间质干细胞--组织工程的种子细胞

随着组织工程研究的发展 ,选择什么细胞作为种子细胞是近年来组织工程中研究的热点。全能干细胞和多能干细胞具有高度自我更新能力和多向分化潜能 ,是组织工程及细胞核基因治疗中重要的靶细胞。胚胎干细胞是从早期胚胎中分离的 ,具有向机体各种组织细胞分化的潜能[1] 。但其自身的免疫原性、取材困难以及伦理道德等问题 ,限制了它在临床上的应用。近年来研究发现除了胚胎干细胞外 ,机体内还存在一些多能干细胞 ,它们也具有一定的自我更新和分化能力 ,如来源于脑室管膜的神经干细胞、造血干细胞、间质干细胞(MSCs)等。其中间质干细胞更具有…     

表皮干细胞表面标志物的研究进展

表皮干细胞（epidermal stem cells,ESCs）是来源于胚胎外胚层的皮肤组织的专能干细胞,可以分化成各种表皮细胞,使表皮始终处于持续的增殖、分化、脱落、消亡状态,大约每月更新一次,并且增殖与消亡的速度保持大致平衡,从而保证了皮肤形态和功能的完整性。     

人脂肪干细胞(ADSCs)体外培养的研究及应用进展

干细胞是一类具有自我更新与增殖能力的细胞,按其分化阶段不同分为胚胎干细胞与成体干细胞,目前对成体干细胞的研究较为广泛。人的脂肪干细胞(adipase derived stem cells,ADSCs)是来源于脂肪组织的干细胞,具有自我更新及多向分化的能力,在适宜诱导条件下可以分化为成骨细胞、脂肪细胞、软骨细胞等。自从2001年ZUK[1]首次通过吸     

干细胞在组织工程膀胱修复中的应用

利用干细胞进行膀胱缺损修复是近年来组织工程膀胱研究的一项热点.干细胞具有自我更新和多向分化的潜能,是组织工程膀胱修复的理想种子细胞.本文分别就利用胚胎干细胞和成体干细胞作为种子细胞,进行膀胱缺损组织工程修复进行综述.     

肝脏干细胞的现状和未来

干细胞是一类无限期在体内整个生命活动中有自我更新能力的细胞。在适当条件下或给予适当信号 ,干细胞可分化为具体不同来源的细胞。目前认为 ,干细胞应具备以下几点主要生物学特征〔1～ 6〕:①具有自我更新与自我维持的能力 ;②具有多分化潜能 ,即可发育为各种胚层组织的细胞 (如胚胎干细胞 )或可分化成本系统来源细胞 (如成体干细胞 ) ;③干细胞分裂能力可维持相当长时间 ,也可持续终生 (如肠黏膜干细胞 ) ;④既可具有生理性的更新能力 ,也可具有对损伤或疾病的反应与修复能力 (如皮肤间质干细胞 ) ;⑤干细胞的自我更新与分化需要特定的微…     

牙髓干细胞研究进展

干细胞是一类具有自我更新、高度增生能力和多相分化潜能的细胞,能够产生高度分化的功能细胞,包括胚胎干细胞和成体干细胞。目前,已在体外成功地扩增出人体多种组织的成体干细胞,自从2000年Gronthos等[1]发现人牙髓组织中存在成体干细胞即牙髓干细胞（dental pulp stemcells,DPSCs）后,近十年来国内外学者对牙髓干细胞的培养、生物学特性、细胞表型、分化能力及重组为诱导性多潜能干细胞（induced pluripotent stem cells,iPSCs）等方面已进行了大量研究,本文就牙髓干细胞的研究现状综述如下。     

骨髓基质干细胞及其在脊髓组织工程中应用的研究进展

脊髓损伤的治疗一直是医学上的难题．世界各地医务工作者都在积极探索有效的治疗方法。近年来组织工程研究的兴起，为脊髓损伤的修复提供了一条新的途径。种子细胞的选择是组织工程中研究的热点。全能干细胞和多能干细胞具有高度自我更新能力和多向分化潜能．是组织工程中重要的靶细胞。目前研究较多的有神经干细胞、胚胎干细胞、嗅鞘细胞、雪旺细胞、脐血干细胞及骨髓基质干细胞等。胚胎组织移植存在伦理道德和免疫排斥等问题。     

人的始祖干细胞临床应用前景广阔

人的心、肝、脑、肾、肌肉、骨骼、皮肤等所有器官组织从何而来?医学界专家经过深入研究之后发现,它们全部来自人胚胎时期的干细胞.所以说,干细胞是具有自我复制和多项分化潜能(形成不同器官组织细胞的能力)的原始细胞,是形成人体各种组织器官的祖宗细胞.     

影响神经干细胞定向分化的因素及其调控机制

神经干细胞（Neural stem cell,NSC）是一类具有高度自我更新和多向分化潜能的神经前体细胞。Gage在2000年将NSC的特点具体定义为：NSC作为一种专能干细胞具有以下特点：①NSC是来源于神经系统或能产牛神经组织的细胞;②NSC具有自我更新及增殖的能力;③NSC只能产某些特定种类的细胞,而不像胚胎干细胞可分化为机体所有的细胞;     

脂肪来源干细胞的研究进展

干细胞是具有自我更新能力并且在适宜微环境下具有多系分化潜能的原始细胞.近年来,传统十细胞的研究热点--胚胎十细胞,由于在细胞分化调节及伦理上具有一定的局限性,使对成体干细胞的研究得到了飞速发展.     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.     

Similarities and differences between female and male sexual functions and dysfunctions

Men and women have 23 pairs of chromosomes. They share 22 of them. In physiologic conditions they differ systematically in only one pair, the sexual one. Females (normally) have what is called an “XX” on the 23rd pair of chromosomes, whereas males have an “XY” pair. The striking sexual differences –anatomic, functional, reproductive, psychological and sociocultural - between men and women depends on or derive from the difference in one critical chromosome out of 46, which contains on average 2% of all the genetic code. Biochemical, neuroendocrine, hormonal, vascular, nervous, and metabolic similarities that both sexes share, based on the common 45 chromosomes and related biologically determined similarities contributing to the secret sexual symmetry between genders, is reviewed. Furthermore the role of the genetically determined brain and somatic gender dymorphism, contributing to gender sexual differences is analyzed. Neuroplasticity and psychoplasticity are praised as basic mechanisms that bridge together and re-shape the individual biological and psychological world through the continuous interaction with the environment. Enhancement of sexual differences in behaviour, meaning of, and motivation to sex by cultural constructs, by religious and social dynamics, and the continuous interaction of each person with a usually role-polarized society during the whole life span will be finally acknowledged. To contribute to a better understanding of the shared biological sexual similarities between genders and their dialectic and continuous relation with biological and socioculturally related sexual differences is the ultimate goal of this introductory article and the following papers of the series.