营养肉汤菌块形成试验初查肠集聚性大肠杆菌

ＥＡｇｇＥＣ实质上是从ＥＰＥＣ菌群中分出的一类新致腹泻大肠杆菌，其重要特征是形成网状菌毛，能粘附于小肠粘膜上皮细胞，在其表面大量繁殖而引起微绒毛病变。由于在体外，与ＨＥＰ－２或Ｈｅｌａ细胞的共培养中，对这两种细胞形成特征性聚集性粘附，从而对其作出检测诊断。 Ｖａｍａｍｏｔｏ发现ＥＡｇｇＥＣ的此种聚集性粘附可发生在某些液体培养基的生长表面，形成很厚的粘附聚集性菌块。基此启示，作者将经过ＥＡｇｇＥＣ探针和Ｈｅｌａ细胞粘附试验证实的ＥＡｇｇＥＣ菌株及局限性、弥漫性粘附的大肠杆菌，作了普通营养肉汤菌块形…     

肠聚集性大肠杆菌的流行病学研究

用Ｈｅｌａ细胞粘附试验或肠聚集性大肠杆菌（Ｅ（Ａｇｇ）ＥＣ）探针对Ｅ（Ａｇｇ）ＥＣ进行鉴定，ＤＮＡ探针的敏感度为４１％，特异度为９１％；用Ｅ（Ａｇｇ）ＥＣ探针鉴定艾希氏大肠杆菌（Ｅ·Ｃｏｌｉ）的感染率，广州病例组为２４％，对照组为３１％（Ｐ＝０．１８７），泰国病例组为１１％，对照组为４％（Ｐ＝０．０１４）。Ｈｅｌａ细胞试验鉴定的Ｅ（Ａｇｇ）ＥＣ感染率，广州病例组为１１％，对照组为１０％（Ｐ＝０．９８３），曼谷病例组为５％，对照组９％。聚集性模式中粘附Ｈｅｌａ细胞和用Ｅ（Ａｇｇ）ＥＣ探针杂交的Ｅ·Ｃｏｌｉ，有２７个Ｏ：Ｈ血清型及无血清型与腹泻有关。用Ｈｅｌａ细胞试验或用Ｅ（Ａｇｇ）ＥＣ探针杂交作鉴定的Ｅ（Ａｇｇ）ＥＣ与广州儿童的腹泻病无关。腹泻儿童中在未发现其他肠道病原菌的情况下，Ｅ（Ａｇｇ）ＥＣ可引起腹泻。     

广州市部分食品中肠产志贺样毒素且具侵袭力的大肠艾希氏菌污染状况调查

肠产志贺样毒素且具侵袭力的大肠艾希氏菌 (ｅｎｔｅｒｉｃｓｈｉｇａ -ｌｉｋｅ-ｔｏｘｉｎ -ｐｒｏｄｕｃｉｎｇａｎｄｉｎｖａ ｓｉｖｅＥ .ｃｏｌｉＥＳＩＥＣ)是 1 993年徐建国等人发现和命名的第六类致泻性大肠艾希氏菌。它的特点是产志贺样毒素 ,与肠侵袭性大肠杆菌的ＩＮＶ探针、志贺样毒素 1或志贺样毒素 2探针杂交 ,对ＨＥＰ -2细胞呈积聚性粘附 ,但不与ＥＡｇｇＥＣ探针杂交。近年来 ,我国在粪便标本中检出该菌已有报道[1 ] 。为了探索ＥＳＩＥＣ在食品中的污染情况 ,以便制订相应的预防措施 ,我们对广州市十二大类食品共 31 0份…     

腹泻标本产志贺样毒素且具侵袭力大肠埃希菌(ESIEC)的分离与实验研究

本文报告自腹泻使中检出6株产志贺样霉素且具侵袭力大肠埃希菌（ESIEC）生化鉴定、DNA探针反应、药敏试验及动物致病试验结果。生化鉴定符合大肠埃希菌，经10种大肠菌DNA探针检测，该组细菌同时与Inv及SLT2探针杂交，对HEP－2细胞呈集聚状粘附，但不与EAggEC探针反应。菌株感染昆明小鼠后，动物表现竖毛、拒食、腹泻、呼吸困难、肢体麻痹、结膜水肿等症状，死亡率85％。解剖取心血、肝脾及肠腔内容物均分离到相应纯菌，对照组正常。23种抗生素敏感试验说明该细菌的抗药谱很广，多重耐药株发生率为100％，临床治疗可选药甚少。     

产志贺样毒素且具侵袭力的大肠杆菌的研究

我国临床腹泻病人粪便标本中，约有６０％检不出任何已知病原，而能分离出几乎纯培养的大肠杆菌。这些大肠杆菌过去被误认为是肠道正常菌样，我们对在北京西城区三个医院从腹泻病患者粪便本本中分离的１７２株所谓正肠杆菌，进行质粒ＤＮＡ，Ｈｅｐ－２细胞粘附试验，和１０种ＤＮＡ探针分析，结果表发现这些所谓的肠道正常大肠杆菌并不正常，其中４４％可为致泻性大肠杆菌，包括ＥＨＥＣ１６株，占所检查菌株的９．３％；ＥＰＥＣ８     

五类食品中致泻大肠埃希菌污染状况调查

目前已知致泻大肠埃希菌有肠致病性大肠埃希菌（ＥＰＥＣ）、肠产毒性大肠埃希菌（ＦＴＥＣ）、肠侵袭性大肠希菌（ＥＩＥＣ）、肠粘附性大肠埃希菌（ＥＡｇｇＥＣ）、产志贺样毒素且具侵袭力的大肠埃希菌（ＥＳＩＥＣ）及肠出血性大肠埃希菌（ＥＨＥＣ）。致污大肠埃希菌是重要的食物中毒及腹泻病病原,已引起世界范围内的广泛关注。在我国,各类致泻大肠埃希菌引起的食物中毒也占有重要比例,为了解该菌在我国食品中的污染状况,为预防该菌引起食源性疾病的发生提供正确、可靠的科学依据,卫生部食品卫生监督检验所于１９９８年６月成立了…     

致病性大肠杆菌致病因子的研究

采用ＤＮＡ分子杂交、细胞粘附试验及荧光纤维蛋白染色试验对１９６株１４个血清群ＥＰＥＣ的ｂｆｐＡ、ｅａｅＡ、和ｓｌｔ等毒力基因及其对ＨＥｐ２细胞的粘附性和致粘附脱落病变效应（ＡＥ）进行了检测。结果表明：ＥＰＥＣ中ｅａｅＡ和ｂｆｐＡ基因的携带率分别为３１１％和２３０％，所有菌株均不携带ｓｌｔ基因，２４％的菌株对ＨＥｐ２细胞表现为局灶性粘附（ＬＡ），１％的菌株为聚集性粘附（ＡＡ），未发现弥散性粘附（ＤＡ）的菌株；ＡＥ的阳性率为２４％，而且ＡＥ阳性的菌株均为ＬＡ阳性。Ⅰ类ＥＰＥＣ中ｅａｅＡ、ｂｆｐＡ、ＬＡ和ＡＥ的阳性率显著地高于Ⅱ类菌株。对ＥＰＥＣ基因和表型特征的分析表明，ｅａｅＡ和ｂｆｐＡ是ＥＰＥＣ的两个重要的毒力因子基因，ｅａｅＡ基因的表达受ｂｆｐＡ基因的影响，而且ｂｆｐＡ基因与ＬＡ和ＡＥ这两个表型特征的关系更为密切     

杭州市腹泻患者肠致病性大肠杆菌感染的流行病学调查

本文调查发现,ＥＰＥＣ相关血清型的大肠杆菌在在不同年龄组腹泻患者中检出率未见明显差异,且在相同年龄段的腹泻患者和正常人之间。检出率也未明显差异,表明用鉴定血清型来进行ＥＰＥＣ的诊断或流行病学调查可能不能正确反映该菌感染的真实状况。本次调查分离的ＥＰＥＣ相关血清型的大肠杆菌菌株进行了ｅａｅＡ基因的检测,检出３株阳性菌株,均分离自１岁以内的腹泻婴儿,而分离自年龄大于１周岁的腹泻患者及正常人的ＥＰＥＣ相     

碱性磷酸酶标记寡核甘酸探针检测致病性大肠杆菌成束菌毛基因

用合成的碱性磷酸酶标记27bp寡核酸探针检测178株EPEC和320株其他肠道致病菌，并对EPEC菌株同时进行HEp—2细胞粘附及荧光肌料蛋白染色（FAS）试验。结果显示，探针只与EPEC杂交，EPEC中bfpA基因的携带率为25．28％，不同血清人群之间bf－pA基因的携带率有很大差异。HEP—2细胞粘附试验和FAS的检测结果一致。探针杂交与HEp—2细胞粘附及FAS试验相比，符合率为100％，敏感度和特异度分别为95。5％和100％。表明该探针具有很高的特异性和敏感性，操作简便，对健康无害，可用于EPEC的诊断。关键词致病性大肠杆菌成束菌毛寡核甘…     

难辨梭状芽胞杆菌的分子生物学研究及其临床应用

难辨梭状芽胞杆菌（Ｃｄ）是抗生系相关性腹泻的主要病原菌，目前已从基因水平不同程度地认识了该菌主要的致病物质－－Ａ毒和Ｂ毒素的结构、毒力表达的调控、毒素作用的受体和受体后作用的机制等。虽然分离培养技术是检测该菌及其毒素不可替代的重要方法，使用简便敏感的分子探针技术将是一大趋势。通过基因工程改造毒素基因，控制有毒菌株的繁殖或者生产疫苗，可从根本上对Ｃｄ相关性腹泻进行有效控制。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.