健康志愿者单次静脉滴注盐酸米诺环素的药动学研究

目的研究健康人单剂量静脉滴注盐酸米诺环素后的药动学特征,为该药Ⅱ期临床试验提供依据。方法18名健康受试者单剂量静脉滴注盐酸米诺环素100mg(9名)、200mg(9名)后,HPLC法测定其血浆药物浓度,采用3P97软件进行数据处理,求出药动学参数。结果受试者分别给药后,药-时曲线符合二室开放模型。主要药动学参数V_c分别为(41．0867±18．7509)L、(48．7035±21．1433)L；CLs分另1为(2．8921±0．6175)L/h、(3．0654±1．0109)L/h；t_(1/2β)分别为(21．0349±5．5442)h、(20．4413±1．7810)h；曲线下面积AUC_(0-1)分别为(35．8757±7．0075)(mg．h)/L、(72．0649±25．0888)(mg·h)/L；c_(max)分别为(2．147±0．656)μg/L、(3．796±1．098)μg/L。结论受试者静脉滴注盐酸米诺环素后,人体耐受良好,体内过程符合二房室开放模型。提示盐酸米诺环素在100～200 mg主要药动学参数(c_(max)AUC_(0-t))与给药剂量呈线性关系；其他药动学参数t_(1/2α)、t_(1/2β)、k_(21)、k_(10)、k_(12)、V_c、CL经t检验均无显著性差异(P＞0．05)。     

注射用盐酸米诺环素在健康人体的药物动力学

目的：研究注射用盐酸米诺环素在健康人体内的药物动力学。方法：10名健康志愿者单剂量静脉滴注200mg注射用盐酸米诺环素,采用HPLC测定血浆中米诺环素浓度,计算药动学参数。结果：10例健康受试者单剂量静脉滴注200mg盐酸米诺环素,主要药动学参数t1/2为（18．1±4．07）h;Cmax为（4．744±0．887）mg／L;tmax为2．0h;AUC0→72h为（75．71±10．68）mg·h／L;AUC0→∞为（79．90±12．81）mg·h／L。结论：受试制剂注射用盐酸米诺环素在人体内的药代动力学特征与文献报道一致。     

米诺环素胶囊对人体相对生物利用度的研究

目的研究国产和进口米诺环素胶囊在9例正常健康志愿者体内的相对生物利用度.方法采用随机交叉分组方法进行试验设计,血样中米诺环素浓度采用RP-HPLC法测定.采用PK-GRAPH药物动力学软件包进行数据处理,计算两种胶囊的主要药物动力学参数和相对生物利用度,并进行统计学分析.结果单剂量口服国产和进口米诺环素胶囊的药动学参数,曲线下面积(AUC)分别为74.5±17.9μg.h/ml和75.3±15.9μg.h/ml;表现分布容积(Vd)分别为45.6±7.8L和46.0±17.4L;清除率(CL)分别为2.8±0.6L/h和2.7±0.6L/h;半衰期(t1/2)分别为21.6±1.26 h和21.9±1.7 h;峰值时间(Tmax)分别为2.8±0.9h和2.4±0.9 h;峰值浓度(Cmax)为3.1±0.7μg/ml和3.1±0.6μg/ml.相对生物利用度为98.9%.上述参数与文献报道相似,经统计学检验,无显著差异.结论两种胶囊在健康志愿者体内是生物等效的.     

HPLC法测定盐酸米诺环素缓释片在犬体内的血浆浓度及其药动学研究

目的:建立测定盐酸米诺环素缓释片(以羟丙基甲基纤维素为骨架)在犬体内的血浆浓度的方法,并用于国产与进口制剂的药动学研究。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Scienhome C18,流动相为乙腈-四氢呋喃-水(含1.5%三乙胺、2%庚烷磺酸钠,磷酸调pH至3.0)=150∶30∶850,流速为1.0 mL·min-1,进样量为50 μL,检测波长为280 nm。取犬分为受试制剂(国产)组和参比制剂(进口)组,每组5只,灌胃给予相应盐酸米诺环素缓释片18 mg·kg-1,分别考察2组给药前和给药后60 h内的血药浓度,并计算其药动学参数。结果:盐酸米诺环素检测浓度线性范围为0.125～10 mg·L-1(r=0.999),平均提取回收率为70.3%,平均方法回收率为89.3%,日内和日间RSD均≤6.4%;受试制剂和参比制剂的tmax分别为(4.42±1.24)、(4.33±1.07)h,cmax分别为(4.29±1.13)、(4.34±0.83)mg·L-1,AUC0～60 h分别为(48.19±16.64)、(48.31±15.00)mg·h·L-1。结论:本方法专属性强、灵敏度高,可有效检测犬血浆中盐酸米诺环素浓度;国产与进口盐酸米诺环素缓释片比较药动学参数无明显差别。     

单剂注射用盐酸多西环素的药动学研究

目的研究健康成年志愿者单剂静脉滴注盐酸多西环素的药动学。方法按GCP指导原则设计试验方案,选择9名健康受试者分别依次单剂静脉滴注100、200、300mg三个剂量的注射用盐酸多西环素,用HPLC测定血药浓度,采用3P87软件进行数据处理,求出药动学参数。结果受试者分别给药后,药-时曲线符合二房室模型,主要药动学参数cmax分别为(3.02±1.17)、(3.85±1.51)和(10.17±2.81)mg/L;t1/2β分别为(24.09±2.77)h、(21.03±8.25)h、(22.77±5.04)h;AUC0～∞分别为(29.53±10.67)、(37.18±12.60)和(125.43±67.15)mg·h/L。72h尿药累积排泄率分别为(41.44±9.77)%、(46.09±7.05)%、(40.74±3.98)%,说明肾不是主要排泄器官,对肾功能不全者无明显体内蓄积。结论9名健康受试者分别静脉滴注盐酸多西环素,药-时曲线符合二房室模型,在100～300mg剂量范围内药物体内过程呈线性动力学特征。     

盐酸托烷司琼口腔崩解片在健康人体内的药动学及生物等效性

目的建立测定人血浆中托烷司琼浓度的LC/MS/MS法,并用该法研究托烷司琼在健康人体内的药动学特征及其相对生物等效性。方法采用LC/MS/MS法,测定20名健康男性受试者口服含盐酸托烷司琼10 mg的受试制剂和参比制剂后,不同时刻血浆中托烷司琼的浓度,绘制药动学曲线并计算主要药动学参数。结果受试制剂和参比制剂中托烷司琼的主要药动学参数如下:tmax分别为(2.1±0.8)和(2.1±0.8)h;ρmax分别为(15.7±6.2)和(16.1±6.2)μg.L-1,t1/2分别为(9.9±5.0)和(9.4±5.0)h;用梯形法计算,AUC0-t分别为(213.2±162.7)和(210.1±159.2)μg.h.L-1,AUC0-∞分别为(231.0±190.4)和(231.2±190.9)μg.h.L-1。以AUC0-t计算,盐酸托烷司琼口腔崩解片中托烷司琼的相对生物利用度为(102.2±25.7)%。结论盐酸托烷司琼的两种制剂生物等效。     

甲磺酸帕珠沙星注射液人体药动学研究

目的研究单次及多次静脉滴注甲磺酸帕珠沙星注射液的药动学特点。方法筛选健康受试者12名,q12h静脉滴注甲磺酸帕珠沙星注射液每次500m g,连续5d,共9次;用反向高效液相色谱-紫外法测定血药浓度,用DA Sver1.0软件拟合药动学参数。结果受试者静脉滴注甲磺酸帕珠沙星注射液后体内过程符合二室模型;单次给药后的药动学参数:Tm ax为(0.47±0.09)h,cm ax为(13.71±1.81)m g/L,AUC0-t为(24.60±4.15)m g.h/L,t1/2为(1.46±0.64)h,M RT、CL和Vd分别为(2.14±0.33)h、(0.09±0.04)L/(h.kg)和(0.17±0.03)L/kg。q12h静脉滴注帕珠沙星500m g连续5d(共9次),第2、3、4、5d晨测得谷浓度分别为0.13、0.16、0.17和0.14m g/L,提示血药浓度已达稳态。末剂给药后的药动学参数:Tm ax为(0.48±0.10)h,cm ax为(15.41±1.67)m g/L,AUC0-t为(28.42±4.90)m g.h/L,t1/2为(1.33±0.49)h,CL为(0.09±0.06L/)h,(css)av为(2.34±0.43)m g/L,DF为(99.48±0.38)%,以上参数与单次给药比较除cm ax外均无统计学差异,且累积系数小,说明本品多次给药无体内蓄积。女性和男性受试者主要药动学参数比较均无统计学差异。受试者给药期间未出现严重不良反应。结论500m g q12h静脉滴注,在人体内可达到有效血药浓度,可以作为临床应用的推荐方案。     

米诺环素注射剂的药动学

目的:研究健康志愿者静脉滴注米诺环素后的药动学特征,为临床合理用药提供参考依据。方法:8名健康志愿者分别静脉滴注米诺环素单剂量(200mg)、多剂量(100mg,bid×5d),于规定时间点取血,以高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,计算单剂量和多剂量给药后的药动学参数。结果:单剂量给药后的主要药动学参数分别为cmax=(5.4±s0.9)mg·L-1;tmax=2h;t1/2=(26±3)h;MRT=(36±5)h;AUC0~72=(94±24)mg·h·L-1;AUC0~∞=(109±29)mg·h·L-1。多剂量给药达稳态后的药动学参数分别为cmssax=(8.4±1.5)mg·L-1;cmssin=(1.0±0.4)mg·L-1;csavs=(2.1±0.6)mg·L-1;AUCss=(149±42)mg·h·L-1;DF=3.7±0.6。结论:受试制剂米诺环素注射剂在人体内的药动学特征与文献报道基本一致。     

盐酸小檗碱单次和多次给药在Beagle犬体内的药动学

目的研究盐酸小檗碱胶囊单次和多次给药后在Beagle犬体内的药动学。方法 6条Beagle犬按150 mg单次和多次口服盐酸小檗碱胶囊,多次给药每天1次,共7 d。采用UPLC-MS/MS色谱法测定犬血浆中盐酸小檗碱的浓度。用DAS 2.0药动学软件处理血药浓度数据。用SPSS统计软件对所得的药动学数据进行显著性差异分析。结果单次给药后主要药动学参数t1/2为(18.85±10.54)h,ρmax为(4.18±2.59)μg.L-1,AUC0-t为(110.04±70.22)μg.h.L-1,AUC0-∞为(121.51±74.19)μg.h.L-1,CL为(1 593.57±745.01)L.h-1,V为(44 509.1±34 995.4)L,tmax为(20.42±22.98)h;多次给药达稳态后主要药动学参数t1/2为(18.53±9.99)h,ρmax为(9.92±7.01)μg.L-1,AUC0-t为(164.51±119.70)μg.h.L-1,AUC0-∞为(172.34±125.03)μg.h.L-1,CL为(1 280.19±709.95)L.h-1,V为(33 655.7±27 632.2)L,tmax为(6.08±4.90)h。结论盐酸小檗碱单次和多次给药后在Beagle犬体内血药浓度均较低,盐酸小檗碱多次给药在Beagle犬体内无明显蓄积现象。     

草酸依地普仑片人体药动学研究

目的:研究国产草酸依地普仑片在人体内的药动学。方法:10名健康志愿者单剂量口服30mg草酸依地普仑片,采用高效液相色谱法测定其血浆中草酸依地普仑浓度,药动学参数采用3p97软件进行拟合。结果:草酸依地普仑片药-时曲线符合二室模型,其Cmax、tmax、t1/2、AUC0～132、AUC0～∞分别为(42.73±10.19)μg/L、(2.90±0.32)h、(35.34±7.78)h、(1241.5±194.3)(μg·h)/L、(1327.5±210.5)(μg·h)/L。结论:该药动学研究结果可为临床用药提供参考。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.