅速判断提供了有益的信息。     

经皮椎体成形术治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体骨折

目的 探讨经皮椎体成形术(PVP)治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体骨折的价值.方法 27例老年骨质疏松症患者共33节椎体骨折,均经MRI、CT及平片证实.在透视监视下经椎弓根行椎体穿刺,注入粉(g)GA955液(ml)GA955硫酸钡粉(g)为15GA95510GA9553的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA),术后即刻摄X线正侧位片,1 d后CT观察PMMA分布渗漏状况,定期观察疗效和椎体高度.结果 PVP技术成功率100%,PMMA平均注入量4.6 ml (2.3～7.5 ml),术后1 d CT证实椎体周围PMMA少量渗漏7节,但无临床症状.术后1 d,所有病例腰背部疼痛明显减轻,平均随访8个月,疼痛均无复发,椎体高度无进一步塌陷.结论 PVP对治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体骨折所致的腰背疼痛是有效的.     

经皮椎体成形术治疗上胸椎转移瘤的应用

目的 评价经皮椎体成形术(PVP)治疗上胸椎转移瘤的疗效.方法 回顾分析20例(31个椎体)T1～T4水平的转移性肿瘤的PVP资料.其中9个T1椎体、7个T2椎体、8个T3椎体和7个T4椎体.采用视觉模拟评分(VAS)评价患者术前、术后3 d和1个月的疼痛程度.分析上胸椎PVP穿刺技术、骨水泥注射量和术后并发症.结果 所有患者手术均获成功.骨水泥分别在T1、T2、T3和T4椎体注入1.7～2.8 ml、1.8～3.2 ml、1.7～3.1 ml和1.6～3.1 ml,平均(2.4±0.8)ml.术后疼痛缓解率为100%.术前VAS为7.2±2.0,术后3 d VAS为2.5±2.3(P<0.01).术后1个月VAS为2.2±2.3,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).13个椎体出现骨水泥外渗,包括5个椎旁渗漏,3个静脉渗漏,3个椎旁软组织渗漏,2个硬膜外渗漏.除1例出现轻微并发症,其他未发生严重临床症状的并发症.结论 PVP治疗上胸椎转移瘤安全、有效.     

经皮椎体成形术治疗脊椎恶性肿瘤

目的通过评价经皮椎体成形术治疗脊椎恶性肿瘤的临床疗效,分析与疗效的相关因素,提高治疗技术。方法173例次,239节椎体病变,经病史、影像学或病理证实椎体恶性肿瘤行PVP术,临床疼痛症状为Ⅰ级(轻度疼痛)39例,Ⅱ级(中度疼痛)84例,Ⅲ级(重度疼痛)50例。术后采用WHO标准观察1周～1个月,平均2周。结果239节椎体穿刺失败1例1节椎体,技术成功率99．6％,共197个椎体行术前造影检查：造影剂经肿瘤破坏区向椎体外渗漏57节椎体,6例6节椎体有造影剂进入相邻椎间盘;注入聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)剂量颈椎1．5～2．5ml,胸椎为2～4ml,腰椎为2～6ml;短期内疗效显示疼痛完全缓解54．9％,部分缓解39．9％,总有效率94．8％。术后CT证实PMMA向椎体周围组织渗漏63例,包括9例引流静脉、4例椎管内硬膜囊外和3例渗漏入相邻椎间盘,47例向椎体旁渗漏,仅1例瘫痪患者出现临床症状加重。结论PVP短期内可明显减轻脊椎恶性肿瘤所致的疼痛症状。术前对脊椎恶性肿瘤的准确评估,结合术中椎体内造影,严格掌握注射时机,可提高治疗疗效,避免严重并发症的发生。     

椎体成形术治疗合并囊腔样变的骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折

目的　研究经皮椎体成形术(PVP)治疗合并椎骨内囊腔样变的椎体压缩骨折关键技术、近期疗效及对椎体高度的恢复。方法　回顾分析4年来PVP治疗2 0 7例骨质疏松症并32 6节椎体压缩骨折,其中2 7例共32节椎体压缩为合并椎骨内囊腔样变。PVP操作均在透视监视下经椎弓根行椎体穿刺,所有椎体均用非离子造影剂行椎体造影。术后1dCT观察聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)分布状况和有无渗漏,测量PVP前后椎体高度,观察临床疗效和有无并发症。结果　PVP技术成功率1 0 0 %。椎体造影主要表现为造影剂注入压缩骨折椎体内后呈囊状分布并滞留。PMMA平均注入量为6 .8ml。CR、PR和NR分别为6 6 .7%、1 8.5 %、1 4 .8%,总有效率为85 .2 %。椎体前缘高度恢复2～1 5mm ,平均5 .38mm ,中央高度恢复3～1 6mm ,平均6 .4 1mm ,前缘和中央高度恢复有统计学意义(P <0 .0 5 ) ;后缘高度恢复0～1mm ,平均0 .0 6mm ,两者差异无显著性(P >0 .0 5 )。CT证实椎体前侧旁PMMA渗漏3例,但无1例出现临床症状。结论　PVP治疗椎体内合并囊腔样变的压缩骨折的疗效显著,可明显恢复压缩椎体高度,且发生PMMA渗漏的可能性更小。提高疗效的关键是抽去椎体内囊腔积液和尽可能多地充填PMMA ;椎体造影有助于预测注射PMMA在椎体内的分布状况和发生渗漏的可能性。     

经皮椎体成形术治疗椎体良恶性病变的临床技术应用探讨

目的：探讨经皮椎体成形术（PVP）在治疗椎体良恶性病变中的技术操作问题。方法：对29例的41个椎体病变共行46侧PVP治疗，包括椎体转移瘤16例，骨质疏松压缩性骨折7例，椎体血管瘤3例，骨髓瘤1例，外伤性压缩性骨折1例及不明原因骨破坏1例。PVP在C形臂X线机或C形臂X线机＋CT组合机监视下进行，骨水泥（PMMA）的粉、液比例为3：2，按椎体计算骨水泥用量为2-8ml。结果：46侧PVP成功45侧（97．8％）。本组疼痛完全缓解（CR）者19例（19／29），部分缓解（PR）者9例（9／29），无效（NR）者1例（1／29）。随访2－11个月无复发。PVP术后无一例椎体塌陷加重或发生新的压缩，无一例发生严重并发症。结论：PVP技术安全可行，对腰椎等多数椎体行PVP只要在C形臂X线机上监视下即可，熟练地掌握PMMA使用方法是PVP技术成功的关键因素。     

经皮椎体成形术治疗颈椎转移瘤的初步研究

目的应用椎体成形术(PVP)治疗颈椎转移瘤，观察其疗效，探讨椎体成形术治疗颈椎病变的操作技术。方法对11例颈椎单椎体转移瘤病变椎体行PVP治疗，均应用国产器械与骨水泥(聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯，PMMA)，其中C21例，C32例，C44例，C53例．C61例。在X线透视监测下经前外侧人路途径操作10例，在CT和X线透视联合监测下经后外侧人路途径行C2椎体成形术1例。PMMA在牙膏期向椎体内注射。于手术前后行CT检查对照。对患者随访7～12个月，观察临床疗效。结果11例穿刺全部成功，术后CT检查显示PMMA填充病灶均在50％以上。术后7d内11例患者均有不同程度的疼痛缓解：疼痛完全缓解(CR)6例，部分缓解(PR)5例。止痛效果在6个月内为7(7／10)例，在1年内为5(5／9)例。未发生由于穿刺途径出血或PMMA外溢出现临床症状的并发症。结论椎体成形术治疗颈椎转移瘤效果良好。     

Extrapedicular approach of percutaneous vertebroplasty in the treatment of upper and mid-thoracic vertebral compression fracture

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical outcome of the extrapedicular approach of percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) for upper and mid-thoracic vertebral compression fractures in patients.

Material and Methods: Extrapedicular vertebroplasty was performed in painful compression fractures at T4-T8 levels. The assessment criteria were changes over time in visual analog scale (VAS) and mobility score. We evaluated the volume of cement injected, the size of needle required, and complications.

Results: Procedures were performed in 27 patients with a total of 34 affected vertebral bodies. Early (within a week) and one year later, clinical follow-ups showed that pain intensity had decreased by 50% one day after operation and later by 70-80%. Mobility scores of all patients were improved immediately after the procedure. Average volume of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) per vertebral body was 3.8±1.2 ml. Leakage of PMMA occurred in one vertebral level (intradiskal space), but did not cause clinical complications.

Conclusion: PVP of upper and mid-thoracic spine with an extrapedicular approach is an efficient and safe procedure for treating painful thoracic vertebral compression fracture under a cautious patient selection and meticulous technical procedure.     

Elastoplasty: First Experience in 12 Patients

Purpose

Percutaneous vertebroplasty with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is used increasingly for pain relief in symptomatic neoplastic or osteoporotic compression fractures. However, restoration of the stiffness of the treated vertebrae might propagate secondary fracture of adjacent vertebrae. Elastoplasty might prevent these secondary fractures. We assessed retrospectively our experience with elastoplasty in 12 patients, focusing on silicone migration.

Methods

During the period from July 2011 to January 2012, all patients with an indication for vertebroplasty were treated with elastoplasty. The exclusion criterion was the presence of posterior wall defects. Chest computed tomography (CT) scans were performed to evaluate the presence of perivertebral leakage and pulmonary embolism. The prevalence of leakage was compared with the results obtained for vertebroplasty with PMMA reported in the literature. Other complications during the postprocedural period were recorded.

Results

Twenty-one vertebral bodies in 12 patients were treated with elastoplasty. Silicone pulmonary emboli were detected on the postprocedural chest CT in 60 % (6/10) of the patients. Leakage to the perivertebral venous plexus was seen in 67 % (14/21) of the treated vertebrae. One major complication occurred: severe, medication-resistant dyspnea developed in one patient with multiple peripheral silicone emboli.

Conclusions

This preliminary evidence suggests that VK100 silicone cement should not be used in elastoplasty because of the increased risk of silicone pulmonary embolism, when compared with the use of PMMA, which occurs worldwide. The major technical disadvantage is that the time taken for the VK100 silicone material to achieve its final strength is too long for practical application.     

骨水泥混合与注射一体化装置行经皮椎体成形术治疗椎体压缩性骨折

目的探讨骨水泥混合与注射一体化装置行经皮椎体成形术治疗椎体压缩性骨折的操作技术、临床疗效。方法2002～2004年间共计治疗了108例诉有严重疼痛的椎体压缩性骨折患者,其中骨质疏松性压缩性骨折85例,椎体恶性肿瘤31例。穿刺入路采用双侧椎弓根穿刺法,所有患者均在透视监视下双侧注射聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(polymethylmethacrylate,PMMA),注射设备为骨水泥混合与注射一体化装置。术后随访患者6个月。结果共计注射116个椎体(腰椎69个,胸椎47个),双侧穿刺和骨水泥注射成功率100％,99例患者(91．7％)术后疼痛明显缓解,6个月内疼痛无复发95例(95．6％),9例患者(8．3％)术后疼痛无缓解。发生骨水泥外漏12例(11％),有临床症状5例(4．6％)。结论骨水泥混合与注射一体化装置行经皮椎体成形术创伤小、并发症少,而且止痛疗效显著,是一种非常有前景的治疗椎体压缩性骨折的介入手术方法。     

经皮椎体成形术临床应用——附295例553节椎体报告

目的评价经皮椎体成形术(PVP)临床疗效、适应证及相关技术。方法对295例患者553个椎体在X线C臂血管机导引下行PVP,包括骨质疏松症171例,转移性肿瘤103例,骨髓瘤12例,血管瘤2例,外伤7例。一般采用单侧椎弓根穿刺,骨水泥量为2～7ml。结果骨质疏松症患者总有效率为94.1%(161/171),转移性肿瘤总有效率为81.5%,骨髓瘤患者有效为8例(8/9),外伤患者有效为7例(7/7)。本组患者无严重并发症;18例转移瘤PVP后3～4d行放射治疗;12例采用大平板血管机旋转X线采集和椎体三维重建成像指导手术操作。结论PVP已成为疼痛性压缩性骨折标准治疗方法之一,伴随手术方法和器材不断改进其适应证必将不断扩大。     

Severe kyphotic deformity resulting from collapses of cemented and adjacent vertebrae following percutaneous vertebroplasty using calcium phosphate cement. A case report

Percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) has been increasingly performed for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture. Despite its minimally invasive procedure, several complications associated with PVP have been reported, including adjacent-level vertebral fracture. Although rare, recollapse of the same vertebrae after PVP has also been reported. However, previous studies have not described a case in which collapses of both the cemented vertebrae and adjacent-level vertebrae occurred following PVP. Here, we report a rare case of severe kyphotic deformity resulting from collapses at the cemented and adjacent vertebrae after PVP using calcium phosphate cement (CPC). The patient required a highly invasive reconstruction procedure as a salvage surgery.