豆蔻明对TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB/iNOS信号通路的调节作用

目的探讨豆蔻明(cardamonin,CDN)对RAW264.7小鼠巨噬细胞Toll样受体4(toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)/My D88/NF-κB/i NOS信号通路的调节作用。方法利用脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)处理RAW264.7细胞建立炎性细胞模型并分组:正常对照组(Vehicle组)、模型组(LPS组)和药物处理组(LPS+CDN组);CCK-8方法检测细胞活力,Griess法检测细胞培养上清一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)含量,RT-PCR检测诱导型NO合成酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,i NOS)、环氧化酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(monocyte chemotactic protein 1,MCP-1)、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-ɑ、白介素(interleukin,IL)-1β和IL-6的mRNA表达,Western blot检测i NOS、TLR4、髓样分化因子88(myeloid differentiation factor 88,My D88)、核因子-κB(nuclear factorκB,NF-κB)phosphorylated(p)-p65、inhibitorκBα(IκBα)和p-IκBα的蛋白表达。结果1~50μmol·L~(-1)豆蔻明对RAW264.7细胞没有毒性,但可以剂量依赖性抑制LPS诱导的NO分泌和i NOS、COX-2、MCP-1、TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6的mRNA表达,25μmol·L-1豆蔻明可下调LPS诱导的i NOS、TLR4、My D88、p-NF-κB p65和p-IκBα蛋白表达及抑制IκBα降解。结论豆蔻明通过抑制TLR4/My D88/NF-κB/i NOS信号通路从而抑制NO的产生。     

去氢丹参新酮对神经炎症的抑制作用及机制研究

目的研究去氢丹参新酮对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导小胶质细胞系BV2细胞产生炎症反应的抑制作用及其作用机制。方法不同浓度去氢丹参新酮预孵育BV2细胞后,用LPS刺激引起神经炎症相关反应。Griess试剂法检测去氢丹参新酮对活化的BV2细胞产生一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)的影响,ELISA检测细胞上清液中TNF-α和IL-6的释放量,Confocal观察小胶质细胞表面活化标志物MAC-1表达量的变化,Western blot检测炎症相关信号通路蛋白表达的变化。结果去氢丹参新酮可明显抑制LPS刺激BV2细胞产生的炎症因子包括NO、TNF-α和IL-6的水平,同时抑制一氧化氮合酶、环氧合酶-2等炎症相关蛋白的表达和小胶质细胞表面活化标志物MAC-1的表达。机制研究发现,去氢丹参新酮对PI3K/Akt的过度磷酸化以及NF-κB的过度活化都有明显的抑制作用。结论去氢丹参新酮具有很好的抑制神经炎症活性,其作用机制可能是通过PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制NF-κB的活化而实现的。     

新型倍半萜Souliene A抑制小胶质细胞活化作用及机制

目的研究Souliene A对LPS与IFN-γ介导的小胶质细胞激活的抑制作用与机制及其对小胶质细胞激活引起的神经元损伤的保护作用。方法分别用LPS与IFN-γ刺激小鼠小胶质细胞BV2,Griess法测定NO。Western blotting和半定量RT-PCR法检测iNOS,COX-2,IL-6,IL-1β,TNF-α的表达及其相关信号通路。ELISA法检测PGE2和IL-6,IL-1β,TNF-α的表达。用流式细胞术检测小胶质细胞内ROS生成。用MTT法检测神经元细胞的存活率。结果 SoulieneA能明显抑制NO和PGE2的生成,减少炎症介质IL-6,IL-1β,TNF-α的表达,抑制小胶质细胞内ROS的产生。SoulieneA还能抑制NF-κB的活化与Akt的磷酸化并能有效的抑制小胶质细胞条件培养液引起的神经元损伤。     

吡格列酮对脂多糖诱导的星形胶质细胞炎性细胞因子释放的影响

目的研究吡格列酮对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的星形胶质细胞炎症介质释放的抑制作用及其信号传导通路。方法神经胶质酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acid protein,GFAP)免疫荧光染色法鉴定星形胶质细胞纯度。ELISA方法检测IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α蛋白表达量的变化。Griess法测定培养细胞上清液中一氧化氮(NO)含量。结果星形胶质细胞经GFAP免疫荧光鉴定,其阳性率可达95%以上。LPS组能明显增加星形胶质细胞分泌IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α及NO。吡格列酮能明显抑制LPS引起的这些作用,并呈一定浓度依赖性。过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)的特异性阻断剂GW9662能明显对抗吡格列酮对LPS引起的IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α及NO增加的抑制作用。与LPS组相比,JNK特异性阻断剂SP600125(5μmol·L-1)亦能有效对抗LPS诱导星形胶质细胞IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α及NO分泌的增加;特异性iNOS抑制剂SMT可明显抑制LPS引起的NO分泌增加。结论吡格列酮能明显改善LPS诱导的大鼠皮层星形胶质细胞的损伤,这种作用可能与激活PPARγ、抑制JNK信号传导通路有关。     

京尼平苷对LPS诱导的星形胶质细胞活化及炎性反应的抑制作用

目的明确京尼平苷对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的星形胶质细胞活化及炎性反应的抑制作用。方法以LPS诱导原代培养的星形胶质细胞为细胞模型,随机分为对照组、LPS组、LPS+白藜芦醇组和LPS+不同浓度京尼平苷组,采用Western Blot法检测星形胶质细胞活化标记物GFAP水平及NF-κB p65水平,ELISA法检测致炎细胞因子水平。结果京尼平苷可显著抑制LPS诱导的星形胶质细胞活化,降低TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的表达,同时NF-κB p65蛋白的表达也明显降低。结论京尼平苷能通过NF-κB途径抑制LPS诱导的星形胶质细胞活化,并抑制致炎细胞因子水平。     

槲皮素通过影响TRAF6/TAK1信号通路改善脂多糖诱导的BV-2细胞炎性损伤

目的研究槲皮素对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的BV-2细胞炎性损伤的保护作用及其对TRAF6/TAK1信号通路的影响。方法采用脂多糖(LPS,1 mg/L)体外诱导BV-2细胞炎性损伤模型,将细胞分为正常对照组、LPS诱导组、LPS+低剂量(75μmol/L)槲皮素组、LPS+中剂量(150μmol/L)槲皮素组、LPS+高剂量(300μmol/L)槲皮素组; CCK8法检测BV-2细胞相对存活率,ELISA法检测炎性因子IL-6、IL-1β及TNF-α水平,Western blot法分析i NOS、COX-2、TRAF6、TAK1及p-TAK1蛋白表达。结果与LPS诱导组比较,不同浓度槲皮素干预的BV-2细胞相对存活率明显升高(P <0. 05),细胞上清炎性因子IL-6、IL-1β及TNF-α水平明显降低(P <0. 05),细胞中炎性蛋白i NOS及COX-2表达水平显著降低(P <0. 05);细胞中TRAF6及p-TAK1蛋白表达显著降低(P <0. 05),并表现出剂量依赖性。结论槲皮素能显著抑制LPS诱导的BV-2细胞炎症损伤,抑制炎症相关蛋白的表达,其可能作用机制是通过抑制TRAF6/TAK1信号通路的活化。     

淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ通过调节IKK/IκB/NF-κB信号通路抑制脂多糖诱导的星形胶质细胞炎症反应

目的研究ICSⅡ对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的星形胶质细胞炎症反应的作用。方法体外分离新生SD大鼠脑皮质组织提取原代星形胶质细胞并进行培养。将星形胶质细胞分为空白组、空白+ICSⅡ高浓度组、模型组、模型+ICSⅡ低浓度组、模型+ICSⅡ中浓度组、模型+ICSⅡ高浓度组、模型+地塞米松组。ICSⅡ(5,10,20μmol·L-1)或DSMX(1μmol·L-1)预处理星形胶质细胞1 h后,继续与LPS共同作用24 h。采用MTT法检测ICSⅡ作用于星形胶质细胞的安全浓度范围,确定安全浓度后再观察ICSⅡ对LPS诱导的星形胶质细胞炎症反应的影响;采用ELISA法检测星形胶质细胞中TNF-α,IL-1β,NO,Aβ1-40和Aβ1-42的水平;采用Western蛋白免疫印迹技术检测COX-2,i NOS,IκB-α,NF-κB(p65)(胞核),NF-κB(p65)(胞质)和BACE1的蛋白表达,以及NF-κB(p65)、IKK-α和IKK-β磷酸化水平;采用分子对接技术模拟ICSⅡ与BACE1蛋白的结合。结果 ICSⅡ(0～50μmol·L-1)对星形胶质细胞无毒性作用。模型组较空白组星形胶质细胞中TNF-α,IL-1β和NO水平均显著上升(P<0.05);细胞炎症通路蛋白COX-2,i NOS,NF-κB(p65)(胞核)及BACE1表达升高(P<0.05);IκB-α和NF-κB(p65)(胞质)表达显著降低(P<0.05);NF-κB(p65),IKK-α和IKK-β的磷酸化水平明显上升(P<0.05)。给予ICSⅡ能够明显降低TNF-α,IL-1β和NO水平(P<0.05)。此外,ICSⅡ显著下调炎症相关蛋白COX-2,i NOS,NF-κB(胞核)及BACE1的表达(P<0.05),明显上调NF-κB(胞质)和IκB-α蛋白表达(P<0.05)。同时,明显降低NF-κB(p65),IKK-α和IKK-β的磷酸化水平(P<0.05),对LPS诱导的IκB-α降解、NF-κB活化及细胞核易位均具有显著的抑制作用。结论本研究条件下,ICSⅡ通过调节IKK/IκB/NF-κB信号通路发挥其对LPS诱导的星形胶质细胞炎症损伤的保护作用。     

丹皮酚对脂多糖诱导的星形胶质细胞炎性因子分泌的影响

目的观察丹皮酚对体外培养的星形胶质细胞炎性因子分泌的影响,并探讨其作用机制。方法采用神经胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)免疫荧光染色法鉴定星形胶质细胞;实验分为对照组,模型组和2.5、5、10μmol·L-1丹皮酚组,0.5 mg·L-1脂多糖(LPS)诱导炎症反应。采用ELISA法测定培养液中白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平;采用Western blot检测细胞IκBα蛋白表达和磷酸化水平及胞核NF-κB(p65)蛋白表达水平。结果与对照组相比,模型组星形胶质细胞上清液中IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α水平显著增加(P<0.01),胞浆IκBα蛋白表达受抑(P<0.01),IκBα蛋白磷酸化和胞核NF-κB(p65)蛋白表达水平上调(P<0.01);5、10μmol·L-1丹皮酚能减少LPS活化的星形胶质细胞上清液中IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α水平(P<0.05或P<0.01),增加胞浆IκBα蛋白表达(P<0.05或P<0.01),抑制LPS上调的IκBα蛋白磷酸化和胞核NF-κB(p65)蛋白表达水平(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论丹皮酚能抑制LPS诱导的星形胶质细胞炎性因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的分泌,IκBα/NF-κB信号通路可能参与了丹皮酚对星形胶质细胞炎症反应的抑制作用。     

吡格列酮对脂多糖刺激的星形胶质细胞白介素-1β的抑制作用及机制

目的研究吡格列酮(Pio)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的星形胶质细胞白介素-1β(IL-1β)抑制作用及JNK信号传导通路对其的影响。方法 ELISA法测定培养液中IL-1β的含量;免疫荧光染色法观察星形胶质细胞IL-1β的蛋白表达;Western blot检测星形胶质细胞磷酸化JNK1和磷酸化c-Jun蛋白表达水平的改变。结果星形胶质细胞在LPS(10 mg.L-1)刺激下IL-1β的含量、蛋白表达以及磷酸化JNK1、磷酸化c-Jun蛋白水平与正常对照组比较均增高。特异性JNK特异性阻断剂SP600125(10.0μmol.L-1)可明显抑制LPS引起的IL-1β产生增加;Pio(0.1、1.0、10.0μmol.L-1)则可降低IL-1β产生,抑制IL-1β的蛋白表达及下调p-JNK1、p-c-Jun蛋白水平。结论 Pio能明显抑制LPS诱导的大鼠皮层星形胶质细胞IL-1β表达增加,这种作用可能与其下调JNK信号转导通路有关。     

金钗石斛多糖对脂多糖作用大鼠皮层胶质细胞-神经元体系的保护作用

目的观察金钗石斛多糖(NDP)对脂多糖(LPS)作用的新生大鼠大脑皮层胶质细胞-神经元混合培养体系的保护作用。方法原代制备新生大鼠大脑皮层胶质细胞-神经元混合培养体系,NDP作用于LPS刺激的胶质细胞-神经元混合培养体系,观察细胞生长情况,并采用Real time PCR法检测体系中炎症相关因子IL-1β、TNF-α、COX-2的基因表达。结果 NDP作用于LPS刺激的大鼠皮层胶质细胞-神经元混合培养体系后,胶质细胞激活减少、神经元损伤减轻,较单用LPS作用的模型组相比,炎症相关因子IL-1β、TNF-α、COX-2的基因表达明显降低。结论 NDP能抑制LPS对小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞的激活,减少炎性因子的生成。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.