鼻空肠管在机械通气患者早期肠内营养中的应用

目的探讨对机械通气(MV)患者留置鼻空肠管行早期肠内营养的应用价值。方法将ICU收治的50例机械通气患者随机分为A组(25例)和B组(25例),A组留置鼻空肠管,B组留置鼻胃管,观察两组肠内营养可以耐受的起始时间、达目标喂养量所需时间、并发症情况和机械通气时间。结果A组肠内营养可以耐受起始时间、达目标喂养量所需时间明显比B组短(P＜0．01),并发症发生率和呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)发生率明显减少(P＜0．05),机械通气时间较B组明显缩短(P＜0．05)。结论机械通气患者留置鼻空肠管实施早期肠内营养比鼻胃管更为有效、安全,并有助于减少VAP发生,有助于尽早脱机。     

早期胃镜下放置鼻肠管在高风险误吸 脑卒中患者中的应用价值

目的 探讨早期床旁胃镜下放置鼻肠管肠内营养在高风险误吸脑卒中患者的应用价值。方法 将2012年1月~2013年6月入住该院中心ICU的高风险误吸脑卒中患者随机分为鼻胃管组和鼻肠管组,其中鼻胃管组45例,鼻肠管组41例。鼻胃管组24 h后常规留置鼻胃管予康全力肠内营养,而鼻肠管组24 h后床旁胃镜旁持物钳置管法放置鼻肠管,予康全力肠内营养。比较两组入ICU第1和14天GCS评分、APACHE-II评分、血清清蛋白和转铁蛋白情况,吸入性肺炎发生率及ICU停留时间。结果 入ICU时两组患者在年龄、性别、疾病严重程度和洼田氏饮水实验等一般情况差异无显著性（均P >0.05）。鼻肠管组鼻肠管远端均位于空肠上段,放置成功率为100%。入院第14天,鼻肠管组患者GCS评分高于鼻胃管组,而APACHE-II评分低于鼻胃管组（均P <0.05）。鼻胃管组与鼻肠管组吸入性肺炎发生率分别为31.1%和12.2%,差异有显著性（χ2 =4.460,P =0.035）。入院第14天,鼻肠管组患者血清清蛋白和转铁蛋白均高于鼻胃管组（均P <0.05）。鼻胃管组和鼻肠管组患者ICU停留时间分别为（16.00±4.53）和（13.93±4.83）d（t =2.055,P =0.043）。结论 高风险误吸脑卒中患者早期（24 h）床旁胃镜下放置鼻肠管空肠营养有利于减少吸入性肺炎的发生,改善患者营养状态,缩短ICU停留时间,改善患者预后。值得临床推广。     

机械通气患者两种鼻饲途径与吸入性肺炎关系的探讨

目的：探讨机械通气患者肠内营养时经复尔凯螺旋型鼻肠管和经鼻胃管两种鼻饲途径与吸入性肺炎的关系。方法：将50例机械通气并施肠内营养的患者随机分为观察组和对照组各25例。观察组留置复尔凯螺旋型鼻肠管,采用喂养泵或输液泵经复尔凯螺旋型鼻肠管每日持续匀速输注营养液;对照组留置传统的鼻胃管,采用喂养泵或输液泵经鼻胃管每日持续匀速输注营养液,观察两组患者胃潴留、呕吐、反流和误吸的发生情况,并进行比较。结果：观察组胃潴留、呕吐、反流和误吸的发生率低于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：机械通气患者经复尔凯螺旋型鼻肠管行肠内营养,可提高患者的耐受性,有效地预防吸入性肺炎的发生。     

床旁盲插鼻肠管在重症患者肠内营养中的应用及护理

目的探讨床旁盲插鼻肠管在重症患者肠内营养中的应用价值,总结其护理要点。方法 160例重症患者根据肠内营养支持方式不同分为鼻胃管组和鼻肠管组,鼻胃管组80例常规经鼻留置胃管,鼻肠管组80例采用床旁盲插鼻肠管。分别于入院第1、14天检测患者血清转铁蛋白(TF)、前清蛋白(PA)及清蛋白(ALB)水平;观察2组腹胀腹泻、恶心呕吐、返流误吸及肺部感染等发生情况;统计2组机械通气时间、ICU入住时间及30 d内ICU再入住率。结果入院第1天,2组PA、TF、ALB水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);入院第14天,2组PA、TF、ALB较入院第1天降低(P<0.05),鼻肠管组PA、TF高于鼻胃管组(P<0.05)。鼻肠管组返流、误吸发生率及肺部感染率均低于鼻胃管组(P<0.05)。鼻肠管组机械通气时间、ICU入住时间短于鼻胃管组(P<0.05),且鼻肠管组30 d内ICU再入住率低于鼻胃管组(P<0.05)。结论床旁盲插鼻肠管可有效改善重症患者营养指标,降低返流、误吸及肺部感染发生率,细致的护理是实现这一目标的重要保证。     

早期肠内营养在慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期机械通气患者中的应用

目的:探讨早期肠内营养在慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)机械通气患者中的应用效果。方法:将40例AECOPD机械通气患者随机分为鼻肠管组(A组)15例,鼻胃管组(B组)14例,对照组(C组)11例。A组、B组分别给予鼻肠管、鼻胃管鼻饲营养,对照组给予静脉营养,治疗2周后观察、比较三组机械通气时间、并发症发生情况及营养改善情况。结果:A组机械通气时间短于B组、C组(P<0.05),腹胀等并发症、高血糖发生次数均少于B组、C组(P<0.05);白蛋白增加量大于B组、C组(P<0.01)。结论:AECOPD机械通气患者早期应用鼻肠管营养支持可缩短机械通气时间,且并发症少,营养改善佳。     

危重病机械通气患者肠内与肠外营养的临床对比研究

目的分析比较肠内与肠外营养对危重病机械通气患者的影响。方法108例行机械通气的危重病患者随机分为两组：肠内营养组54例，给予常规治疗和肠内营养支持；肠外营养组54例，给予常规治疗和静脉营养支持。观察记录每位患者呼吸机撤机时间、呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生率、住ICU时间和营养支持时间以及营养支持并发症发生情况等，并测定臂肌围、氮、电解质及血清白蛋白水平等。结果肠外营养组的氮平衡指标较肠内营养组明显降低（P＜0．05），其他营养指标均差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。肠内营养组在住ICU时间和对营养耐受性方面明显优于肠外营养组（P＜0．05）；而在营养支持天数方面，两组的差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。肠内营养组易并发呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP），而肠外营养组易并发血气胸和心衰加重。结论危重病机械通气患者应尽早给予肠内或尽早由肠外营养过渡为肠内营养，有利于改善全身营养状况，尽早脱机、拔管，减少并发症，改善预后。     

鼻肠管肠内营养在神经外科昏迷患者营养支持中的应用

目的探讨鼻肠管肠内营养在神经外科昏迷患者营养支持中的应用效果。方法选取神经外科手术昏迷患者78例,随机分为鼻胃管组与鼻肠管组。鼻胃管组给予鼻胃管肠内营养,鼻肠管组给予鼻肠管肠内营养,比较2组治疗前、治疗后14 d血清白蛋白(Alb)、血红蛋白(Hb)、血清前白蛋白(PAB)水平和并发症发生率。结果治疗后14 d,2组Alb、Hb、PAB水平均较治疗前明显升高(P0.05或P0.01),且鼻肠管组改善程度明显优于鼻胃管组(P0.01)。鼻肠管组并发症总发生率明显低于鼻胃管组(P0.01);2组误吸和返流发生率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论神经外科昏迷患者经鼻肠管给予肠内营养治疗,能明显改善患者营养状况。     

鼻胃管和鼻肠管联合在重型胰腺炎早期肠内营养支持的研究

观察和研究鼻胃管和鼻肠管联合在重型胰腺炎早期肠内营养支持的临床价值。将收治的67例重型胰腺炎患者随机分为试验组和对照组,试验组32例采用鼻胃管和鼻肠管联合早期肠内营养支持治疗,对照组35例采用完全胃肠外营养支持治疗;比较两组患者的并发症发生率及住院天数、住院费用情况。两组患者在并发症（腹胀、腹腔脓肿、腹泻）发生率方面试验组（18.8%）远远少于对照组（54.3%）,差异有统计学（P＜0.05）;试验组在住院天数及住院费用方面远低于对照组,差异具有统计学（P＜0.05）。鼻胃管和鼻肠管联合在重型胰腺炎早期肠内营养支持方面并发症发生率少,同时减少患者住院费用及住院天数,有助于减轻患者痛苦及经济负担,值得临床选择。     

液囊空肠导管在重症胰腺炎患者肠内营养支持中的应用

目的探讨液囊空肠导管在重症胰腺炎患者早期肠内营养支持中的应用价值。方法将64例重症胰腺炎患者分为液囊空肠导管组（研究组）和单纯鼻胃管加鼻肠管组（对照组）各32例。研究组将液囊空肠导管一腔置于空肠20～30cm以下进行肠内营养,一腔置于胃内行胃肠减压;对照组先置鼻胃管行胃肠减压,病情稳定后由另一鼻腔置鼻肠管。比较两组患者的肠内营养开始时间、营养全量达到时间、住院时间、住院费用、导管并发症的发生情况及血浆白蛋白水平。结果研究组患者导管脱出的发生率低于对照组（P〈0．01）,EN开始时间和到达全量时间均早于对照组（P〈0．05或0．01）,血浆白蛋白值升高早于对照组（P〈0．05）,住院天数及费用均少于对照组（P〈0．05或0．01）。结论液囊空肠导管的应用使胃肠减压及肠内营养同时进行,提前了肠内营养的开始时间,避免了管道占据患者两侧鼻孔所造成的不适,从而提高了患者对治疗的依从性。     

胃镜下胃管代替鼻肠管在重症患者中应用

目的 探讨在重症患者中胃镜辅助下以鼻胃管代替普通鼻肠管实施肠内营养的安全性和可靠性.方法 选择需要肠内营养重症患者70例,分为胃管代鼻肠管组和螺旋型鼻肠管组,每组35例.胃管代鼻肠管组在胃镜下用异物钳钳夹鼻胃管,推送胃镜和异物钳经过幽门,尽可能送胃管达幽门以远.螺旋型鼻肠管组鼻肠管远端未在小肠者,借助胃镜完成.结果 此种胃镜下胃管代鼻肠管方法营养管放置成功率为100％.放置期间均无并发症.在使用过程中有2例出现反流,胃镜检查发现1例营养管易位于胃腔,另1例位置正常.吸入性肺炎发生率为5.7％;肠内营养期间未发生堵管现象.肠内营养支持治疗后患者营养参数有改善(P＜0.05).结论 胃镜下用胃管代替普通鼻肠管进行肠内营养具有安全可靠、不易堵管、反流率低的优点.     

品管圈活动在降低留置胃管患者非计划性拔管率中的应用

目的：探讨品管圈（QCC）活动在降低留置胃管患者非计划性拔管率中的效果。方法成立品管圈,确定“降低留置胃管患者非计划性拔管率”为主题,通过现状调查、分析原因、拟定对策并实施,比较QCC活动前后2组患者非计划性拔管率。结果 QCC活动后患者非计划性拔管率1．0％低于活动前6．5％,（P＜0．05）,目标达成率107．8％,进步率84．6％,圈员技能等8个方面得到提高。结论 QCC活动能有效降低留置胃管患者非计划性拔管率,提高护理管理执行力和患者的依从性,值得推广。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.