脊髓损伤早期康复训练的临床疗效观察

目的：观察早期康复训练对脊髓损伤患者运动功能和预后的影响。方法将120例脊髓损伤患者按康复介入开始的时间分为观察组（术后2周内）和对照组（术后3个月）各60例，分别在训练开始前和训练3个月后进行运动功能和日常生活活动能力（ADL ）评定，比较两组患者的疗效、ADL评分及并发症发生率。结果观察组患者的肺部感染、泌尿系感染、骨质疏松、双下肢内收伸展痉挛、压疮、踝关节跟腱挛缩、体位性低血压、水肿、肩痛等脊髓损伤常见并发症的发生率低于对照组；观察组患者运动功能的恢复和ADL评分均优于对照组（ P＜0．05）。结论早期康复训练可明显减少脊髓损伤并发症，促进运动功能恢复，提高ADL。     

人工股骨头置换术后早期康复训练对患肢功能恢复的影响

目的：探讨早期康复训练对人工股骨头置换术后患肢功能恢复的影响。方法：将85例人工股骨头置换术后患者随机分为康复组43例和对照组42例。康复组术前重视心理护理并进行简要康复锻炼指导，术后3h开始康复训练，详细指导患者早期进行功能锻炼。对照组行常规康复护理。结果：两组术后2周并发症发生率及术后6个月髋关节功能恢复优良率比较均有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论：术后早期康复训练可减少人工股骨头置换术患者并发症发生率，促进患肢功能恢复。     

脊髓型颈椎病单开门椎管扩大成形术辅以康复治疗的疗效分析

目的：评价康复训练对单开门椎管扩大成形术治疗的脊髓型颈椎病患者疗效的影响。方法：46例脊髓型颈椎病行单开门椎管扩大成形术的患者分为康复组和对照组，康复组患者辅以系统康复训练，随访至术后18个月，比较两组间术前、术后神经功能恢复情况、日常生活能力和颈部轴性症状。结果：康复组患者术后6个月时JOA和ADL评分显著优于对照组．颈部轴性症状发生率比对照组显著降低。术后18个月时康复组JOA评分、ADL评分和颈部轴性症状发生率进一步改善，与对照组比较差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01）。结论：单开门椎管扩大成形术治疗的脊髓型颈椎病患者进行系统康复训练可显著促进脊髓功能恢复，改善日常生活能力，有效降低颈部轴性症状的发生率。     

脑卒中早期康复对运动功能及肩手综合征的影响

目的：研究早期康复对脑卒中偏瘫患者运动功能和日常生活活动能力的影响及在防止肩手综合征中的作用。方法：将确诊为脑出血或脑梗死的患者随机分为康复组、对照组。采用Fugl-Meyer评定法对运动功能进行评分，采用改良Barthel指数（MBI）对日常生活活动能力（ADL）进行评分，康复组在发病14天以内进行康复训练，结合中枢性瘫痪的特点，恢复的过程有步骤地进行。结果：一个月康复训练后，康复组Fugl-Meyer积分和MBI积分的增加明显高于对照组（P〈0．01），肩手综合征的发生率明显低十对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：早期康复能明显改善脑卒中偏瘫患者的运动功能和日常生活活动能力，且能避免和减少肩手综合征的发生。     

早期康复干预对脑外伤病人肢体功能恢复的影响

[目的]探讨早期康复干预对脑外伤病人肢体功能恢复的影响。[方法]回顾性分析早期康复组30例和对照组30例脑外伤病人,两组病人在常规神经外科治疗和护理的基础上,早期康复组病人在发病后（≤3个月）即行康复训练,对照组于发病3个月～6个月后接受康复训练。两组治疗前及治疗3个月后均采用Brunnstrom分级评定肢体运动功能、Barthel指数评定日常生活能力（ADL）。[结果]康复治疗3个月后,两组病人ADL评分和Brunnstrom分级与治疗前比较均有提高（P〈0．05）,早期康复组明显优于对照组（P〈0．05）。[结论]脑外伤病人在发病后早期进行康复治疗,可以提高肢体运动功能、ADL能力。     

早期膀胱康复训练对脊髓损伤性截瘫患者排尿功能恢复的影响

目的探讨早期膀胱康复训练对脊髓损伤性截瘫患者膀胱功能恢复的效果。方法选择66例脊髓损伤合并截瘫患者,随机分为康复组和对照组各33例。对照组：膀胱训练和尿管护理方法按常规进行;康复组：进行早期膀胱康复训练。比较2组排尿功能恢复的情况。结果临床膀胱功能恢复情况康复组明显优于对照组。结论对脊髓损伤性截瘫患者进行早期膀胱康复训练,可以促使患者早日脱离尿管,建立规律性排尿习惯,减少并发症。     

早期综合康复对脑卒中患者功能恢复及继发并发症的影响

要目的：探讨早期综合康复对脑卒中患者功能恢复及并发症的影响。方法：将183例脑卒中患者随机分为康复组和对照组．其中康复组90例。在常规药物治疗的基础上采用B0bath法、心理康复和健康教育的方法进行训练；对照组93例仅进行常规药物治疗。对神经功能缺损程度（NIHSS评分）、ADL能力、焦虑、抑郁和并发症进行评估。结果：①治疗4周后两组NIHSS评分明显减少，运动功能、ADL积分均明显增加，焦虑、抑郁得分明显降低，两组的变化均数相比，康复组优于对照组（P〈0．05）。②在并发症方面，康复后两组肩关节半脱位情况差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）；其余4项两组差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）；康复组继发并发症明显少于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：脑卒中患者早期综合康复与对照组相比，在降低其神经功能缺损积分、减少并发症、提高运动功能、ADL积分上效果更好。     

早期康复训练对臀肌挛缩症患者术后的效果

目的观察早期康复训练对臀肌挛缩患者术后功能恢复的疗效。方法58例患者分为康复组32例与对照组26例，对照组术后只给予外科常规护理；康复组术后给予常规外科护理外，配合康复训练。结果康复组患者髋关节功能及步态的恢复优于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论早期康复训练能促进臀肌挛缩患者术后功能恢复。     

早期康复治疗对脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体运动功能的影响

目的：探讨早期康复训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体运动功能的影响。方法：108例脑卒中患者根据康复治疗开始的时间不同分为早期组56例及对照组52例，均按照神经内科常规治疗方案治疗，早期组患者在发病15～30d时即配合康复训练；对照组于发病3～6个月后接受康复训练。2组治疗前及治疗3个月后均进行运动功能评分（FMA）和ADL评分。结果：治疗前，早期组FMA评分明显低于对照组（P〈0．01），ADL评分差异无显著性意义；治疗3个月后，2组FMA评分和ADL评分与治疗前比较均有提高（P〈0．01、0．05），2组间比较，早期组明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：康复治疗早期介入对降低脑卒中的致残率，减少并发症具有重要意义。     

早期康复训练对胫骨骨折患者术后膝关节功能恢复的影响

目的 观察早期康复训练对胫骨平台骨折患者术后膝关节功能恢复的影响.方法 选取60例胫骨平台粉碎性骨折患者,将其随机分为康复组（n=30）与对照组（n=30）,两组患者均通过手术给予钢板内固定处理,康复组患者术后早期介入系统、规范、全程康复训练,对照组患者术后遵医嘱进行功能训练.采用膝关节Kolmert评分对患者疗效进行评定.结果 术后3个月、6个月及1年时随访,康复组患者膝关节活动度、膝关节功能优良率均明显优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论 对胫骨平台粉碎性骨折患者采用钢板内固定并早期介入康复训练,可显著促进患者膝关节运动功能恢复,进一步提高术后疗效.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.