灾后心理干预驱散“心理余震”

灾难事件会给人们心理健康造成极大损伤.突发灾难事件时及时进行适当的心理危机干预是帮助处于危机中的个体、家庭、群体度过危机,减少创伤的有效措施.通过灾难对个体的心理影响,总结心理危机干预的模式、步骤及方法.     

大学校园发生甲型H1N1流感疫情时学生心理危机干预的探索

本文阐述大学校园发生甲型H1N1流感后针对大学生心理危机进行干预的具体步骤、常见形式以及我校发生甲型H1N1流感后所采取的心理危机干预措施,为校园突发公共卫生事件下如何干预大学生心理危机干预提供参考和借鉴作用.     

安徽省2006-2015年学校突发公共卫生事件流行特征分析

学校具有人群密集,学生接触密切,群体事件多发等特点,因而也是突发公共卫生事件的高发场所[1-3].近年来,学校传染病、食物中毒等事件时有发生,学校突发公共卫生事件不仅危害学生群体的身心健康,也会对教学秩序造成影响[4-5].为了解近年来安徽省学校突发公共卫生事件概况,预防学校突发公共卫生事件和杜绝危机发生提供理论依据,现将2006-2015年安徽省学校突发公共卫生事件流行情况分析如下.     

青少年应对突发公共卫生事件的心理“防疫”策略

健全社会心理服务体系和危机干预机制,完善社会矛盾纠纷,多元预防调处化解综合机制是国家治理体系和治理能力的重要体现,是社会主义现代化的必然要求。重大传染病等突发公共卫生事件作为人类健康的强敌,不仅对人们的生命安全造成重大损害,同时还会引起个体和群体的心理应激反应。青少年作为重点人群之一,心智发育尚未成熟,处于青春期的他们心理和生理正经历着一场重要的变化,敏感、叛逆、多疑是该时期的心理特征,故保护青少年的心理健康显得尤为重要。随着WHO对"健康"赋予的新内涵及现代医学模式的转变,心理社会干预技术应运而生,成为治疗和缓解精神类疾病的重要手段,也是预防心理危机继发心理疾病的有效途径。本文以突发公共卫生事件对青少年造成心理危机为出发点,探讨突发事件会对青少年带来哪些心理障碍,以心理社会干预技术为例,提出青少年应对突发公共卫生事件的心理"防疫"策略,从而保护青少年的心理健康。     

突发公共事件心理危机干预

突发公共事件是指突然发生,造成或者可能造成重大人员伤亡、财产损失、生态环境破坏和严重社会危害,危及公共安全的紧急事件[1].根据突发公共事件的发生过程、性质和机制,突发公共事件主要分为自然灾害、事故灾难、公共卫生事件、社会安全事件[2].突发公共事件发生后,个体会产生急性反应,表现在其心理平衡状态被打破,通常的应对机制暂时失效,同时表现出痛苦和功能失调,这就是所谓的心理危机状态[3].总的来说,随着时间的推移,突发事件造成的心理伤害能逐渐减退,但有些症状即使经过相当长的时间都不能完全消除[4].因此,突发公共事件发生后,有针对性地提供及时、规范、有效的心理危机干预是一项极为重要的工作[5].     

突发公共卫生事件心理干预研究进展

进入21世纪以来,中国接连发生了严重急性呼吸系统综合征(SARS)暴发流行、禽流感疫情、汶川地震以及甲型H1N1流感疫情等突发公共卫生事件,此类事件不仅严重危及公众生命及财产安全,同时极易造成公众心理恐慌,影响社会稳定,因此受到关注.实践证明,健康教育和健康促进是国家突发公共卫生事件应急体系必不可少的组成部分,在应对突发事件中发挥着重要作用[1],而心理健康教育(通常也称作心理干预或心理救援)作为其中的重要组成部分也日益受到重视.     

医学科普应对突发公共卫生事件的重要作用

目的 突发公共卫生事件不仅会造成社会秩序混乱,影响群众健康,且极易造成心理恐慌和危机.在突发公共卫生事件中开展医学科普工作,通过通俗的科普宣传,帮助群众掌握医学知识,普及医学保健常识,树立正确应对突发公共卫生事件的自我保护知识和措施,能第一时间减少恐慌,最大程度维护社会的和谐安定.     

突发公共卫生事件中医学科普宣传的策略

突发公共卫生事件不仅会对社会公众的健康产生严重影响,而且会造成社会秩序的混乱和公众的心理恐慌和危机。在突发公共卫生事件前和发生后开展医学科普宣传,可以帮助个人和群体掌握应急知识,提高应急能力,减少恐慌,维护社会的稳定和谐。     

SARS期间哈尔滨市居民心理健康状况、影响因素及干预对策研究

目的:了解SARS期间民众心理健康状况及其影响因素,为制定有效的干预策略提供决策依据。方法:采用定量与定性相结合的方式对城市、农村以及流动人口问卷调查,并对相关部门领导进行访谈。结果:SARS期间民众异常心理状况普遍存在。政府、专业机构、媒体与大众的心理状况密切相关,应充分关注对突发公共卫生事件心理恐慌和危机的及时、有效的干预,并建立综合、系统的突发公共卫生事件心理危机干预网络。     

试述突发公共卫生事件的监测与预警

突发公共卫生事件是突发事件的一部分,是危机的前期.它具有高度不确定性,包括发生时间、范围、强度等不可完全预测,因此,要在规范的日常基本卫生信息监测中加以预警;事件一旦发生,其演变迅速,不仅对人们健康、精神造成极大的危害,还可能给经济、政治方面带来影响,决策无法照章办事,因此,需要对事件处置和演变的全过程加以监测,以及时提供准确的决策信息;事件结束后还要评价应急处置的效果,这亦需要监测.总之监测贯穿着突发公共卫生事件应急管理的全过程.预警是监测的目的之一,只有科学、有效的对"苗头"突发公共卫生事件做出预警,才能及时、有效的应对,把突发公共卫生事件控制在萌芽状态,或不致造成危机,或最大限度地降低危机的危害程度.本文根据国家法律法规[1、2]的规定,结合本省实际情况,试述突发公共卫生事件的监测与预警工作.     

H1N1 vaccination

Early results (January to April) from the 2010 Canadian Community Health Survey show that an estimated 41% of Canadians (excluding those in the territories) aged 12 or older had been vaccinated for H1N1 by April 2010. The percentages were higher in the Atlantic provinces, Quebec and Saskatchewan than in Canada overall. Relatively high percentages of females and people aged 45 or older were vaccinated; the percentage of immigrants who had done so was relatively low. Being in a priority group (health-care worker, having children younger than 5 in the household, or having a chronic condition that could increase the risk for complications from H1N1) increased the likelihood of vaccination. A history of seasonal flu vaccination and having a regular doctor were also associated with H1N1 vaccination. Nearly three-quarters of those who had not been vaccinated reported that they did not think it was necessary.     

被动吸烟与cyp1b1、gstp1、sult1a1基因多态性对乳腺癌发病的影响

目的 探讨被动吸烟、cyp1b1、gstp1、sult1a1基因多态性及其联合作用对乳腺癌发病的影响。方法 2014 - 2015年间,采用病例-对照研究方法,收集病例794例,对照805例。问卷调查收集研究对象信息。采用飞行质谱技术,进行cyp1b1、gstp1、sult1a1基因单核苷酸多态性分型检测。采用多因素非条件 logistic 回归,分析环境烟草烟雾暴露及cyp1b1、gstp1、sult1a1基因多态性与乳腺癌发病风险的关系。结果 调整年龄、教育程度、家庭年总收入、职业、婚姻状况后,环境烟草烟雾暴露与gstp1基因多态性未发现协同作用。以环境烟草烟雾低暴露且携带 cyp1b1 rs1056836 C等位基因为参照,环境烟草烟雾高暴露且携带 GG 基因在绝经前女性中乳腺癌风险明显增高（OR = 1.678,95%CI:1.039～2.711）。以环境烟草烟雾组合低暴露且携带sult1a1 rs9282861GG基因型为参照,环境烟草烟雾高暴露且携带A等位基因绝经前乳腺癌风险明显增高（OR = 2.389,95%CI:1.157～4.931）,但交互作用系数无统计学意义。结论 环境烟草烟雾高暴露与cyp1b1 及sult1a1基因对乳腺癌发病风险可能存在协同作用,但尚扩大样本进行验证。     

Echo-AM1-1 encephaloscope]

A new miniature model of the A-mode ultrasonic echoencephaloscope, 0.88 MHz, has been developed and adopted to practical use in neurology. The device contains a detector for amplitude determination of echopulsation and curve (echopulsograms) recording. It is highly sensitive, cost-effective, which enhances the quality of rapid diagnosis of central nervous diseases, including those of vascular genesis, in in- and outpatient settings.     

接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗后患甲型H1N1流感分析

目的 分析接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗后发生甲型H1N1流感感染的病例,探讨发病原因,为进一步提高疫苗预防效果提供参考依据.方法 对接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗后发生甲型H1N1流感感染148例,进行回顾性调查分析.结果 接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗11176例.发生甲型H1N1感染148例,感染率1.32%,其中1～14 d感染81例,感染率0.72%,＞15 d感染67例,感染率0.60%.结论 甲型H1N1流感病毒裂解疫苗是一种安全高效的疫苗,不足之处尚待进一步探讨、完善.     

NF1 gene and neurofibromatosis 1

Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1), also known as von Recklinghausen disease, is an autosomal dominant condition caused by mutations of the NF1 gene, which is located at chromosome 17q11.2. NF1 is believed to be completely penetrant, but substantial variability in expression of features occurs. Diagnosis of NF1 is based on established clinical criteria. The presentation of many of the clinical features is age dependent. The average life expectancy of patients with NF1 is probably reduced by 10-15 years, and malignancy is the most common cause of death. The prevalence of clinically diagnosed NF1 ranges from 1/2,000 to 1/5,000 in most population-based studies. A wide variety of NF1 mutations has been found in patients with NF1, but no frequently recurring mutation has been identified. Most studies have not found an obvious relation between particular NF1 mutations and the resulting clinical manifestations. The variability of the NF1 phenotype, even in individuals with the same NF1 gene mutation, suggests that other factors are involved in determining the clinical manifestations, but the nature of these factors has not yet been determined. Laboratory testing for NF1 mutations is difficult. A protein truncation test is commercially available, but its sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value have not been established. No general, population-based molecular studies of NF1 mutations have been performed. At this time, it appears that the benefits of population-based screening for clinical features of NF1 would not outweigh the costs of screening.     

GSTM1及GSTT1和GSTP1基因多态性对尿中1-羟基芘水平的影响

目的 研究GSTM1、GSTT1和GSTP1基因多态性对多环芳烃接触工人尿中1-羟基芘(1-OHP)水平的影响.方法 分别选取2个炼焦厂共447名多环芳烃职业接触工人(接触组)和某线材厂220名非职业接触工人(对照组)作为研究对象,采用高效液相色谱法测定尿中1-OHP水平,采用线性回归统计模型分析GSTM1和GSTT1缺失型及GSTP1 I105V位点的多态性对不同人群尿中1-OHP水平的修饰作用.结果 接触组工人尿中1-OHP浓度为4.61 μmol/mol Cr,明显高于对照组(0.34μmol/mol Cr),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).接触类别和吸烟分别是影响尿中1-OHP水平的主要因素,在控制各混杂因素的影响后,线性回归分析显示,接触组尿中1-OHP水平和GSTP1 I105V位点多态性有关(单基因分析,P=0.012;多基因分析,P=0.011),对总体样本,单基因模型和多基因模型均显示,尿中1-OHP水平可能和GSTT1缺失型多态有关(P=0.055),多基因交互作用分析显示,GSTT1和GSTP1基因多态对接触组尿中1-OHP水平具有交互作用.结论 谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GSTs)基因的多态性对接触多环芳烃工人尿中1-OHP水平有影响.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the modification of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms on urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) excretions in workers under different exposure levels. Methods Four hundred and forty-seven occupationally exposed workers from two coking plants and 220 control workers from a wire rod plant were genotyped to analyze the modification of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms on urinary 1-OHP excretions. Results The urinary 1-OHP concentration in exposed group was much higher than that in control group (4.61 vs 0.34 μmol/mol Cr, P＜0.05). Occupational exposure levels and cigarette smoking were of the dominating factors affecting 1-OHP excretions in urine. After controlling potential confounders, decreased excretion of urinary 1-OHP was associated with GSTP1 I105V AG + GG genotype in coke oven workers (single-gene model, P=0.012; multi-gene model, P=0.011 ) and with GSTT1 null type in the analysis including all subjects (P=0.055 in both single-gene and multi-gene models). GSTT1 and GSTP1 were interacted on the urinary concentrations of 1-OHP. Conclusion Urinary 1-OHP concentrations can be modified by GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms, indicating that these genes are involved in the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.     

Protective efficacy of an inactivated Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza vaccine against homologous H1N1 and heterologous H1N1 and H1N2 viruses in mice

Eurasian avian-like H1N1 (EA H1N1) swine influenza viruses are prevalent in pigs in Europe and Asia, but occasionally cause human infection, which raises concern about their pandemic potential. Here, we produced a whole-virus inactivated vaccine with an EA H1N1 strain (A/swine/Guangxi/18/2011, SW/GX/18/11) and evaluated its efficacy against homologous H1N1 and heterologous H1N1 and H1N2 influenza viruses in mice. A strong humoral immune response, which we measured by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (VN), was induced in the vaccine-inoculated mice upon challenge. The inactivated SW/GX/18/11 vaccine provided complete protection against challenge with homologous SW/GX/18/11 virus in mice and provided effective protection against challenge with heterologous H1N1 and H1N2 viruses with distinctive genomic combinations. Our findings suggest that this EA H1N1 vaccine can provide protection against both homologous H1N1 and heterologous H1N1 or H1N2 virus infection. As such, it is an excellent vaccine candidate to prevent H1N1 swine influenza.