椎管镜下腰椎间盘摘除术与改良小切口开窗椎间盘摘除术在腰椎间盘突出症的疗效对比

目的探究在治疗腰椎间盘突出症中采用椎管镜下腰椎间盘摘除术与改良小切口开窗椎间盘摘除术的疗效。方法将我院2014-03-2016-03诊疗的140例腰椎间盘突出症患者作为研究对象,均分为观察组与对照组,每组70例。对照组行椎管镜下腰椎间盘摘除术,观察组行改良小切口开窗椎间盘摘除手术,评价两组术后腰痛评分(JOA)及疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS),对比两组患者手后并发症情况,以对比椎管镜下腰椎间盘摘除术与改良小切口开窗椎间盘摘除术在腰椎间盘突出症的疗效。结果两组患者术前JOA评分及VAS评分不存在显著差异(P0.05);术后3周及6个月JOA评分及VAS评分均较术前明显改善,但差异不具有统计学意义(P0.05);从术后并发症发生情况看,观察组术后并发症发生率(1.4%)低于对照组(2.8%),然对比不具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论改良小切口开窗椎间盘摘除术能取得与椎管镜下腰椎间盘摘除术一致治疗疗效,且改良小切口开窗椎间盘摘除术操作相对简便,可以作为治疗腰椎间盘突出症新的手术方式。     

显微内窥镜下椎间盘切除术及其与胶原酶溶核术联合治疗腰椎间盘突出症的疗效比较

目的:比较显微内窥镜下椎间盘除术(MED)及MED与胶原酶溶核术(CCNL)联合应用治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。方法:120例腰椎间盘突出症患者中,60例单纯行MED治疗(MED组),另60例在行MED的基础上向椎间盘内注射胶原酶600U(MED CCNL组)。术后观察并分析两组的疗效及并发症。结果:两组均顺利完成手术,未发生并发症。术后全部病例随访6～48个月,按照MacNab标准评定,MED组有效率为83.3%,MED CCNL组为95%,后者明显高于前者(P<0.05)。结论:MED与CCNL联合治疗腰椎间盘突出症较单纯MED治疗具有更好的疗效。     

椎间盘镜治疗钙化型腰椎间盘突出症的体会

目的探讨椎间盘镜治疗钙化型腰椎间盘突出症的适应症选择及手术技巧。方法 2000年12月至2008年6月,使用椎间盘镜治疗钙化型腰椎间盘突出症25例,详细介绍了手术过程、手术适应证及操作技巧。治疗组钙化型腰椎间盘突出症与一组单纯腰椎间盘突出症后路显微内窥镜下椎间盘切除术(microendoscopic discetomy,MED)手术组进行手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间、术后下地活动时间、恢复日常生活时间及住院费进行术后短期项目比较。结果术后短期疗效评价依照Nakai分级,优良率91.7%。治疗组有2例脑脊液漏,其中1例转为开放手术,余无严重并发症。钙化型腰椎间盘突出症与单纯腰椎间盘突出症组比较除手术时间以及术中出血量差异有统计学意义(前者P值0.05,后者P值0.01)外,其余项目均无统计学意义(P值0.05)。结论对钙化型腰椎间盘突出类型进行分类,术前评估,严格掌握适应证,熟练操作技巧是钙化型腰椎间盘突出症行MED治疗成功的关键。     

PELD与MED手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的疗效比较

目的比较经皮脊柱内窥镜下髓核摘除术(PELD)与后路显微内窥镜下腰椎间盘切除术(MED)治疗腰椎间盘突出症的近期疗效。方法回顾性分析自2016-03—2017-09诊治的84例单节段腰椎间盘突出症,42例采用PELD手术治疗(PELD组),42例采用MED手术治疗(MED组)。结果 84例均获得至少3个月随访。与MED组比较,PELD组手术时间更长,但术中出血量更少,术后住院时间更短,术后1周疼痛NRS评分与术后3个月腰椎功能障碍QBPDS评分更低,术后3个月改良MacNab评分更优,术后并发症发生率更低,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论 PELD手术治疗单节段腰椎间盘突出症的疗效优于MED手术,可缓解患者术后疼痛,并减少腰痛对患者日常生活的影响,还能降低术后并发症发生率,有利于患者术后快速康复。     

经皮椎间孔内窥镜下靶向穿刺椎间盘切除术治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的总结经皮椎间孔内窥镜下靶向穿刺椎间盘切除术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的体会。方法选取2017-02—2018-01间淇县人民医院收治的48例腰椎间盘突出症患者,均予以经皮椎间孔内窥镜下靶向穿刺椎间盘切除术。观察手术效果及随访情况。结果 48例患者均成功完成手术,手术时间为(51.85±6.20)min,术中出血量为(40.26±7.60)mL。未发生脑脊液漏、硬脑膜微小撕裂、神经受损等并发症。术后2个月及12个月随访时患者的VAS评分及ODI指数均较术前明显改善,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。依据Macnab标准,术后12个月时的治疗优良率为87.50%(42/48)。结论对腰椎间盘突出症患者在掌握手术适应证的基础上,应用经皮椎间孔内窥镜下靶向穿刺椎间盘切除术治疗创伤小、安全性高、疗效肯定。     

两种方法治疗腰椎间盘突出症的疗效比较

目的比较显微内窥镜下椎间盘切除术(MED)和经皮椎间孔镜下椎间盘切除术(PTED)治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。方法将96例单节段腰椎间盘突出患者按治疗方法不同分为MED组(48例,采用MED治疗)和PTED组(48例,采用PTED治疗)。比较两组手术情况,采用疼痛VAS评分及改良MacNab标准评价疗效。结果手术时间和住院费用PTED组长(多)于MED组(P<0.05)。住院时间两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后并发症MED组2例、PTED组3例。患者均获得6个月随访。VAS评分:两组术后第1天均较术前明显降低(P<0.05),两组术后第1天比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后3个月采用改良MacNab标准评价临床疗效:MED组优良率为87.50%,PTED组优良率为89.58%,两组优良率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论MED和PTED治疗腰椎间盘突出症均有良好的效果,MED手术时间短、住院费用低,但PTED更微创。     

经皮椎间孔镜椎间盘切除术治疗腰椎间盘突出围术期护理体会

目的观察和总结经皮椎间孔镜椎间盘切除术治疗腰椎间盘突出围术期的护理疗效和体会。方法对39例腰椎间盘突出患者行经皮椎间孔镜椎间盘切除术实施围术期心理、体位训练、康复指导等精心护理。结果 39例患者均顺利完成手术,术后无切口感染等并发症,VAS疼痛评分(2.43±0.92)分明显低于术前(8.56±1.15)分,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。护理满意度100%。结论对腰椎间盘突出症经皮椎间孔镜椎间盘切除术治疗患者实施围术期精心护理,可提高手术治疗效果,提升护理质量,促进患者早日康复。     

内窥镜下椎间盘切除术与显微椎间盘摘除术的比较研究

目的比较内窥镜下椎间盘切除术（MED）与显微镜下椎间盘切除术（MSLD）治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。方法2004年10月-2007年6月，手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症91例，其中MED组46例，MSLD组45例。前瞻性比较2组术中出血量、手术时间、住院费用及功能评价等指标。结果MSLD组较MED组出血少、手术时间短、费用低，2组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。MED组3例硬膜撕裂，MSLD组0例；MED组5例术中转开放手术，MSLD组0例。下床活动时间、住院时间及功能评定结果2组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论MSLD组较MED组手术创伤小、费用低、视野清晰、立体感强，是治疗腰椎间盘突出症更为安全的微创方法。     

腰椎间盘突出症术后行中药熏洗联合针灸治疗的效果及预后分析

目的探讨腰椎间盘突出症术后行中药熏洗联合针灸治疗的效果。方法选取2015-03-2016-02,在我院接受康复治疗的腰椎间盘突出症术后患者80例,采用随机数表法均分为两组。对照组患者给予常规康复训练治疗,观察组患者再此基础上给予患者中药熏洗联合针灸治疗。观察比较两组疗效及预后状况。结果治疗后,观察组VAS评分明显低于对照组(P0.05),腰椎功能评分均明显高于对照组(P0.05);治疗后,观察组患者的主观症状、临床体征评分均明显低于对照组(P0.05),日常活动能力评分明显高于对照组(P0.05);治疗后,观察组总有效率(95.00%)明显高于对照组(67.50%),并发症发生率(10.00%)明显低于对照组(27.50%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论中药熏洗联合针灸在腰椎间盘突出症术后患者中应用效果良好,安全性良好。     

经皮椎间孔镜下椎间盘切除术对腰椎间盘突出症的临床价值分析

目的 探讨经皮椎间孔镜下椎间盘切除术对腰椎间盘突出症的临床价值.方法 选取64例腰椎间盘突出症患者,按随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组各32例.对照组采用传统椎板开窗髓核摘除术治疗,观察组采用经皮椎间孔镜下椎间盘切除术治疗,两组术后均随访2年,对其疗效进行比较.结果 观察组手术切口、术后住院时间以及术中出血量均优于对照组(P<0.05).与术前比较,术后2周、术后1个月,两组VAS评分、ODI指数均降低,且观察组低于对照组(P<0.05);两组JOA评分均升高,且观察组高于对照组(P<0.05).随访期间,观察组并发症发生率为6.25％,显著低于对照组的28.13％(P<0.05).结论 采用经皮椎间孔镜下椎间盘切除术治疗腰椎间盘突出症,可明显改善手术相关指标,缓解疼痛,增强腰椎功能,具有较高的安全性.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.