微型细菌回复突变试验方法的建立及验证

目的 建立高通量评价药物遗传毒性的微型细菌回复突变（Ames）试验。方法 采用平皿掺入法进行标准Ames试验,采用6孔板掺入法进行微型Ames试验,两试验均设置阴性对照组和阳性对照组,2组又分别分为代谢活化和非活化2个亚组,各组培养基中分别加入菌液（鼠伤寒沙门菌组氨酸缺陷型菌株：TA97、TA98、TA100、TA102和TA1535）,活化组加大鼠肝微粒体酶（S9）混合液,阳性对照组再加入阳性诱变剂：Dexon（-S9）,应用于TA97、TA98和TA102;NaN₃（-S9）,应用于TA100和TA1535;2-AA（+S9）,应用于TA97、TA98、TA100、TA102和TA1535。凝固后37℃温箱培养约48 h,计数各组回变菌落数。结果 在标准Ames试验中,阴性对照组各个菌株回变菌落数均在本实验室自发回变菌落数正常值范围内。在两试验中,阳性对照组所诱导的回变菌落数均是阴性对照组的2倍以上,标准试验细菌回变菌落数约为微型试验的5倍。结论 在6孔板上进行微型细菌回复突变试验,大大减少了受试物的用量,提高了筛选速度。本实验室建立的微型细菌回复突变试验背景数据,用于遗传毒理的检测是高效可靠的。     

基于毒理学软件和细菌回复突变试验的大黄素型蒽醌基因突变风险评价

目的 使用毒理学软件和细菌回复突变（Ames）试验评价大黄素型蒽醌类化合物的致突变风险，分析不同取代基及所在位置对大黄素型蒽醌致突变风险的影响。方法 使用Toxtree、Derek Nexus和Sarah Nexus毒性预测软件对大黄素、羟基大黄素、芦荟大黄素、大黄素甲醚、大黄酚、大黄酸、大黄素-8-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷、芦荟大黄素-8-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷、大黄素-1-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷、大黄素甲醚-8-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷的致突变风险进行预测，并使用鼠伤寒沙门氏菌TA97、TA98、TA100、TA102、TA1535和TA1537及大肠杆菌WP2 uvrA开展基于6孔板的Ames试验，评价10种大黄素型蒽醌的致突变性。结果 基于蒽醌母核结构，Toxtree、Derek Nexus和Sarah Nexus毒性预测软件提示所有大黄素型蒽醌均存在致突变风险。在非S9代谢活化状态下，芦荟大黄素导致TA98和WP2 uvrA Ames菌落数增加，大黄酚、大黄酸导致WP2 uvrA Ames菌落数增加。在大鼠肝S9代谢活化状态下，大黄素和大黄酸导致TA98和TA1537 Ames菌落数增加，羟基大黄素导致TA97、TA98、TA1537和WP2 uvrA Ames菌落数增加，芦荟大黄素导致TA98、TA1537和WP2 uvrA Ames菌落数增加，大黄素甲醚导致TA1537 Ames菌落数增加，大黄酚导致TA1537和WP2 uvrA回复菌落突变数增加，大黄素-8-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷可引起TA1537回复突变菌落数增加。结论 大黄素型蒽醌类化合物在大黄素母核的基础引入羟基后其诱变能力显著升高，较大葡萄糖苷基团的引入反而使受试物诱变能力降低。     

雷公藤内酯醇的遗传毒性评价

目的 观察雷公藤的主要有效成分之一雷公藤内酯醇的遗传毒性。方法 采用鼠伤寒沙门氏菌回复突变试验(Ames试验)、体外培养CHO细胞染色体畸变试验和小鼠骨髓微核试验检测雷公藤内酯醇的遗传毒性。结果 Ames试验提示在每皿1.6~1000 μg受试剂量下,在加或不加S9代谢活化系统时,受试物对组氨酸缺陷型鼠伤寒沙门氏菌TA97、TA98、TA100、TA102及TA1535所诱发的回复突变菌落数均与溶媒对照的突变菌落数相近。体外培养CHO细胞染色体畸变试验结果显示0.01、0.02和0.04 μg/ml 3个剂量的受试物,对加与不加S9代谢活化系统培养的CHO细胞的染色体畸变率无明显影响。小鼠骨髓微核试验设180、360、720 μg/kg 3个剂量,在720 μg/kg剂量时,雷公藤内酯醇有诱发骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率增高的效应。结论 在本实验条件下,雷公藤内酯醇对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌无致突变性,对哺乳动物培养细胞染色体无致畸变作用,720 μg/kg剂量下对ICR小鼠有诱发骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率增高的效应。提示雷公藤内酯醇对人体可能具有潜在的遗传毒性。     

某院大肠埃希菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解某院大肠埃希菌的分布特点及其耐药性,指导临床合理应用抗菌药物。方法 对766株大肠埃希菌的分布及耐药率进行回顾性分析。采用法国生物梅里埃公司全自动细菌鉴定仪 VITEK2 compact进行菌株鉴定,采用K-B法进行药敏试验,按美国临床实验室标准化委员会2014年标准判读结果。结果 766株大肠埃希菌主要分离自尿液和痰液标本,分别占52.87%和13.84%;其中鉴定出产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌366 株,占大肠埃希菌总数的47.78%。产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌(P<0.05)。结论 大肠埃希菌是泌尿道和呼吸道感染的常见病原菌,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的耐药率高,临床上应根据药敏合理使用抗菌药物。     

泰格列净Ames试验研究

目的 应用Ames试验探讨泰格列净是否具有致突变性。方法 采用标准平板掺入法,应用组氨酸营养缺陷型鼠伤寒沙门氏菌TA97、TA98、TA100、TA102和TA1535对泰格列净进行回复突变试验。结果 在31.25～2 000μg/皿剂量范围内,加和不加大鼠肝微粒体酶S9平行条件下测试,泰格列净Ames回复突变试验结果为阴性。结论 在本试验条件下,泰格列净无致突变性。     

肠炎宁片2015年版药典微生物限度检查法验证与评价

摘 要 目的：建立肠炎宁片微生物限度检查方法,并对方法进行验证和评价。方法: 需氧菌总数计数法及霉菌和酵母菌总数计数法均采用平皿法,供试液浓度分别为1∶100和1∶10。大肠埃希菌检查、耐胆盐革兰阴性菌检查和沙门菌检查均为常规法。结果: 5种试验菌的回收试验结果均在0.5~2.0之间。结论:该方法适用于肠炎宁片的微生物限度检查。     

益母草碱对胚胎-胎仔发育毒性和遗传毒性的评价

目的 检测益母草碱的发育毒性和遗传毒性。方法 在SD孕鼠妊娠第6~15天经口灌胃给予500、1 000和2 000 mg/kg体重的益母草碱,同时设溶媒对照组,经口灌胃0.5% CMC-Na溶液。妊娠第20天剖杀孕鼠,分析其生殖毒性。分别采用反映基因突变的鼠伤寒沙门菌回复突变试验（Ames试验）、反映染色体畸变的细胞染色体畸变试验（体外培养CHO）和ICR小鼠骨髓微核试验（体内）检测益母草碱的遗传毒性。结果 在500、1 000和2 000 mg/kg剂量益母草碱的作用下孕鼠的增重与对照组相比,差异均无统计学意义;各受试剂量组孕鼠各项指标与对照组相比,差异均无统计学意义;各剂量组胎鼠各类指标与溶媒对照组相比,无明显差异。Ames试验结果提示：在0.5、5、50、500、5 000 μg/皿受试剂量下,在有或无代谢活化S9系统时,与溶媒对照组相比,受试物对组氨酸缺陷型鼠伤寒沙门菌（TA97、TA98、TA100、TA102及TA1535）所诱发的回复突变菌落数均相近。染色体畸变试验结果显示：250、500和1 000 μg/ml 3个剂量的受试物,对有或无代谢活化系统S9培养的CHO细胞的染色体畸变率无明显影响。微核试验显示100、500和2 000 mg/kg各个剂量组对ICR小鼠的微核诱发率与溶媒对照组比较均无显著差异（P>0.05）。结论 益母草碱在500、1 000和2 000 mg/kg剂量下未观察到明显的母体毒性、胚胎毒性、胎儿毒性和致畸作用。益母草碱对鼠伤寒沙门菌无致突变性,对哺乳动物培养细胞的染色体无致畸变作用,对ICR小鼠无诱发骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核的效应。上述结果表明在本试验条件下,益母草碱无发育和遗传毒性。     

茜素型蒽醌基因突变风险评价

目的 使用毒性预测软件及细菌回复突变（Ames）试验评价茜素型蒽醌的基因突变风险。方法 通过毒性软件Toxtree、Derek Nexus和Sarah Nexus对茜素型蒽醌：茜草素、异茜草素、甲基异茜草素、甲基异茜草素-1-甲醚、茜素-1-甲醚、羟基茜草素、光泽汀进行致突变风险预测;每个受试物设置5个给药浓度,分别在有或无S9代谢活化条件下,使用5种鼠伤寒沙门氏菌TA97、TA100、TA102、TA1535和TA1537开展基于6孔板培养的Ames试验,判断该类化合物苯环上不同取代基对致突变性的影响。结果 软件基于蒽醌环的存在预测该类化合物均具有致突变风险。在非S9代谢活化下,异茜草素和羟基茜草素可导致TA1537回复突变菌落数增加;光泽汀可诱导TA97、TA100和TA1537回复突变菌落数增加。在S9代谢活化下,异茜草素可导致TA97、TA100和TA1537回复突变菌落数增加;羟基茜草素可导致TA1537回复突变菌落数增加;光泽汀可导致TA97、TA100和TA1537回复突变菌落数增加;甲基异茜草素可导致TA97、TA100、TA102和TA1537回复突变菌落数大幅增加;甲基异茜草素-1-甲醚可导致TA100回复突变菌落数增加。结论 茜素型蒽醌受试物在有或无S9代谢条件下表现出不同程度、不同菌株的回复突变,开展相关研究评价其毒性风险对该类化合物合理监管具有重要价值。     

鼠尾草酸的遗传毒性研究

目的 研究鼠尾草酸(carnosic acid,CA)的遗传毒性。方法 选用鼠伤寒沙门杆菌回复突变(Ames 试验)、体内哺乳动物红细胞微核、精子畸形以及单细胞凝胶电泳(彗星试验)四项致突变生物学试验进行筛选评价。结果 在6.25～50μg/mL 的剂量水平,CA 对鼠伤寒沙门菌株TA97、TA98、TA100、TA102 和TA1535 均无诱变性;此外,在受试剂量下小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核、小鼠精子畸形以及体内彗星试验的结果均为阴性(与溶剂对照比较,P> 0.05)。结论 在本实验条件下,CA 未见明显遗传毒性。     

Wentilactone A的遗传毒性评价

目的 检测Wentilactone A的遗传毒性。方法 应用经典遗传毒性检测组合(Ames试验、体外培养CHO细胞染色体畸变试验和小鼠骨髓微核试验)检测Wentilactone A的遗传毒性。结果 Ames试验结果提示,Wentilactone A在每皿5 000、500、50、5、0.5 μg 5个剂量下,在加和不加代谢活化系统（S9）时,对鼠伤寒沙门菌均无致突变性。CHO细胞染色体畸变试验结果提示,在终浓度23.74、47.48、94.96 μg/ml 3个剂量组,在加和不加S9中,于作用4 h和24 h的条件下培养的CHO细胞,均未诱发染色体畸变。小鼠骨髓微核试验在100、200、400 mg/kg 3个剂量下作用24 h以及400 mg/kg剂量下作用48 h对骨髓细胞的微核诱发率,与溶剂对照组比较均无显著差异（P>0.05）。结论 Wentilactone A对鼠伤寒沙门菌无致突变性,对CHO细胞的染色体无致畸变作用,对ICR小鼠无诱发骨髓细胞微核的效应。上述结果提示Wentilactone A不具有遗传毒性和潜在致癌性。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.