颅脑损伤术后复查CT对改善预后的临床探讨

目的对颅脑损伤患者进行术后CT复查,探讨其对改善预后情况的价值分析。方法选取医院2017年6月至2019年6月收治的行颅脑损伤手术的患者76例,根据患者是否定期复查将其分为研究组(n=38)与对照组(n=38),其中研究组患者术后3、7天均计划性复查CT,对照组未复查。对两组患者术前、术后临床症状、住院时间、出院时格拉斯哥昏迷指数(GCS)评分及术后半年格拉斯哥预后(GOS)评分情况等进行统计比较。结果术前,在GCS评分、头颅CT分级、受伤时间等方面,研究组与对照组比较均无明显差异(P0.05);术后3、7天进行CT复查发现异常者中,其中伴有临床症状的患者分别占75.0%、66.7%。术后,在二次手术率及住院天数方面,研究组与对照组比较均明显降低,在术后7天GCS评分及术后半年GOS评分方面,研究组与对照组比较均明显提高,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对于医院行颅脑损伤手术的患者,术后对其进行定期CT复查有助于对患者预后情况的改善,在临床应用方面具有非常重要的意义。     

脑外伤后脑梗死临床分析

脑部外伤后脑梗死临床较为少见，系指脑外伤患者复查CT时，出现脑梗死灶。它一旦发生将加重原发颅脑损伤，致使病情迁延或恶化，影响病人的康复及预后，应引起临床重视。我科收治有34例脑外伤后脑梗死患者，报道如下。     

重型颅脑损伤并发多器官功能不全综合征的预防与治疗

多器官功能不全综合征(Multuole organs dysfunction syndrome,MODS)是严重创伤、休克、感染及手术后最严重的并发症,常提示预后不良.重型颅脑损伤后由于脑挫裂伤、脑出血、脑肿胀引起颅内压升高,下丘脑及脑干损伤,更易引起多器官功能紊乱、衰竭.本文对本院神经外科收治的208例重度颅脑损伤患者(入院GCS≤8)进行研究,探讨重度颅脑损伤后多器官功能不全综合征的预防与治疗方法,提高对MODS的治疗水平.……     

颅脑外伤患者凝血功能异常与预后的相关性研究

目的了解颅脑外伤患者急性期凝血功能改变情况,并分析凝血功能异常与颅脑损伤程度（GCS评分）及预后（GOS评分）的关系。方法监测124例单纯颅脑外伤患者急性期凝血指标,进行DIC评分,对患者入院时颅脑损伤程度及外伤后6个月的临床预后进行评分。结果超过50%的单纯颅脑外伤患者发生凝血功能异常,其中重型颅脑外伤患者及预后不良的颅脑外伤患者PT明显延长,D-DT水平明显升高,其差异具有显著性。结论凝血功能改变,尤其是DIC多发生于脑外伤后6小时内,在重型颅脑外伤患者及预后不良的颅脑外伤患者中表现的更加明显。PT、D-DT水平在颅脑外伤患者预后的评估中起重要作用,可作为患者预后的预测指标。     

血糖水平与重型颅脑损伤时病情及预后的关系

目的了解血糖水平与重型颅脑损伤时病情及预后的关系。方法对收治的87例重型颅脑损伤患者于脑外伤后24小时内及伤后1、3、5、7、10、14天进行血糖测定。结果人院后24小时内血糖水平与其预后有明显的相关性（P〈0．01）。结论对颅脑外伤后高血糖进行迅速有效的控制,对病人的预后有十分重要的意义。     

颅脑外伤后进展性出血损伤的临床特点及预后分析

目的了解急性颅脑外伤患者进展性出血损伤的临床特点,并分析其相关危险因素及对预后的影响。方法回顾分析316例急性颅脑外伤患者,根据入院24小时内复查的头颅CT结果分为进展性出血损伤组和非进展性出血损伤组,对两组患者既往病史、临床特点及动态头颅CT结果进行对比分析。结果超过30%的急性颅脑外伤患者发生进展性出血损伤,进展性出血损伤患者在饮酒史、入院时GCS评分及出血部位方面与非进展性出血损伤患者相比存在显著差异,伤后距首次头颅CT及首次复查头颅CT的时间越短,进展性出血损伤的发生率越高,并且进展性出血损伤患者并发症发生率高,住院时间长,预后差。结论急性颅脑外伤患者在受伤早期发生进展性出血损伤概率较高,发病时病情轻重、出血部位及既往饮酒情况对早期进展性出血损伤有重要影响,进展性出血损伤在急性颅脑外伤患者预后的评估中起重要作用,可作为患者预后的预测指标。     

重度外伤性颅脑损伤早期预后不良危险因素分析

目的 探讨重度外伤性颅脑损伤早期预后不良的危险因素，为早期准确识别预后不良高危人群、指导后续治疗方案制定及最大限度改善临床预后提供参考。方法 回顾性纳入本院2020年1月至2022年12月收治重度外伤性颅脑损伤患者共192例，根据术后随访3个月格拉斯哥昏迷量表评分评估早期预后并分为以下两组：预后不良组（119例）和预后良好组（73例）；采用单因素和多因素法确定重度外伤性颅脑损伤早期预后不良独立危险因素，分析早期预后不良与实验室指标的关系，并进一步描绘受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线评估上述独立危险因素用于重度外伤性颅脑损伤早期预后不良风险预测临床效能。结果 单因素分析结果显示，年龄、中性粒细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数、中性粒细胞-淋巴细胞比值（NLR）水平、血小板-淋巴细胞比值（PLR）水平及中性粒细胞-淋巴细胞和血小板比值（N/LP）水平均可能与重度外伤性颅脑损伤早期预后不良有关（P<0.05）;Logistic回归模型多因素分析结果显示，年龄增加、入院时低格拉斯哥昏迷量表评分、高NLR水平、高PLR水平及高N/LP水平均是重度外伤性颅脑损伤早期预后不良独立危险因素（P<0.05）...     

鹿特丹CT评分用于评估颅脑损伤患者预后

目的 分析鹿特丹CT（Rotterdam CT）评分评估颅脑损伤患者预后的应用价值。方法 纳入122例入院后均接受颅脑CT检查及相应对症治疗的颅脑损伤患者,于入院14天后根据格拉斯哥预后量表（Glasgow outcome scale,GOS）评分判断预后,以GOS评分≤ 3分为预后不良、>3分为预后良好,比较预后良好与预后不良患者一般资料、CT征象和Rotterdam CT评分。采用Pearson相关性分析观察Rotterdam CT评分与预后的相关性;以多元logistic回归分析影响预后的因素。结果 根据入院14天后GOS评分,81例预后良好（预后良好组）,41例预后不良（预后不良组）。预后良好组患者中线移位、基底池情况评分及Rotterdam CT评分均低于预后不良组,脑室受压情况好于预后不良组（P均<0.01）。Rotterdam CT评分与颅脑损伤患者预后呈负相关（r=-0.702,P=0.002）;多元logistic回归分析结果显示,Rotterdam CT评分与颅脑损伤患者预后相关（P<0.001）。结论 Rotterdam CT评分可为临床评估颅脑损伤患者预后提供重要参考。     

颅脑损伤患者血清S-100B蛋白浓度的动态变化及其临床意义

目的通过对血清S-100B蛋白浓度的动态检测，探讨其在颅脑损伤严重程度分型及预后评估中的意义。方法对120例颅脑损伤患者按照格拉斯哥评分（GCS评分）分为轻型、中型、重型3组，用酶联免疫吸附法动态检测伤后6h内及伤后第2-6天患者血清S-100B蛋白浓度．结合临床表现及伤后2周格拉斯哥预后评分（GOS评分）进行比较分析。结果颅脑损伤组患者血清S-100B蛋白浓度明显高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）：轻型、中型、重型颅脑损伤组患者之间血清S-100B蛋白浓度存在显著性差异（P〈0．05）；颅脑损伤早期（6小时内）血清S-100B蛋白浓度显著升高．轻型颅脑损伤组多在1～2内下降，中型颅脑损伤组多在2～3内下降，重型颅脑损伤组持续保持较高水平；预后良好组与预后恶劣组之间血清S-100B蛋白浓度存在显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论血清S-100B蛋白浓度是判断颅脑损伤严重程度及预后的一种客观生物学指标，     

轻型颅脑损伤后患者血清生物标志物GFAP-BPDs的相关性研究

目的探讨轻型颅脑损伤(mild traumatic brain injury,mTBI)后患者血清胶质细胞纤维酸性蛋白分解产物(glial fibrillary acidic protein breakdown products,GFAP-BDPs)含量的临床意义和患者预后关系。方法用ELISA法检测47例轻型颅脑损伤患者血清GFAP-BDPs含量并与20例体检健康患者比较。对比27例头颅CT阴性和20例头颅CT阳性mTBI患者血清GFAP-BDPs含量。评估患者6个月后GOS-E评分和mTBI患者血清GFAP-BDPs含量的关系。结果轻型颅脑损伤患者血清GFAP-BDPs含量高于正常对照组(P0.05)。结论血清GFAP-BDPs可作为轻型颅脑损伤诊断的生物标志物,对鉴别mTBI患者后头颅CT阳性和阴性患者有一定准确性,血清GFAP-BDPs含量越高患者预后越差。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.