超声心动图在诊断单心室中的价值

目的 探讨单心室的超声诊断价值,分析其超声表现类型.方法 回顾性分析66例单心室患者的经胸超声心动图表现,并结合文献分析超声表现类型.结果 66例患者根据单心室的超声表现分为三型:①A型(左室型)19例,单心室为左室形态,其前方有一发育不良的残余心室;②B型(右室型)38例,单心室为右室形态,其后方有一发育不良的残余心室;③C型(不定型)9例,只有单个心室腔,无合并发育不良的残余心室.66例单心室患者中,31例经手术证实,5例经MRI或心血管造影证实,分型诊断正确率为100%.其合并的畸形中,1例混合型完全性肺静脉畸形引流误诊为心上型完全性肺静脉畸形引流(APVD),降主动脉局限性缩窄并动脉导管未闭(PDA)漏诊1例,其余诊断完全正确.结论 经胸超声心动图能准确诊断单心室分型及其合并畸形,为手术提供准确可靠的信息,是术前诊断的必要检查方法.     

胎儿先天性矫正型大动脉转位的产前超声心动图诊断

目的探讨并总结胎儿先天性矫正型大动脉转位（cc-TGA）产前超声心动图图像特征。 方法回顾分析2011年1月至2017年12月黑龙江省哈尔滨市红十字中心医院行产前超声心动图诊断,并经引产后病理解剖或产后小儿超声心动图确诊的5例cc-TGA胎儿超声心动图影像,总结其超声心动图特征、诊断及鉴别诊断方法。 结果5例cc-TGA胎儿中,4例引产后病理解剖证实为cc-TGA SLL型;1例活产后经小儿超声心动图证实为cc-TGA IDD型,小儿产后90 d状态良好。5例cc-TGA胎儿中2例行胎儿染色体检查,染色体核型正常。5例cc-TGA胎儿产前超声心动图四腔心切面与上腹部横切面联合应用、左右心室流出道切面、主动脉弓与动脉导管弓切面、三血管切面、三血管气管切面具有特征性表现。产前超声心动图显示5例cc-TGA胎儿合并多种心内外畸形：4例SLL型胎儿中3例合并室间隔缺损,2例合并肺动脉闭锁,1例合并肺动脉狭窄,2例合并永存左上腔,2例合并房室瓣返流,1例合并心内膜垫缺损;1例SLL型胎儿合并心外多发畸形,包括双侧脑积水、脊柱裂、双侧足内翻;1例IDD型胎儿合并心内多发畸形,包括室间隔缺损、肺动脉轻度狭窄、右位主动脉弓,合并心外畸形有腹腔脏器镜像反位。 结论掌握cc-TGA各切面超声心动图特征可以有效发现、诊断本病。胎儿cc-TGA预后差异很大,取决于相关缺陷的严重程度。     

单心室的二维和彩色多普勒血流图的表现特征

目的：确定二维心动图（2DE）和彩色多普勒血流图（CDFI）对评价单心室心内畸形的价值,并讨论心动图表现特征。方法：根据单心室形态学特征分三种类型,并对两根大动脉位置、关系、房室连接和合并心内畸形进行研究,结果：17例单心室患者均经心血管造影或／和手术证实,其中A型8例;B型4例;C型5例。房室连接有三种类型,即共同流入心室5例,单流入心室1例,双流入心室11例,主动脉位置位于右前者占58．8％（10例）;左前者35．3％（6例）;正常位置者1例（5．9％）。2DE和CDFI诊断和分型正确为15例（88．2％）,2例误诊为右室双出口或室间隔缺损。结论：2DE和CDFI可对单心室提供正确诊断和分型及发现合并心内畸形。     

超声心动图诊断先天性矫正型大动脉转位的价值

目的探讨超声心动图对先天性矫正型大动脉转位(ccTGA)的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析43例先天性矫正型大动脉转位超声心动图二维图像、彩色多普勒声像图表现并与心脏磁共振、心血管造影及手术结果对比分析,总结其诊断特点,找出漏诊的原因。结果术前确诊41例,漏诊2例;左位心36例,中位心3例,右位心3例;SLL型(心房正位,心室左袢,主动脉位于肺动脉左前)32例。SLD型(心房正位,心室左袢,主动脉位于肺动脉右前)5例。IDD型(心房反位,心室右袢,主动脉位于肺动脉右前)3例。IDL型(心房反位,心室右袢,主动脉位于肺动脉左前)3例;合并的畸形:室间隔缺损28例,肺动脉瓣或瓣下狭窄15例,三尖瓣发育异常24例(2例合并Ebstein畸形),房间隔缺损或卵圆孔未闭10例,动脉导管未闭5例,右心室双出口2例;漏诊2例为成人诊断为二尖瓣发育畸形,重度二尖瓣反流;41例超声诊断与心脏磁共振、心血管造影及手术结果一致。结论超声心动图诊断先天性矫正型大动脉转位具有较高的准确度,在成人重度二尖瓣反流中,应除外ccTGA。     

肺动脉闭锁和永存动脉干及主动脉闭锁的产前超声心动图鉴别诊断

目的:探讨产前超声心动图在肺动脉闭锁和永存动脉干及主动脉闭锁的鉴别诊断价值,提高对3种疾病的产前诊断率.方法:回顾性分析我院超声心动图检查明确诊断的先天性心脏病402例,3种疾病患儿共12例.结果:产前超声心动图12例患儿中诊断永存动脉干7例(其中1例为肺动脉闭锁误诊),肺动脉闭锁3例,升主动脉闭锁2例,所有患儿均合并其他心内畸形.结论:产前超声心动图是诊断胎儿大动脉畸形最重要的方法;虽然三者声像图表现存在交织,但又都有自己特殊声像图特征,可以用来鉴别诊断;肺动脉及其分支完全闭锁和永存动脉干两者是鉴别诊断的难点.     

彩色多普勒超声心动图对复杂先心病单心室的诊断

目的研究彩色多普勒超声心动图在复杂先天性心脏病单心室中的诊断价值。方法回顾性研究152例单心室病人的彩色多普勒超声心动图表现，并与手术和心导管造影结果对照。结果按照Vanpraagh分型，本组152例单心室中A型104例（68％），B型40例（26％），C型8例（5％）；合并单心房的30例（20％），合并房间隔缺损的89例（59％）；111例（73％）为两组房室瓣，其中29例两组瓣膜均未探及返流，41例（27％）为一组房室瓣，其中28例伴有瓣膜返流；另外，95例有肺动脉瓣狭窄。本组152例中73例心脏彩超与手术对照，主要诊断符合者有72例（99％）；80例心脏彩超与心导管造影对照，主要诊断符合者有77例（96％）；手术病人中有68例行造影检查，主要诊断符合者67例（99％）。彩色多普勒超声心动图与心导管造影的诊断准确率无显著差异。结论彩色多普勒超声心动图对单心室诊断及分型的准确率高，可作为首选检查方法。     

彩色多普勒超声心动图诊断右室双出口的价值

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声心动图诊断右室双出口(DORV)的价值.方法 分析50例经手术证实为DORV的彩色多普勒超声心动图表现.结果 超声诊断准确率98%(49/50),1例误诊为法洛氏四联症.DORV分型超声诊断准确率98%(48/49),1例心房正位、心室左袢、大动脉左转位误诊为心房正位、心室右袢、大动脉左转位,合并畸形83个,心内合并畸形75处,超声漏诊1例肌部室缺,诊断准确率98.7%,心外畸形8处,超声漏诊2处,分别为左上腔静脉异位回流至左房1例,右肺动脉中断1例,超声诊断准确率75%.结论 彩色多普勒超声心动图对DORV定性、分型、心内合并畸形诊断具有确诊价值,心外合并畸形诊断具有参考价值,需联合多排螺旋CT检查,可替代创伤性心导管造影.     

胎儿Ⅲ＆#176;房室传导阻滞产前超声心动图分析

目的：总结Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞（CAVB）胎儿超声心动图特征。方法应用二维超声、M型超声及多普勒技术对10例Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞胎儿进行超声心动图检查,观察胎儿心房与心室节律及其对应关系,同时观察二尖瓣、左心室流入道及流出道、静脉导管血流频谱,并对胎儿心脏大小、心功能、房室瓣反流及心包积液等心脏结构进行观察,对Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞胎儿超声心动图特征进行总结分析。结果二维超声心动图检查提示10例Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞胎儿中2例存在心内外畸形,8例无明显心内外畸形。Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞胎儿M型超声心动图特征为房室节律分离,心房节律保持在正常范围而心室节律缓慢,多普勒超声心动图特征为二尖瓣频谱提示E峰频率缓慢,A峰频率明显快于E峰频率,E、A峰无固定对应关系。胎儿超声心动图检查提示,孕妇就诊时10例胎儿中6例心脏扩大,5例心功能不全,6例房室瓣反流,7例心包积液。超声心动图检查后10例孕妇均选择引产。结论Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞是对胎儿心功能有重要影响的缓慢型心律失常,预后不佳。M型超声结合多普勒技术可对Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞胎儿进行诊断及鉴别,对临床干预治疗及判断胎儿预后有重要意义。     

二维超声心动图结合时间-空间关联成像技术对胎儿永存动脉干的诊断价值

目的 探讨二维超声心动图结合时间-空间关联成像技术(STIC)对胎儿永存动脉干的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析2010年8月至2011年6月在北京安贞医院经胎儿超声心动图检出并经胎儿引产后尸检证实的8例永存动脉干胎儿二维及三维超声心动图表现及病理结果.结果 二维超声心动图结合STIC技术共检出永存动脉干胎儿8例,Van Praagh.R 和Van Praagh.S分型结果显示A1型3例,A2型3例,A3型1例,A4型1例.其中1例为单纯性永存动脉干,3例合并完全型心内膜垫缺损,2例合并左侧房室瓣闭锁,1例合并单心房,2例合并单心室.8例永存动脉干胎儿均经胎儿引产后尸检证实.结论 超声心动图是诊断胎儿永存动脉干的可靠手段,STIC技术能够直观立体地显示共同动脉干及肺动脉的关系,是对二维超声心动图有益且必要的补充,有重要的临床应用价值.     

两腔心及合并畸形的彩色多普勒超声心动图特征研究

目的 探寻两腔心(BH)及合并畸形的彩色多普勒超声心动图图像特征.方法 超声检查20例BH,寻找BH及合并畸形的声像图特征表现.所有患者均有心血管造影对照,14例经手术证实.结果 根据声像图特征表现对19例作出正确诊断,1例误诊为二尖瓣闭锁.BH及合并畸形的声像图特征明显:①二维超声心动图(2DE)心尖四腔观显示房间隔与室间隔回声全部失落,心内十字交叉消失,收缩期显示一组共同房室瓣关闭,呈"8字形"改变,称2DE"8"字征;舒张期一组共同房室瓣开向一个共同心室腔.②彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)舒张期均显示共同心房内血流信号通过共同房室瓣进入共同心室内;收缩期显示过共同房室瓣五彩镶嵌反流束血流信号15例.③在20例BH中,心房正位16例,心房反位4例.共同心室A型10例,B型2例,C型8例.大动脉位置关系Ⅰ型4例,Ⅱ型7例,Ⅲ型9例.肺动脉狭窄18例,肺动脉高压2例.④合并肺动脉狭窄患者CDFI于收缩期显示过肺动脉五彩镶嵌射流束血流信号.结论 BH及合并畸形的声像图特征明显,其对BH及合并畸形有特异性诊断价值.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."