破裂性前交通动脉瘤的血管内栓塞治疗

目的:总结32例破裂性前交通动脉瘤血管内栓塞治疗的经验和体会.方法:经血管内途径,采用可脱性弹簧圈对32例破裂性前交通动脉瘤患者行栓塞治疗:术后早期处理出血、预防和治疗脑血管痉挛及有效的对症治疗.结果:成功栓塞32个动脉瘤,术后动脉瘤腔100%闭塞者21例,95%闭塞者9例,90%闭塞者2例.术中动脉瘤破裂1例,并发脑血管痉挛4例,死亡1例.术后26例随访3个月～2年无再出血.结论:对破裂性前交通动脉瘤采用微弹簧圈进行血管内栓塞疗效可靠;早期治疗、正确处理术中并发症及术后早期处理出血、预防和治疗脑血管痉挛是减少术后并发症、提高治愈率的重要方法.     

破裂脑动脉瘤栓塞时机与术后蛛网膜下腔出血的治疗

目的 探讨破裂性颅内动脉瘤血管内栓塞的时间与术后蛛网膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH)的治疗.方法 西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院神经外科对118例破裂性颅内动脉瘤患者在发病后7 d内用电解可脱性弹簧圈(guglielmi detachable coil,GDC)进行动脉瘤囊内栓塞.术后早期处理已经聚积在蛛网膜下腔的出血,以及由于SAH而导致的脑部及全身性并发症.治疗效果经χ2检验.结果 118个动脉瘤中101个瘤腔100%闭塞,12个95%闭塞,5个被90%闭塞.术后115例临床痊愈,其治疗结果根据Glasgow预后评分:Ⅰ级89例,Ⅱ级14例,Ⅲ级9例,Ⅳ级3例,Ⅴ级3例.全组死亡3例,死亡率2.5%.术中并发脑血管痉挛8例,动脉瘤破裂3例,GDC脱出2例,脑梗塞1例.术后74例随访6～72个月均无再出血,3例复发者经二次补充GDC栓塞治愈.结论 对破裂性动脉瘤应早期进行血管内栓塞.术后治疗的策略应着眼于早期处理SAH,防治脑血管痉挛及延迟性缺血性神经功能障碍,并妥善处理脑部与全身并发症.     

颅内动脉瘤破裂中期血管内治疗的围术期护理

目的探讨破裂性动脉瘤患者中期进行血管内栓塞治疗的围术期护理方法。方法对78例破裂性动脉瘤患者进行精心的术前、术后护理,重点关注Hunt-HessⅢ级以上患者,警惕颅内再出血,加强延迟性缺血性神经功能障碍(DIND)及术后并发症的防治与护理等。结果本组患者因术后并发症死亡6例,病死率7.6%;72例患者获3~96个月随访,8例DIND患者中有5例于术后6个月能生活自理,另3例为永久性偏瘫;栓塞术后动脉瘤均未再破裂。结论有效的围术期护理对破裂性动脉瘤患者的病情恢复及改善预后具有重要的意义。     

前交通动脉瘤血管内栓塞治疗

目的 总结41例前交通动脉瘤血管内栓塞治疗的经验和体会。方法 对41例前交通动脉瘤患者采用经皮股动脉穿刺行全脑选择性血管造影术，应用微弹簧圈进行动脉瘤囊内栓塞；术后早期处理出血和有效的对症治疗。结果 成功栓塞43个动脉瘤，其中40例临床痊愈，1例死亡，死亡率2．4％。术后动脉瘤腔100％闭塞者36例，95％闭塞者3例，90％闭塞者2例。术中动脉瘤破裂1例，并发脑血栓1例，并发脑血管痉挛8例，术后弹簧圈末端逸出1例，1例复发者经二次补以微弹簧圈栓塞而治愈。术后随访3-30个月均无再出血。结论 对前交通动脉瘤采用微弹簧圈进行血管内栓塞疗效可靠；早期诊断、早期治疗、正确处理术中并发症、提高栓塞技术及积极有效的术后处理是减少术后并发症、提高治愈率的重要方法。     

颅内动脉瘤血管内栓塞治疗的围术期护理

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤血管内栓塞治疗的围术期护理配合措施。方法回顾性总结分析2011年1月—2019年1月我院神经介入科收治的797例血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤患者资料,总结围术期的护理经验,抓住治疗关键点,有针对性地给予有效的护理措施。结果 792例患者血管内成功栓塞,5例血管迂曲严重,栓塞失败。术中破裂再次出血16例,术中并发急性脑血栓形成25例,术后穿刺点血肿5例,下肢深静脉血栓形成3例,死亡22例,其余患者均康复出院。结论精心细致的围术期护理配合可以有效提高手术栓塞成功率,降低颅内动脉瘤并发症的发生率,有利于患者的康复,提高患者的生活质量。     

破裂脑动脉瘤55例早期手术治疗体会

目的：探讨脑动脉瘤破裂后的早期手术治疗以及脑血管痉挛的综合防治措施。方法：总结55例动脉瘤患者在早期行手术夹闭的临床资料，治疗方法及疗效。结果．52例患者术后1个月GOS评分Ⅰ级32例，Ⅱ级11例，Ⅲ级8例。术后死亡3例。结论：破裂脑动脉瘤早期手术以及围手术期综合治疗能有效的改善患者的预后。     

高龄下肢动脉闭塞症患者的腔内治疗围手术期并发症及处理

目的:总结高龄下肢动脉闭塞症患者施行血管腔内治疗的围手术期处理经验.方法:分析52例高龄下肢动脉闭塞症患者(Fontaine分期Ⅱ～Ⅳ期)行血管腔内治疗的围手术期并发症的发生、所采取的处理措施及效果.结果:18例发生围手术期并发症,动脉夹层伴急性血栓形成7例,动脉破裂3例,假性动脉瘤3例,腹股沟血肿2例,蓝趾综合征1例,消化道出血1例,心衰1例.分别采取适当的处理措施后,13例效果良好,1例趾端坏死,1例小腿坏死行膝上截肢,1例心梗死亡.结论:高龄下肢动脉闭塞症患者行腔内治疗相对安全有效,但应重视围手术期并发症的发生,并采取正确的预防与处理措施以提高疗效,减少不良后果的发生.     

血管内治疗和显微手术治疗急性期颅内动脉瘤破裂的疗效对比观察

目的比较血管内治疗和显微外科手术治疗急性期颅内动脉瘤破裂的即刻疗效、长期疗效及并发症.方法100例破裂性颅内动脉瘤,均在蛛网膜下腔出血〈72h行手术治疗,其中56例患者行血管内治疗,44例患者行显微外科手术夹闭.对两组患者术后即刻疗效、远期疗效及并发症等方面进行对比分析.结果血管内治疗闭塞急性期破裂动脉瘤的即刻效果明显优于外科手术组,其并发症发生率也较外科手术组低,但在长期随访过程中动脉瘤的复发率较显微外科夹闭组高.还发现患者预后情况与年龄、Hunt-Hess分级、有无合并症及多少等方面呈正相关.结论血管内治疗和显微外科手术均是处理急性期颅内动脉瘤的有效手段,在术后即刻闭塞效果及并发症方面,血管内治疗具有无可比拟的优越性,但其长期疗效仍有待提高.     

栓塞治疗急性期微小颅内动脉瘤破裂的围手术期护理

目的探讨栓塞治疗急性期微小颅内动脉瘤破裂的围手术期护理。方法2001年1月～2003年1月我院收治颅内动脉瘤患者16例,均在3d内行脑血管造影及栓塞术。结果16例患者中,共发现破裂微小动脉瘤21个。行栓塞19个,手术2个;动脉瘤100％闭塞者15个,≥90％闭塞者3个,〈90％闭塞者3个。结论细致有效的观察与护理是微小颅内动脉瘤破裂后急性期栓塞术成功的重要保障。     

老年患者颅内破裂动脉瘤血管内介入治疗的护理

目的总结老年患者颅内动脉瘤血管内介入治疗的护理。方法对73例行介入治疗的老年破裂动脉瘤患者，术前加强多方位观察，控制合并症，积极准备，术中默契配合，术后严密观察，预防并发症。结果73例患者均成功实行血管内弹簧圈栓塞治疗，其中动脉瘤致密栓塞91．2％（65例），大部栓塞8．8％（8例），患者术中术后出现脑血管痉挛5例，术后再破裂出血2例，并发肺部感染24例，电解质紊乱9例。出院时GOS评分：完全恢复55例，轻残7例，重残6例，植物状态3例，死亡2例。结论血管内介入治疗作为一种微创、有效的颅内动脉瘤的治疗方法，做好围手术期护理，有利于降低并发症的发生率，延长老年患者的生命，提高生存质量。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.