利奈唑胺的合成

对利奈唑胺合成工艺进行优化。以吗啉和3,4-二氟硝基苯为原料,经取代、还原反应得到中间体5;( R) -环氧氯丙烷、邻苯二甲酰亚胺钾盐发生取代反应合成中间体9;最后中间体5和9经取代、环化、水解合成目标产物利奈唑胺,总收率36.5%（以3,4-二氟硝基苯计）。     

利奈唑胺的合成新方法

目的 研究抗菌药利奈唑胺的合成新方法。方法 以 3,4-二氟硝基苯为起始原料合成 3-氟-4-吗啉苯基异氰酸酯,在无溶剂条件下与(R)-环氧氯丙烷经 MgI2 或 MgBr2 催化环合得到(R)-3-氟-4-吗啉苯基噁唑烷酮,然后经叠氮基取代、还原、乙酰化得到利奈唑胺。结果与结论 利奈唑胺及关键中间体的结构经1H-NMR、MS谱确证,目标化合物的总收率为35%。该合成路线具有原料易得、步骤简短、收率高、操作简便的特点。     

抗肿瘤药物 linifanib 的合成

目的 合成抗肿瘤药物 linifanib 并优化其工艺。方法 以 2,6-二氟苯甲腈为原料经取代、重氮化、环合等 4 步反应制得关键中间体3-氨基-4-碘吲唑（5）;以对氟硝基苯为原料经 Suzuki 偶联、还原、缩合反应得到关键中间体1-(2-氟-5-甲基苯基)-3-[4-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂环硼乙烷-2-基)苯基]脲（10）;中间体 5 与 10 经 Suzuki 偶联反应制得抗肿瘤药 linifanib。结果 目标化合物的结构经¹H-NMR 谱和质谱确证,总收率为39.4%。结论 与文献报道的工艺比较, 新工艺成本低廉,操作简单,反应时间缩短,有利于工业化生产。     

利奈唑胺合成工艺的改进

目的 改进利奈唑胺的合成工艺.方法 以3,4-二氟硝基苯为原料,经取代、还原、酰化、再与侧链双乙酰化合物缩合得到目标化合物.结果 合成总收率为62.7%.结论 改进后的方法操作时间缩短,溶剂量减少,后处理方便,成本降低.     

依诺格雷的合成工艺研究

目的研究依诺格雷的合成工艺。方法以3,4-二氟苯胺为起始原料,经取代、环合、氧化、成酯、环合、脱保护、取代等8步反应制得关键中间体3-(4-氨基苯基)-6-氟-7-甲氨基喹唑啉-2,4(1H,3H)-二酮(13);以2-氯噻吩为原料,经取代和两步氨解制得中间体5-氯噻吩-2-磺酰胺基甲酸乙酯(4);中间体13与中间体4经氨解反应制得目标化合物。结果与结论目标化合物的结构经1H-NMR、13C-NMR、MS等确证。总收率达19.6%(以3,4-二氟苯胺计)。与文献报道的工艺比较,该路线操作简便、条件温和、反应时间缩短,有利于工业化生产。     

ALK抑制剂brigatinib的合成工艺改进

目的对ALK抑制剂brigatinib(AP-26113)的合成工艺进行优化。方法以5-氟-2-硝基苯甲醚为原料,依次经取代、还原胺化、还原反应得到中间体2-甲氧基-4-[4-(4-甲基哌嗪-1-基)哌啶-1-基]苯胺(5);以亚磷酸二乙酯为起始原料,依次经格氏反应、偶联、取代反应得到中间体2,5-二氯-N-(2-(二甲基亚膦酰基)苯基)嘧啶-4-胺(9);中间体5与9经取代反应得到目标产物brigatinib。结果与结论目标化合物的结构经MS、~1H-NMR和~(13)C-NMR确证。总收率为37.3%(以亚磷酸二乙酯计),纯度为99.9%(HPLC法)。优化后的工艺路线所用原料廉价易得、操作简便、条件温和、收率较高,可为工业化生产提供参考。     

受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂linifanib的合成

目的合成受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂linifanib。方法以2-氟-5-甲基苯胺为起始原料,经3步反应制得中间体Ⅳ．（4．硼酸频哪醇酯苯基）-N＇-（2-氟-5-甲基苯基）脲（5）;以2,6-二氯苯腈为起始原料,经关环反应制得另一中间体3-氨基-4-氯-吲唑（7）;中间体5和7经Suzuki偶联反应得到目标化合物linifanib。结果与结论目标化合物和中间体的结构经1H—NMR、MS谱确证,总收率为11．4％。     

噁唑烷酮类抗菌剂雷得唑来的合成

目的研究噁唑烷酮类抗菌剂雷得唑来的合成。方法以间氟苯胺为起始原料,依次经取代、碘代、环合、Suzuki偶联反应得到中间体(5S)-N-{[3-[4-(4-甲酰基苯基)-3-氟苯基]-2-氧代噁唑烷-5-基]甲基}乙酰胺(5);以对甲氧基氯苄为原料,经取代、Husigen-Click环加成反应得到中间体[1-(4-甲氧基苄基)-1H-1,2,3-三氮唑-4-基]甲胺(8);中间体5和8经还原胺化反应得到中间体(5S)-N-{[3-[2-氟-4'-({[1-(4-甲氧基苄基)-1H-1,2,3-三氮唑-4-基甲基]氨基}甲基)联苯-4-基]-2-氧代噁唑烷-5-基]甲基}乙酰胺(10),再经脱保护得到雷得唑来。结果与结论雷得唑来的结构经MS、IR、~1H-NMR和~(13)C-NMR确证,纯度经HPLC测定。其收率为40.7%(以间氟苯胺计)。该路线未见文献报道,所用原料价廉易得,反应条件温和可控,后处理简便,为其工业化生产奠定了基础。     

3,5-二甲基-2-(3'''',5''''-二氟苯基)-2-吗啉醇盐酸盐的合成

目的：合成抗抑郁药安非他酮类似物3，5-二甲基-2-（3’，5’-二氟苯基）-2-吗啉醇盐酸盐。方法：以3，5-二氟苯丙酮为原料，经溴代、胺化、环合、酸化合成了目标产物。结果：合成目标产物的总收率为77．3％，中间体和产物经红外光谱和核磁共振谱确证。结论：以溴化铜为α-溴代反应溴化剂进行澳代反应，选择性高，产物易于分离。在非质子极性溶剂中进行胺化反应，反应时间短，溶剂无毒性，具有较高的应用价值。     

3，5-二氟苯基硝基乙烷的合成工艺研究

3,5-二氟苯基硝基乙烷是常用的药物中间体．目前3,5-二氟苯基硝基乙烷的合成方法还有很多不足。本文以3,5-二氟苯甲醛和硝基甲烷为原料,先经过缩合反应合成中间体1-（3,5-二氟苯基）-2-硝基乙醇,再经过消除反应合成中间体1,3-二氟-5-（2-硝基）-苯乙烯,     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.