同期介入治疗先天性心脏病多发畸形疗效分析

目的:探讨经导管同期介入治疗先天性心脏病多发畸形的可行性、安全性和疗效,并分析其治疗策略。方法:选择136例先天性心脏病多发畸形患者,其中房间隔缺损(ASD)合并肺动脉瓣狭窄(PS)46例,ASD合并室间隔缺损(VSD)32例,ASD合并动脉导管未闭(PDA)20例,VSD合并PDA 20例,PDA合并PS 12例,VSD合并PS 4例,PDA合并PS及ASD 1例,VSD合并PS及ASD 1例,所有患者均在导管室行同期介入治疗,治疗顺序为:肺动脉瓣狭窄球囊扩张术、室间隔缺损封堵术、动脉导管未闭封堵术、房间隔缺损封堵术。术后连续心电监护5天,并定期随访心电图(ECG)及经胸超声心动图(TTE)检查。结果:136例患者介入治疗均获成功,术后心导管造影及TTE提示封堵器固定好,未见残余分流。定期随访无严重并发症发生。结论:严格掌握适应证,正确选择手术操作顺序与方法,经导管同期介入治疗先天性心脏病多发畸形成功率高,疗效可靠。     

小儿复合先天性心脏病的介入治疗

目的:探讨小儿复合先天性心脏病(先心病)经导管介入治疗的策略及评价其疗效和安全性.方法:55例复合先心病患儿,先心病类型包括:肺动脉瓣狭窄(PS)合并房间隔缺损(ASD);PS合并动脉导管未闭(PDA);PS合并室间隔缺损(VSD);ASD合并PDA;ASD合并VSD;PDA合并VSD;室间隔完整的肺动脉闭锁(PA/IVS)合并PDA和卵圆孔未闭(PFO);主动脉瓣狭窄合并PDA;PDA合并肺隔离症.分别行射频打孔,经皮球囊肺动脉瓣成形术(PBPV),经皮球囊主动脉瓣成形术(PBAV),VSD封堵术,PDA封堵术,ASD封堵术,侧支血管堵塞术.结果:55例患儿经导管介入治疗均获得成功,术中未发生严重并发症,55例行介入堵闭均未见残余分流,堵闭器位置良好;30例行PBPV术,跨肺动脉瓣压差由术前平均(63.4±36.3)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),下降到术后平均(18.1±13.0)mmHg(P<0.01);1例行PBAV术,跨主动脉瓣压差由术前90 mmHg下降到术后50 mmHg;3例PA/IVS行射频打孔和PBPV术,术后肺动脉瓣开放满意,血氧饱和度维持良好.结论:复合先心病经导管介入治疗疗效确切、安全有效,但手术操作难度大,技术要求高,应该在较大心血管医院开展,并由有较丰富导管操作经验的医师施行.     

介入治疗心脏复合畸形疗效及安全性研究

目的评估介入治疗心脏复合畸形的可行性,安全性及疗效。方法心脏复合畸形患者10（男6,女4）例,年龄5～53岁。其中房间隔缺损（ASD）并发肺动脉瓣狭窄（PS）2例、室间隔缺损（VSD）2例和动脉导管未闭（PDA）1例,PDA并发主动脉瓣关闭不全和PS各1例;VSD修补术后遗留ASD2例,ASD修补术后遗留PDA1例和刀刺伤致左室前侧术后遗留VSD1例。ASD或PDA并发PS者,先扩张肺动脉瓣,再行ASD或PDA封堵治疗。ASD并发VSD者,先封堵VSD,再封堵ASD。结果10例患者介入手术均1次成功。5例ASD封堵器的直径为8～38mm,2例膜部对称性VSD封堵器的直径为14mm和6mm,1例用10mm肌部VSD封堵器。2例PDA均用弹簧圈封堵。封堵PDA或VSD后造影无残余分流。封堵ASD后超声心动图示无残余分流。3例并发PS者,肺动脉瓣扩张术后即刻肺动脉跨瓣压差明显下降,由术前50、38、40mmHg分别降低为20、15和21mmHg。有1例PDA封堵弹簧圈脱落至肺动脉远端未能取出。随访1年肺功能正常,无肺不张。全部患者随访3个月～1年,无任何并发症发生。结论经导管介入治疗心脏复合畸形安全可行,近期疗效肯定。     

经导管同期治疗复合型先天性心脏病的疗效观察

目的研究经导管同期治疗复合型先天性心脏病的策略并评价其疗效。方法34例患者,男12例,女22例。复合类型为:房间隔缺损(ASD)合并肺动脉瓣狭窄(PS)、室间隔缺损(VSD)、动脉导管未闭(PDA)分别是16例、7例、3例,合并二尖瓣狭窄(Lutembacher综合征)2例;VSD合并PDA3例、Taussig-Bing畸形合并PDA1例;2例并发3种畸形(并发ASD、VSD和PDA1例,并发ASD、PS和PDA1例)。经导管介入治疗的原则:先行瓣膜球囊扩张术纠正瓣膜狭窄,其次行VSD封堵术,再次行PDA封堵术,最后行ASD封堵术。术后3d、1个月、6个月分别行经胸超声心动图(TTE)、X线检查评价治疗效果。结果34例复合型先天性心脏病患者均一次性治疗成功。术中未发生任何重要并发症。术后即刻TTE和造影示ASD,VSD,PDA所有封堵器位置良好,无残余分流。16例ASD合并PS者,跨肺动脉瓣平均压差由术前52.6±20.5mmHg下降到术后14.3±9.5mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2例Lutembacher综合征患者,超声心动图测量二尖瓣瓣口面积分别由二尖瓣球囊扩张术前1.0和1.2cm2增加到术后1.9和2.0cm2,平均左房压分别由29和26mmHg降至8和7mmHg。对于1例Taussig-Bing畸形合并PDA者,用18mmASD伞成功封堵16mmPDA,降低肺动脉压,改善患者症状,为二次手术创造条件。术后72h、1个月、6个月TTE示所有患者各水平分流均消失,左心房、左心室进行性地缩小,所有封堵器位置固定良好,无移位及脱落;同时行X线检查,肺血均明显减少,房室内径均明显恢复。结论复合型先天性心脏病经导管同期介入治疗虽较单纯型复杂,技术要求相对较高,但如指征掌握恰当,治疗策略合理,操作规范,同样可获得良好的治疗效果。     

同期介入治疗先天性心脏病复合畸形30例的疗效观察

目的探讨经导管同期介入治疗先天性心脏病复合畸形的方法及疗效。方法先心病复合畸形30例,男性14例,女性16例,平均年龄（17．9±13．5）岁,平均体重（38．8±22．0）kg。复合类型为：房间隔缺损（ASD）并动脉导管未闭（PDA）7例,ASD并室间隔缺损（VSD）10例,ASD并肺动脉瓣狭窄（PS）6例,VSD并PDA5例,PDA并PS1例,VSD并PDA并ASD1例。经导管治疗原则：先行瓣膜球囊扩张术纠正瓣膜狭窄,其次行VSD封堵术,再行PDA封堵术,最后行ASD封堵术,可根据具体情况相应调整。术后2d、1个月、3个月、6个月、1年复查超声心动图及心电图。结果30例复合型先天性心脏病患者均一次治疗成功。7例合并PS患者,跨肺动脉瓣压差由术前（46．1±15．1）mmHg下降到术后（17．6±3．8）mmHg（P〈0．01）,1例室间隔缺损术后心电图提示不完全右束支传导阻滞,1例室间隔缺损术后心电图提示完全右束支传导阻滞,1例室间隔缺损术后心电图提示不完全左束支传导阻滞,给予地塞米松治疗后,心电图复查正常。1例VSD并ASD患者术前心电图提示双束支传导阻滞,术后观察10d仍存在,给予置人心脏永久起搏器。2例VSD并PDA患者术后超声心动图提示心室水平微量分流,6个月时随访分流消失。所有患者随访无不良并发症发生。结论对先天性心脏病复合畸形,严格掌握介人治疗适应证,选择正确的操作顺序和方法,可以取得良好的效果。     

经导管同期治疗复合型先天性心脏病的安全性及疗效观察

目的:研究经导管同期治疗复合型先天性心脏病的可行性、方法及疗效.方法:2001-07-2007-10共30例复合型先天性心脏病患者,男11例,女19例.复合类型为:房间隔缺损(ASD)伴室间隔缺损(VSD)、动脉导管未闭(PDA)、肺动脉瓣狭窄(PS)分别为13例、7例、3例,伴二尖瓣狭窄(Lutembacher综合征)3例;VSD伴PDA 2例;PS伴PDA 2例;经导管治疗的原则:先行瓣膜球囊扩张术纠正瓣膜狭窄,其次行VSD封堵术,再次行PDA封堵术,最后行ASD封堵术.术后48 h、1个月、6个月分别行经胸超声心动图(TTE)、X线及心电图检查评价治疗效果.结果:30例复合型先天性心脏病患者均一次性介入治疗成功,术中未发生任何重要并发症.术后即刻TTE和造影示ASD、VSD、PDA所有封堵器位置良好,无残余分流.ASD和PDA伴肺动脉瓣狭窄(PS) 5例,跨肺动脉瓣平均压差由术前(56.4±15.2)mmHg(1 mmHg=0. 133 kPa)下降至术后(13.1±8 9) mmHg,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).3例Lutembacher综合征患者,超声心动图测量二尖瓣口面积分别由二尖瓣球囊扩张术术前0.98、1.1和1.26 cm2增加到1.7、1.92和2.0 cm2,平均左房压分别由31、28和27降至9、8.5和7 mmHg.术后48 h、1个月、6个月经TTE检查示所有患者各水平分流均消失,扩大的房室内径进行性缩小,所有封堵器位置固定良好,无移位及脱落;同时X线检查,肺血明显减少,房室内径明显恢复;心电图检查无房室传导阻滞及左右束支阻滞;无其他并发症.结论:只要严格掌握适应证,术中采取适当的治疗策略,操作规范,复合型先天性心脏病同期介入治疗是可行的、安全的,可获得满意的临床效果.     

经导管同期治疗复合型先天性心脏病的疗效和安全性

目的:探讨经导管介入同期治疗复合型先天性心脏病的可行性、方法及疗效.方法:13例患者,男5例,女8例.其中房间隔缺损(ASD)合并肺动脉瓣狭窄6例,ASD合并动脉导管未闭(PDA)4例,ASD合并膜部室间隔缺损2例,PDA合并肺动脉瓣狭窄1例.ASD合并其他畸形的患者,均先治疗其他畸形,最后行ASD封堵.PDA合并肺动脉瓣狭窄者,先行肺动脉瓣狭窄球囊扩张术,最后封堵PDA.结果:13例患者均经导管一次治疗成功.ASD合并肺动脉瓣狭窄6例,跨肺动脉瓣压差由术前平均(138.3±41.4)mmHg下降到术后平均(12.0±5.6)mmHg,有显著性差异(P＜0.01).所用ASD封堵器直径为8～24 mm.ASD合并PDA4例,PDA最窄径2～5 mm,封堵器直径为6～8 mm;ASD封堵器直径为8～28 mm.ASD合并膜部室间隔缺损2例,室间隔缺损直径分别为3.5 mm和5.0 mm,用直径6 mm和8 mm的双盘状室间隔缺损封堵器封堵成功,所用ASD封堵器的直径为12 mm和18 mm.1例PDA合并轻度肺动脉瓣狭窄,用聚乙烯球囊扩张、PDA用4 mm封堵器治疗成功.结论:经导管介入同期治疗复合型先天性心脏病具有技术上的可行性、安全性和良好的治疗效果.     

经导管介入治疗小儿先天性心脏病复合畸形

目的　探讨经皮动脉导管未闭 (PDA)、房间隔缺损 (ASD)、室间隔缺损 (VSD)封堵术以及肺动脉瓣成形术(PBPV)在小儿复合先天性心脏病介入治疗中联合应用的可行性。方法　自 1998年 11月至 2 0 0 3年 12月 ,共 2 8例患有复合先天心血管畸形的住院患儿施行联合介入治疗 ,其中联合进行ASD封堵和PBPV术 15例 ,PDA封堵 (其中包括弹簧圈法和蘑菇伞法 )和PBPV术 7例 ,ASD和PDA封堵术 5例 ,VSD封堵和PBPV术 1例。结果　本组病例均为一次心导管术程中同时进行 2种介入治疗 ,成功率为 10 0 % (2 8/ 2 8) ,取得满意的治疗效果 ,无严重并发症 ,经 3个月至 4年随诊证实疗效确切。结论　在病例选择恰当的情况下 ,对小儿先天性心脏病复合畸形进行联合介入治疗是安全、可行的     

先天性心脏病介入治疗临床效果分析

目的观察介入治疗先天性心脏病(CHD)的临床疗效,总结治疗经验。方法选取2004—2012年我院收治的行介入治疗的CHD患者76例,其中继发孔型房间隔缺损(ASD)33例、室间隔缺损(VSD)18例、ASD合并VSD 1例、动脉导管未闭(PDA)21例、肺动脉瓣狭窄(PS)3例。ASD、VSD及PDA封堵术均采用国产蘑菇伞Amplatzer法。观察患者治疗效果。结果患者均无严重并发症发生,无死亡。封堵成功73例患者(除1例ASD患者,1例VSD患者和1例PDA患者)。随访1~24个月无残余分流及严重心脏事件。结论介入治疗CHD创伤小、安全、可靠、成功率高,值得进一步推广。     

经导管介入治疗复合型先天性心脏病八例分析

目的　研究复合型先天性心脏病经导管介入治疗策略并评价其疗效。方法　本文包括1997年 7月至 2 0 0 1年 10月共 8例适合经导管介入治疗的复合型先天性心脏病患儿 ,其中男 7例 ,女 1例 ,平均年龄 (5 0± 4 3)岁。复合类型为 :肺动脉瓣狭窄 (PS)伴动脉导管未闭 (PDA) 3例 ,房间隔缺损(ASD)伴PDA 2例 ,主动脉缩窄 (COA)伴主动脉瓣狭窄 (AS) 1例 ,COA伴PDA 2例。经导管介入治疗原则为 :PS伴PDA者 ,先行PS瓣膜成形术 ,然后堵塞PDA ;ASD伴PDA者 ,先后分别行PDA及ASD堵塞术 ;COA伴AS者 ,先行AS瓣膜成形术 ,然后再行COA血管成形术 ;COA伴PDA者 ,先行COA血管成形术 ,2个月以后再行PDA堵塞术 (PDA直径 3 5mm用AmplatzerPDA堵塞装置堵塞 ) ,或COA血管成形术与PDA堵塞术同时进行 (PDA直径 1 7mm用弹簧圈堵塞 )。小于 2 5mm的PDA用弹簧圈堵塞 ,大于等于 2 5mm的PDA用AmplatzerPDA堵塞装置堵塞。球囊 /瓣膜比 (或球囊 /缩窄段比 )、AmplatzerASD堵塞装置、AmplatzerPDA堵塞装置及弹簧圈大小的选择按常规。术后 1个月、3个月、6个月、1年 ,以后每年定期随访。结果　 8例复合型先天性心脏病患儿经导管介入治疗均获成功。术后即刻已堵塞之ASD及PDA均无残余分流 ,跨肺动脉瓣压差由术前的 (95 0± 34 6 )mmHg (1mmHg=     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

CagA-Hp抗体IgG与胃炎的组织学分析

研究幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染与胃炎的关系。方法对204例慢性胃炎患者胃粘膜进行观察分析,并测定其中137例Hp阳性患者血清CagA-Hp抗体IgG水平,与组织学对照。结果慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生患者血清CagA抗体IgG明显高于对照组(P＜0.01);其他类型胃炎患者血清CagA抗体IgG水平无明显增高(P＞0.05)。结论CagA-Hp可能是导致慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生的因素之一,对这类患者应密切随访观察。     

慢阻肺急性加重期患者预后的影响因素分析

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者预后的相关危险因素。方法回顾性调查、收集58例AECOPD患者可能影响其预后的相关因素,并对其分别进行单因素分析。并进行Logistic多元逐步回归进行多因素分析,筛选影响AECOPD患者预后的独立危险因素。结果单因素分析后将结果 P0.1的因素纳入多因素Logistic回归,分析发现是否合并呼吸衰竭、气促程度、白细胞计数、APACHEⅡ、应用抗氧化剂、慢阻肺治疗依从性为影响AECOPD患者预后不佳的独立因素(P0.05)。结论根据AECOPD患者预后的独立危险因素,及早判断,选择合适的后续治疗方案,对提高其生存率及生存质量具有重要意义。     

Results of treatment of fistula-in-ano

To evaluate the application of Parks' classification in the management of patients with fistula-in-ano, a study was undertaken to assess the outcome of surgery, especially with respect to the recurrence rate and alteration of continence. A retrospective analysis of 160 consecutive patients who were classified at the time of operation was conducted. The distribution of fistulas was as follows: intersphincteric, 41.9 percent, transsphincteric, 52.1 percent, suprasphincteric, 1.3 percent, extrasphincteric, 0. A horseshoe extension occurred in 8.8 percent of the fistulas and 3.8 percent did not exactly conform to the classification as they were either complex or combinations of more than one type of fistula. The sole immediate postoperative complication was bleeding, which occurred one week postoperatively and ceased spontaneously (0.7 percent). Alteration in continence occurred in 6 percent of patients with 2.6 percent experiencing temporary incontinence to flatus, 1.3 percent to liquid stool, and 0.7 percent to solid stool. Permanent loss of control for flatus occurred in one patient (0.7 percent) and for liquid stool in one patient (0.7 percent). No patients suffered loss of control for solid stool. Recurrence developed in 6.3 percent of patients, all between five and 25 months postoperatively. Classifcation was found to be a useful guide in the operative management of patients with fistula-in-ano. Read at the joint meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons with the Section of Colo-Proctology, Royal Society of Medicine, and the Section of Colonic and Rectal Surgery, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 6 to 11, 1984.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

Intake of energy drinks in association with alcoholic beverages in a cohort of students of the School of Medicine of the University of Messina

BACKGROUND: Energy drinks (ED) are a widely used group of beverages known for their stimulant effects on central nervous system (CNS). The main components of ED are caffeine, taurine, carbohydrates, glucuronolactone, inositol, niacin, pantenol, and beta-complex vitamins. The studies evaluating the effects of ED describe improvements in attention and/or reaction times and indices of alertness. It has been also shown that combination of caffeine and glucose, fundamental constituents of ED, can ameliorate deficits in cognitive performance and subjective fatigue during extended periods of cognitive demand. Moreover, the associated ingestion of alcohol and ED has recently been observed to be becoming more and more widespread. METHODS: With the aim to know the habits and uses of students, we administered a questionnaire containing questions regarding ED drinking alone or in association with alcoholic beverages. Five hundred students of the School of Medicine of the University of Messina were interviewed, and 450 filled the questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 56.9% of students declared using ED. A great part of users (48.4%) associate frequently ED and alcohol. In particular, 35.8% of ED + alcohol users have used ED + alcohol more than 3 times in the last month. Distinguishing the users into 2 groups (users of ED + alcohol and users of both ED and ED + alcohol), we observed in the second group a major use of cocktail containing a mix of ED and alcoholic beverages. This difference between the 2 groups is less represented about the ingestion of ED + alcohol in the night. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that association of ED + alcohol is very popular among students. This behavior can be dangerous. In fact, the combination of ED + alcoholic drinks can reduce adversive symptoms of alcohol intoxication including the depressant effects. As consequence, users of ED + alcoholic beverages might not feel the signs of alcohol intoxication, thus increasing the probability of accidents and/or favoring the possibility of development of alcohol dependence.