距跟外侧韧带的解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的 观察距跟外侧韧带(LTCL)的解剖学特征并分型,为踝关节外侧面损伤的诊治提供解剖学依据.方法 取50例(左侧40例,右侧10例)结构完整的成人下肢标本,解剖踝关节外侧的LTCL、跟腓韧带(CFL),测量LTCL、CFL的长度及宽度,观察二者的关系,对LTCL划分解剖学类型.结果 有12例标本出现LTCL,该韧带具有如下解剖学类型:①LTCL从CFL分出5例(10％),LTCL向前上方连于距骨或距腓前韧带的前下缘;②LTCL具有独立的起点4例(8％),此LTCL与CFL纤维方向几乎平行,向前上方连于距腓前韧带的下缘;③LTCL与CFL具有共同的起点3例(6％),但二者均为独立的韧带;④LTCL缺如38例(76％).LTCL与CFL的宽度相比,差异有统计学意义(t=2.255,P=0.032).结论 对LTCL的解剖学分型,不仅是对既往研究的补充,也为踝关节外侧面损伤的影像学诊断及外科治疗提供基础支持.     

距腓前韧带与踝间后韧带的解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的　研究距腓前韧带和踝间后韧带的解剖学特点,探讨其功能与临床意义。 方法　10侧成人踝关节标本解剖观测距腓前韧带和踝间后韧带起止、走行和比邻,并分析其作用。 结果　10侧标本中,有7侧的距腓前韧带呈双束结构,占70%,在此结构中,两束宽度之和大于单束结构的韧带的宽度。双束呈类“人”字形走行,两个束支在足处于不同的位置时呈不同的状态,当足跖屈时,下束松弛,上束绷紧;背屈位时则反之。踝间后韧带起自外踝腓骨尖后下缘向内侧走行,大体分为3束,分别止于胫骨后下缘、胫后肌腱腱鞘、距骨后结节及其内侧,此韧带对维持踝关节稳定,防止距骨后脱位有重要的作用。 结论　距腓前韧带的双束结构能加强其强度,踝间后韧带的生物力学及其参与踝后软组织撞击综合征的机理值得进一步探讨。     

踝关节外侧副韧带的解剖研究及对重建手术的意义

目的 对人体踝关节外侧副韧带的定量解剖及与周围骨性标志的解剖学测量,为踝关节外侧副韧带的重建手术提供理论参考.方法 选取30具经福尔马林处理好的正常成人踝关节标本,对外侧副韧带进行精细解剖并对其起止点至周围骨性标志的距离进行定量测量,对其测量结果进行统计学分析.结果 本实验30具踝关节标本中,前距腓韧带(ATFL)大致呈两端较宽,中部较窄的扁平四边体.其中18具ATFL (60％)分成双束,其上下两束的走行大致相同,而另12具则为单束(40％).跟腓韧带(CFL)自外踝尖向后下斜行,止于跟骨外侧面,形状前宽后窄.经测量,ATFL腓骨起点距离腓骨前部结节(17.1±1.78)mm;距离腓骨隐匿结节(5.0±1.46)mm;距离腓骨尖(14.0±1.63)mm.ATFL距骨止点距离距骨胫距关节面(11.4±1.28) mm;距离距下关节面(18.0±2.07)mm;距离距骨前外软骨面(4.7±0.76) mm.CFL腓骨起点距离ATFL腓骨起点(6.1±2.04)mm.CFL跟骨止点距离跟骨外侧结节(15.0±2.48) mm;距离跟骨后上缘(14.1±1.44) mm;距离距下关节面(15.1±2.67) mm.计算变异系数(CV)结果:ATFL腓骨起点至腓骨前部结节距离CV(10.41％) ＜ATFL至腓骨尖距离CV(11.64％) ＜ATFL至腓骨隐匿结节距离CV(29.20％).CFL跟骨止点至跟骨后上缘距离CV(10.21％) ＜CFL至跟骨外侧结节距离CV(16.53％) ＜CFL至距下关节面距离CV (17.68％).结论 踝关节外侧副韧带与周围骨性标志的距离有一定的变异性,认为变异度可能反映外侧副韧带与周围骨性标志的稳定性.比较CV得出ATFL腓骨起点至腓骨前部结节和ATFL至腓骨尖均是稳定性较好的骨性标志;而CFL至其各骨性标志的CV相差不大,但是考虑到距下关节面在关节镜下更加容易被观察到,因此在实际操作中,关节镜下重建CFL时将距下关节面作为定位的标志具有更好的可行性.为踝关节外侧副韧带重建手术提供了一定的数据和理论支持.     

距腓前韧带与跟腓韧带的解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的 观察距腓前韧带(ATFL)与跟腓韧带(CFL)的解剖学特征,为踝关节损伤后,影像学精确诊断及外科治疗提供参考依据.方法 60例(左侧35例,右侧25例)结构完整的成人下肢标本,解剖其踝关节,测量AT-FL、CFL的长度及中间宽度;测量CFL的长轴与腓骨长轴之间形成的锐角α;测量CFL长轴与ATFL长轴之间的夹角β.结果 ①根据ATFL所含条带数量,将ATFL分为:单条带型38例,其长度与中间宽度分别是(20.28±9.44)mm、(8.85±2.92)mm;双条带型20例,其上、下韧带的长度分别是(18.36±2.74)mm、(13.33±2.70)mm,二者呈正相关(P=0.006,r=0.636);三条带型2例.②CFL为单条带型58例,双条带型2例;CFL的长度与中间宽度分别是(25.39±7.07)mm、(5.76±2.45)mm.(3)α 介于20°～30°19例,30°～40°25例,40°～50°16例;β 介于 100°～110°13例,110°～120°16例,120°～130°26例,＞130°5例;α与β在数量上无相关性(P=0.325,r=0.169).结论 对ATFL与CFL的解剖学分型,是对既往研究的补充.当发生踝关节外侧面损伤时,ATFL与CFL的相关参数,是外科修复或韧带重建时重要的参考依据.     

同种异体肌腱解剖重建修复慢性踝关节不稳

背景：同种异体肌腱解剖重建应用于踝关节修复重建的报道目前较少。 目的：分析运用深低温冷冻保存同种异体肌腱解剖重建修复慢性踝关节不稳的临床疗效。 方法：运用深低温冷冻保存同种异体肌腱解剖重建修复慢性踝关节不稳26例,其中跟腓韧带和距腓前韧带同时损伤或松弛18例,距腓前韧带单独损伤或松弛8例。采用美国足踝外科协定(AOFAS)评分及Good评级评估踝关节功能,并进行患侧与健侧踝关节背伸、跖屈活动度、后足活动度比较。 结果与结论：所有患者治疗后均获得随访,随访时间9-24个月,平均15个月。所有患者均未出现复发性踝关节外侧不稳,美国足踝外科协定(AOFAS)评分：同时修复跟腓韧带和距腓前韧带组,治疗前(48.4±3.7)分,治疗后(88.2±3.8)分,治疗后较治疗前平均提高39.8分;单独修复距腓前韧带组治疗前(50.0±6.4)分,治疗后(89.5±3.4)分,治疗后较治疗前平均提高39.5分。Good评级优 19例,良 6例,可 1例,优良率 96%。患者均无严重并发症。结果提示应用深低温冷冻保存同种异体肌腱解剖重建踝关节外侧韧带治疗踝关节慢性外侧不稳,增大了腱骨接触面积,增加了骨腱愈合的概率,增强了踝关节的稳定性,其远期疗效仍待进一步评估。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程全文链接：     

膝关节腓侧副韧带的解剖学观察及其临床意义

目的 对国人膝关节腓侧副韧带进行解剖观察,以积累国人体质资料和为临床腓侧副韧带修复与重建提供解剖学依据.方法 对61侧成人膝关节标本进行解剖,观察与测量腓侧副韧带形态及与周围结构关系.结果 腓侧副韧带恒定出现,长(61.41±6.21)mm,中点宽(4.14±0.74)mm,厚(1.96±0.37)mm.腓侧副韧带与腘...     

踝、距下关节外侧韧带断层与MRI图像的对照研究及临床意义

目的 :为临床MRI诊断踝、距下关节外侧韧带损伤提供断层解剖学依据。方法 :利用低温冰冻技术 ,当足呈自然放松位时 ,将踝、距下关节制成 3 .5mm厚的薄层断层标本 ,并与该区的磁共振图像相对照。结果 :距腓前韧带在轴位 ,跟腓韧带在冠状位和斜轴位 ,距腓后韧带在四个方位 ,颈韧带在冠状位和矢状位 ,距跟骨间韧带在冠状位、矢状位和斜轴位 ,伸肌下支持带浅束在冠状位和矢状位 ,中束和深束在冠状位 ,能清楚观察各韧带的形态和毗邻关系。结论 :在MRI上能清楚显示踝、距下关节外侧区的各条韧带。     

外踝韧带张力测定与踝关节不稳定性实验

本实验应用改良扣带式张力传感器测定了32侧完整成人下肢踝关节骨—韧带标本,并模拟腓骨部分切除和外踝韧带断裂后,进行了踝关节不稳定性试验,发现这些结构的损伤可造成相应的踝关节不稳定,腓骨切除后胫腓前后韧带张力增加,而距腓前后韧带与跟腓韧带张力减小(P<0.05),并出现踝关节不稳,内旋、内收和前抽屉运动分别增加4.3°,4.6°和2.3mm(P<0.05)。     

全踝关节镜下距腓前韧带一期修复术治疗新鲜外踝撕脱骨折

目的 探讨全踝关节镜下距腓前韧带一期修复术治疗新鲜外踝撕脱骨折的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月—2017年3月徐州市中心医院手足显微外科全踝关节镜下治疗的36例36足新鲜外踝撕脱骨折患者的临床资料。其中男22例、女14例,年龄18～57(29.24±10.37)岁;右侧20例,左侧16例。患者均采用全踝关节镜下距腓前韧带带线锚钉一期修复治疗,术后定期门诊随访,观察踝关节外观、踝关节稳定性及行走步态等;末次随访采用视觉模拟评分(VAS)、美国骨科足踝外科协会(AOFAS)评分及足踝部Olerud-Molander评分对手术治疗效果进行评价。患者术前VAS为5～8(6.35±1.17)分,AOFAS评分为60～85(74.67±8.36)分,Olerud-Molander评分为57～80(68.89±10.70)分。结果 所有患者手术切口一期愈合,无一例出现神经、血管、肌腱损伤等并发症。36例患者获得随访,随访时间12～25(14.63±6.80)个月。末次随访时,患侧踝关节外观恢复满意,无感觉过敏现象及瘢痕触痛,踝关节恢复正常活动,无关节痛及关节不稳情况,均恢复正常行走步态;末次随访时VAS、AOFAS及Olerud-Molander评分分别为(0.31±0.14)、(90.40±9.62)、(88.71±7.38)分,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(t=30.755、7.405、9.149,P值均＜0.05)。结论 采用全踝关节镜下一期修复距腓前韧带,具有安全可靠、疗效确切、创伤小等优点,是新鲜外踝撕脱骨折的有效治疗方法。     

踝关节外侧韧带和距下关节韧带修复重建的应用解剖

目的 :为踝关节外侧韧带和距下关节韧带损伤修复重建提供解剖学基础。方法 :在 3 2侧经防腐固定、8侧冷藏新鲜标本上解剖观测踝关节外侧韧带和距下关节韧带及小趾趾长伸肌腱、第 3腓骨肌腱、腓骨短肌腱、伸肌下支持带 ,在新鲜标本上摹拟修复术。结果 :小趾趾长伸肌腱、第 3腓骨肌腱、腓骨短肌腱、伸肌下支持带解剖位置恒定 ,与踝关节外侧韧带和距下关节韧带相毗邻 ,具有一定的长、宽、厚度 ,可形成移植供体。结论 :①陈旧性踝关节外侧韧带和距下关节韧带的损伤 ,原位修复较难 ,用肌腱转位修复是一种可行的方法 ;②可用腓骨短肌腱修复距腓前和跟腓韧带损伤 ,小趾趾长伸肌腱和第 3腓骨肌腱转位修复距下关节韧带 ,伸肌下支持带可用作加强缝合 ,术式经标本摹拟具有可行性。     

踝关节外侧韧带的形态学分型及临床意义

目的　研究国人踝关节外侧韧带的形态学特点并探讨其临床意义。 方法　解剖43例踝关节标本,观察并记录外侧韧带的分束、走行、起止点及附着部位的纤维联系。 结果　所有标本都解剖出距腓前韧带(ATFL)和跟腓韧带(CFL)。根据ATFL分束数目,将其定义为Ⅰ型（单束）、Ⅱ型（双束）和Ⅲ型（三束）,各占27.9%、65.1%和7%。根据ATFL和CFL纤维在腓骨止点部位的浅-深层关系,分为浅表型（8例,18.6%）、平行型（19例,44.2%）、深层型（9例,20.9%）和混合型（7例,16.3%）;根据其上-下关系,分为完全型（5例,9.3%）、上部型（15例,34.9%）和下部型（24例,55.8%）。同时,在7例标本中发现了复合体结构,占总数的16.3%。 外侧距跟韧带存在于46.5%的标本中：A型（25.6%）;B型（20.9%）;余下23例（53.5%）为C型。 结论　踝关节外侧韧带在形态上存在一定变异性。形态学研究可能有助于指导临床诊断和治疗,同时可为更深入地探讨各韧带的功能提供解剖学依据。     

踝三角韧带修复重建的解剖与生物力学的基础研究

目的　通过对尸体标本踝三角韧带进行解剖观测,为踝关节韧带修复重建提供解剖与生物力学基础。 方法　选取成人新鲜尸体足踝标本10例,观察三角韧带的组成、起止、分布,测量各组成部分的长度、宽度及厚度;并在外翻应力位下拍摄X线片,测量踝关节内侧间隙(Mcs),依次切断三角韧带浅层、深层,并重复上述测量。 结果　踝三角韧带均分为深、浅两层组成,当踝关节韧带处于完整状态时,踝关节在跖屈、中立及背伸位的平均内踝间隙宽度分别为(2.67±0.38)mm、(2.42±0.35)mm、(2.55±0.24)mm。当踝关节处于中立位及最大背伸位时,切断三角韧带浅层后内踝间隙与完整状态相比均无显著性差异(P＞0.05),而切断三角韧带深层后内踝间隙与完整状态相比有显著性差异(P＜0.05);而当踝关节处于最大跖屈位时,所有韧带破坏状态后的内踝间隙与韧带完整时相比均无显著性差异(P＞0.05)。 结论　(1)踝三角韧带由 4 条韧带束组成,各韧带束精确起止点的确定是基础研究及临床解剖重建基础。(2)通过综合踝关节跖屈位、中立位及背伸位外旋应力试验结果,可更全面、准确地诊断三角韧带损伤。     

Anatomical review of the lateral collateral ligaments of the ankle: a cadaveric study

Arrangements of the lateral collateral ligaments of the ankle are complex. Injuries to these ligaments can occur in the inverted planter flexed position of the ankle. Traditionally, the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) is the first ligament involved in such ankle injuries. We reviewed the anatomical arrangements of the lateral ankle. Twenty ankles from ten Caucasian cadavers were carefully dissected. Length and width of each ligament were measured in neutral, dorsiflexion and plantar flexion. The angle between the ATFL and other ligaments was also recorded. ATFL was present in 95% of ankles dissected. Five ankles showed two slip configuration of the ATFL. One ATFL was noted as being significantly thicker and another one was significantly narrow. Mean length of the ATFL in neutral was 15.5 mm (range 10–21 mm), which increased in plantar flexion to 18 mm (range 11–25 mm) and decreased slightly in dorsiflexion to 14.5 mm (range 10–19 mm). The calcaneofibular ligament was present in all dissections and had a mean measurement of 18.5 mm in neutral (range 14–23 mm) decreasing to 17 mm in planter flexion and 15.5 mm in dorsiflexion. Treating ligamentous ankle injuries can be very costly, thus creating a large economic burden to both patients and health institutions. Understanding the anatomical characteristics of the lateral collateral ligament complex of the ankle provides the basic foundation for understanding injuries and helps to clinically manage such injuries appropriately.     

Anatomy of lateral ankle ligaments and their relationship to bony landmarks

This study was designed to determine and describe precise anatomy of the lateral ankle ligaments and their relationship to adjacent osseous structures. This study was performed on 42 legs of 22 adult human embalmed cadavers. The lateral ankle ligaments were carefully dissected using a 2.5× surgical loupe. Mean values for the length, width and angle of the individual lateral ankle ligaments were measured. The precise location of insertion points and course of each ligament was observed and noted with ankle placed in neutral position. The anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments were coated with radio-opaque material. Radiographs were then taken in the anteroposterior, mortise and lateral projections. The anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) was a flat, quadrilateral ligament and it made mean angle of 25° (range 5°–45°) with horizontal plane, and a mean angle of 47° (range 45°–56°) with sagittal plane. The posterior talofibular ligament was oriented in a nearly horizontal plane. Calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) was a flat oval ligament. It made a mean angle of 40° (range 30°–58°) with horizontal plane, and mean angle of 51° (range 32°–60°) with sagittal plane. The angle between CFL and ATFL was approximately 132° (range 118°–145°). These data provides important information for diagnosing injury and reconstructing lateral ankle ligaments.     

成人胫腓骨下端连接的解剖及其临床意义

目的 解剖胫腓连接并获得详尽的解剖学数据,比较和归纳韧带的特点。方法 选取30具福尔马林固定成人尸体小腿标本,死亡年龄为46～75岁,平均61岁。采用层次解剖法,测量以下数据：胫腓前韧带、胫腓后韧带,胫腓横韧带及骨间韧带的平均长度、宽度、厚度;胫腓前韧带、胫腓后韧带与水平面夹角,与内外踝中点连线夹角。结果 胫腓前韧带平均长度为（18.18±2.64）mm,宽度为（13.28±1.82）mm,厚度（1.98±0.24）mm,与水平面夹角为38°±4°,与内外踝中点连线夹角为33°±3°。胫腓后韧带平均长度为（16.12±2.40）mm,宽度为（11.58±1.98）mm,厚度（2.52±0.32）mm,与水平夹角为31°±5°,与内外踝中点连线夹角为29°±4°。胫腓横韧带平均长度为（24.42±4.54）mm,宽度为（4.96±0.92）mm,厚度为（3.12±0.42）mm;骨间韧带平均长度为（22.24±3.92）mm,宽度为（16.42±2.32）mm,厚度为（1.42±0.44）mm。 结论 揭示了胫腓连接的解剖学特点,为临床应用提供解剖学基础。     

Posterior tibiotalar ligament: An anatomic study correlated with MRI

This study was performed to clarify the morphologic characteristics of two layers of the posterior tibiotalar ligament (PTT) and two bands of the deep PTT (dPTT), and to correlate the dissection findings with MR images. Sixty‐four ankles from 42 cadavers were examined. The origin and insertion sites of the superficial PTT (sPTT) and the two bands of the dPTT were identified, and their length, width, and thickness were measured. MRI was performed on four ankles before serial sectioning or dissection. The serial sections were taken at a thickness of 2 mm. The sPTT was observed in 50 out of 60 dissected specimens (83.3%), taken from 64 ankles of 42 cadavers. The dPTT was observed in all specimens. The sPTT, superficial band of the dPTT (sdPTT), and deep band of the dPTT (ddPTT) arose from the inferior surface of the medial malleolus. The sPTT attached to the posterior process of the talus, and the sdPTT and ddPTT attached to the depression below the articular facet for the medial malleolus. The sPTT and two bands of the dPTT could be distinguished on coronal MR images, where the sPTT appeared as a thin string superficial to the two bands of the dPTT, which were separated as two thick, low‐density strings. In the coronal plane of frozen sections, the outermost sPTT appeared as a thin, white bundle attached to the sdPTT. The PTT is composed of superficial and deep layers, and the dPTT is composed of superficial and deep bands. Clin. Anat. 27:798–803, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

踝关节内侧韧带的应用解剖学研究

目的：探讨踝关节内侧韧带的组成及其各部的附着、走行及毗邻关系。方法：取30例40％甲醛溶液防腐保存的正常成人尸体标本及4侧临床截肢的新鲜成人正常踝关节标本。仔细解剖出踝关节内侧韧带各组成部分的起止点及毗邻关系,然后测量各部的长、宽及厚的数值。结果：踝关节内侧副韧带由深浅两层组成。浅层包括胫舟韧带、胫韧带及胫跟韧带,其中胫韧带和胫跟韧带是恒定的;深层由胫距前、后韧带组成,其中胫距后韧带是恒定的。测量结果显示：胫舟韧带最长,（29．2±3．54）mm;胫距后韧带最宽、最厚,分别是（12．5±3．51）mm和（10．1±2．34）mm。结论：本研究为踝关节内侧韧带损伤的修复重建提供了重要的解剖学基础。     

A new ankle laxity tester and its use in the measurement of the effectiveness of taping

Damage to the lateral ligaments of the ankle, namely the anterior talofibular (ATFL) and the calcaneofibular (CFL) ligaments, is a frequently reported sports injury. The anterior drawer test is generally used to evaluate whether the ATFL has been torn, while the talar tilt test is used to determine if the CFL has been injured. Although these two manual tests are often utilized for quick diagnosis, they have been criticized because of their subjective nature and their inability to produce quantitative and reproducible results. A prototype ankle tester was manufactured that could measure the input force and torque, as well as the linear and angular deprivations for the anterior drawer test and the talar tilt test, respectively. This device was used to take readings on 10 human volunteers of a mean age of 21.6 years. This device was X-ray compatible, adjustable for varying patient sizes, relatively small, portable, and easy to operate. Testing was performed to determine how the stiffness of the ankle would respond to taping, and the effect of walking on the taped ankle. The overall mean anterior drawer was 5.93 mm and the mean talar tilt was 51.6° for bare ankles using a force of 111 N (25 lbs) for the drawer and a torque of 16 N m for the tilt. Taping provided an average increase in stiffness of 11.3%, demonstrating that it did provide increased stability. However, statistically significant (P<0.05) decreases in the stiffness subsequent to taping were observed between the initially taped ankles and after 20 min of walking, when it was shown that talar tilt had increased. The prototype ankle tester produced repeatable measurements, and results show that the increase in stiffness due to taping did decrease after a short period of time.     

距腓前韧带影响踝关节不稳的生物力学研究

目的 探究踝关节不稳中距腓前韧带(anterior talofibular ligament, ATFL)的厚度与弹性模量对踝关节稳定性的影响,为踝关节不稳患者的诊断提供参考依据。 方法 建立踝关节三维有限元模型,改变 ATFL 的厚度与弹性模量,计算踝关节前后向刚度(ankle anteroposterior stiffness, AAS),并作为量化指标评估踝关节稳定性。 结果 ATFL厚度在 0. 78~ 2. 31 mm 范围内引起 AAS 的大幅度变化,且两者关系呈 S 形曲线;ATFL 弹性模量在 60 ~ 400 MPa 变化范围,AAS 随韧带弹性模量增加快速上升。 结论 ATFL 厚度与弹性模量均会影响踝关节的稳定性。     

踝关节内侧韧带的解剖结构特点及其临床意义

目的　观察踝关节内侧韧带解剖结构特点,为临床微创修复踝关节内侧韧带手术提供解剖学基础。 方法　剥离解剖8例男性成人无病变下肢标本,对踝关节内侧韧带进行形态学观察,采集相关数据并进行统计学分析。 结果　踝关节内侧韧带分深、浅两层：浅层韧带束从内踝前侧至后侧分为胫舟韧带（长18.22~26.14 mm）、胫弹簧韧带（长6.24~10.40 mm）、胫跟韧带（长10.32~14.36 mm）和胫距后韧带浅层（长8.32~13.52 mm）。深层结构包括胫距前韧带（长11.32~15.62 mm）和胫距后韧带深层（长10.22~12.60 mm,宽6.72~9.84 mm,厚1.72~2.24 mm）。 结论　依据踝关节内侧韧带的走行有助于分辨其组成层数及束数,掌握踝关节内侧韧带的解剖特点,有利于设计合理的手术方案。