胸腰段微创椎弓根螺钉进钉点的解剖学及临床研究

目的为直视经皮微创椎弓根螺钉内固定技术提供解剖学基础并在此基础上分析经皮椎弓根螺钉的可行性及其优点。方法选用6具经防腐处理的尸体，经乳胶灌注。在解剖显微镜下对T11、12～L5脊柱后部结构进行解剖观察，观测肌肉血供、神经支配及关节突、横突间的脊神经后支的走向及分布规律，并在此基础上选择有适应证的患者进行直视下微创植入椎弓根螺钉，研究其可行性及术中、术后的优缺点。结果胸腰段脊神经后支于椎间孔外由脊神经发出主干为0．5～1．0mm向后走行分内、外支。内侧支较细。跨过横突根部，绕过小关节突外缘，到乳突与副突间的骨纤维管，呈树状分布，支配同一平面骶棘肌内侧束、小关节、棘突、棘间韧带。外侧支较粗，沿横突上缘自骶棘肌深面向下、外、背侧行走，支配骶棘肌的中间份和外侧份。节段动脉的后支在椎间孔的上方绕向后下方，走行于脊神经的下方和下位椎体上关节突的外方，分为内外2支，支配腰部深层肌肉。静脉与动脉伴行在横突部形成静脉丛。选择8例有手术适应证的患者，C臂定位后，直视下小切口常规器械植入椎弓根螺钉系统，并与同期适应证相同的26例行常规手术切口的术中、术后各指标进行比较。结论微创椎弓根螺钉进钉区无主要的营养和支配关节突、后部肌肉的血管和神经支，采用经皮微创小切口直视下植入椎弓根螺钉内固定系统治疗胸腰段骨折是可行的，术中避免了损伤支配骶棘肌的脊神经后支、节段动静脉和减少对脊柱后方结构的剥离，术中出血明显减少，术后恢复快、并发症少，是一种易于操作与推广的新技术。     

内窥镜下脊神经背内侧支切断术治疗腰椎关节突关节源性慢性腰痛

目的:探讨内窥镜下脊神经背内侧支切断术治疗腰椎关节突关节源性慢性腰痛的效果.方法:2011年4月～2011年10月,收治58例分别使用利多卡因和布比卡因行对照性脊神经背内侧支封闭术证实疼痛80％以上来源于腰椎关节突关节的慢性腰痛患者,其中45例接受内窥镜下脊神经背内侧支切断术治疗(手术治疗组),其余13例接受药物、理疗及认知治疗等保守治疗(保守治疗组).封闭前、封闭后、治疗后1d、3个月、6个月及12个月时记录患者腰痛及牵涉痛的VAS评分,术后12个月时行腰椎MacNab功能评分评估两组的疗效,比较两种治疗方法腰痛缓解率的差异.结果:手术治疗组术后1d、3个月、6个月及12个月时腰痛及牵涉痛VAS评分较封闭前均明显降低(P＜0.05),术后各时间点比较无显著性差异(P＞0.05),无手术并发症发生;保守治疗组封闭后腰痛及牵涉痛VAS评分较封闭前明显降低(P＜0.05),保守治疗组治疗后腰痛及牵涉痛VAS评分较封闭前明显降低(P＜0.05),但均明显高于封闭后VAS评分(P＜0.05).手术治疗组术后各时间点腰痛及牵涉痛疼痛缓解率均明显高于保守治疗组(P＜0.01).术后1年随访MacNab功能评分:手术治疗组优27例,良17例,可1例;保守治疗组可6例,差7例.结论:内窥镜下脊神经背内侧支切断术是治疗腰椎关节突关节源性慢性腰痛安全、有效的方法,疗效优于传统保守治疗方法.     

腹股沟疝术后顽固性疼痛的处理

目的：探讨疝修补术后顽固性疼痛的原因和手术治疗方式。方法：分析1998－2001年我院收治的8例腹股沟疝修补术后疼痛病人的临床资料，结合文献进行讨论。结果：1例病人经神经阻滞治疗后缓解；2例行单纯神经松解，2例行痛点局部疤痕切除，1例行翻转无张力补片部分修剪，2例行髂前上棘内侧髂腹股沟，髂腹下神经部分切除，术后疼痛均缓解。结论：疝修补术后出现顽固性疼痛的常见原因为神经被缝扎或补片移位压迫或被纤维粘连牵扯等；手术方式应个体化，结合术前疼痛特点及术中探查情况，合理选择神经松解，疤痕切除，翻转补片部分修剪及神经切除等方式，可避免盲目切除神经带来的严重后果和疝的复发。     

严重脊椎畸形矫正术的麻醉

严重脊椎畸形矫正术的麻醉孙玉浩，林庆录，刘自力，张成方，林惠琴，甘鲜英现将我院１０３例严重脊椎畸形矫正术的麻醉方法及处理总结报告如下。全组男６７例、女３６例，年龄９～４８岁。脊椎侧弯９６例、强直性脊椎炎驼背畸形７例。主要术式：镍钛合金棒固定十植骨，鲁...     

去神经化治疗腰椎关节突关节源性腰痛的有效性与安全性研究

目的:探讨脊神经后内侧支阻滞模拟去神经化治疗腰椎关节突关节源性腰痛的有效性与安全性。方法:自2009年3月至2010年10月,采用脊神经后内侧支阻滞模拟去神经化治疗腰椎关节突关节源性腰痛患者10例,男6例,女4例;年龄41～68岁,平均56.4岁;病程0.5～3年,平均1.2年。每例患者分别进行脊神经后内侧支单支阻滞、双支阻滞、三支阻滞、四支阻滞(分别在C形臂X线透视引导下行病变腰椎关节突关节和(或)上下邻近几个关节行腰脊神经后内侧支阻滞),其中5例双支阻滞时行同位脊神经后内侧支及上位神经阻滞,5例行同位及下位神经阻滞。以相应上关节突与横突根部交界处为靶点。用药均为:0.5%盐酸利多卡因15ml加入确炎舒松-A1ml(10mg/ml)、甲钴铵注射液1ml(500μg)。评价患者阻滞前、阻滞腰脊神经后内侧支单支、双支、3支、4支后腰背部疼痛的VAS评分、致痛关节突关节水平多裂肌表面肌电信号及腰部背伸肌力。多裂肌表面肌电信号用表面肌电测定仪记录,背部肌力采用背力计测定。结果:所有患者脊神经阻滞后腰背疼痛VAS评分、多裂肌平均肌电(averageEMG,AEMG)均低于阻滞前(阻滞前VAS评分为6.85±1.55,肌电值为69.25±2.13)。腰脊神经后内侧支单支、双支、3支、4支阻滞后腰背部的VAS评分分别为5.80±1.05、3.65±1.20、2.80±1.10、2.75±1.15,肌电值分别为62.15±1.85、51.25±1.28、47.30±1.85、45.96±1.98。腰背伸肌力:腰脊神经后内侧支阻滞前和单支、双支、3支、4支阻滞后分别为60、55、48、44、43kg。VAS评分:3支阻滞后<双支阻滞后<单支阻滞后;腰背伸力:3支阻滞后<双支阻滞后<单支阻滞后。4支阻滞后的VAS评分、腰背伸力与3支阻滞后差异无统计学意义。同位脊神经后内侧支及上位双支阻滞VAS评分及背伸力下降幅度明显大于同位及下位双支阻滞。结论:脊神经后内侧支去神经化治疗腰椎关节突关节源性腰痛是有效的,单支、双支去神经化治疗是相对安全的;双支阻滞首选同位脊神经后内侧支及上位双支阻滞,其疗效明显。3支、4支去神经化治疗有一定风险,应谨慎使用。     

多孔遂道腰背筋膜松解治疗强直性脊椎炎(32例报告)

强直性脊椎炎是青壮年易发的常见病,系一种原因不明的慢性进行性炎性疾病,侵犯脊椎关节和邻近组织,骶髂关节,后累及整个脊柱,而致强直和畸形,导致丧失劳动能力乃至生活能力。迄今无理想治疗方法,     

内窥镜下脊神经背内侧支切断术治疗腰椎小关节综合征的临床疗效分析

目的探讨内窥镜下脊神经背内侧支切断术治疗腰椎小关节综合征的临床疗效。方法选择2012-08-2015-03我院诊治的腰椎小关节综合征患者78例,根据随机抽签原则分为观察组与对照组各39例,对照组给予局部封闭保守治疗,观察组给予内窥镜下脊神经背内侧支切断术治疗。结果所有患者均完成治疗,观察组术中见脊神经背内侧支存在多种变异;经过评定,两组治疗后1 d和3个月的疼痛评分均明显低于治疗前(P0.05),同时观察组治疗后3个月的疼痛评分也明显低于对照组(P0.05)。观察组治疗3个月内的神经根损伤、皮肤感觉功能缺失、疼痛性感觉迟钝、肺部感染等并发症发生情况明显少于对照组(P0.05)。治疗3个月后,观察组的优良率为94.9%,对照组为76.9%,观察组的优良率明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论内窥镜下脊神经背内侧支切断术治疗腰椎小关节综合征,有明显的镇痛效果,术后并发症少。     

颈脊神经后内侧支卡压的解剖及其临床意义

目的为临床诊治颈神经后内侧支卡压提供解剖学基础。方法对10具（20侧）成人尸体头颈标本颈脊神经后内侧支易受卡压的部位进行解剖学观测。结果（1）C2颈脊神经后内侧浅支（枕大神经）易受卡压处分别位于该神经走行于头下斜肌与枢椎椎弓板之间段、穿过头半棘肌段和穿上项线骨纤维孔处。（2）C3-5脊神经后内侧浅支（第三枕神经）易受卡压处分别位于该神经穿行头半棘肌和穿头夹肌段。C3颈脊神经后内侧深支即头夹肌支,该神经穿过头半棘肌处。（3）C3-8后内侧支穿颈脊神经后支骨纤维管。结论颈神经后内侧支穿行的骨纤维管、项部肌肉、项部肌肉的腱性组织是造成颈脊神经后内侧支卡压的解剖学基础。     

顽固性肱骨外上髁炎的外科治疗

目的探讨顽固性肱骨外上髁炎的手术治疗效果。方法2007年1月至2009年12月,我科采用局部麻醉下Nirschl改良手术治疗顽固性肱骨外上髁炎21例,术后通过VAS疼痛评分和Nirschl＆Pettrone分级评估患肘疼痛和功能改善情况。结果21例患者平均随访时问23．6个月。VAS疼痛评分术前休息时为6．21,日常活动时7．10,体育活动时8．76;术后休息时为0．83,日常活动时1．46,体育活动时2．22。术前、术后两者比较差异均有统计学意义。术后Nirschl＆Pettrone肘关节功能分级优13例,良7例,中1例,优良率95．2％。1例患者术后出现肘关节囊壁破裂后关节滑液积聚形成的皮下囊性肿胀,局部麻醉下行关节囊修复后肿胀消失。结论外科治疗顽固性肱骨外上髁炎可以有效改善肘关节疼痛和恢复关节活动,手术效果好。     

强直性脊柱炎患者顽固性腰骶部疼痛的手术治疗

目的探讨骶髂关节病灶清除术治疗强直性脊柱炎顽固性腰骶部疼痛的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2015-01—2017-12采取骶髂关节病灶清除术治疗的21例强直性脊柱炎顽固性骶髂关节疼痛,比较术前、术后1周、术后1个月、术后3个月、术后12个月疼痛VAS评分。结果 21例均顺利完成手术,随访时间12~36个月,平均18个月。20例症状得到有效缓解,1例术后缓解较差。21例术后病理学检查可见不同程度的滑膜炎、软骨变性,伴纤维组织增生玻璃样变性,部分患者可见肉芽组织形成及中性粒、淋巴细胞等炎性细胞浸润改变。术后疼痛VAS评分较术前明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后1年有2例患者仍存在夜间疼痛,但疼痛VAS评分均为1分,基本不影响睡眠。结论骶髂关节病灶清除术治疗强直性脊柱炎顽固性腰骶部疼痛安全有效,值得在临床应用和推广。     

Anatomy of the coracoacromial veil

The coracoacromial (CA) ligament plays an important role in the stability of the shoulder joint by limiting superior translation of the glenohumeral joint. This ligament is further divided into anterolateral and posteromedial bands. Attached to the CA ligament, a supportive structure was noted in some previous studies. The purpose of this study was to learn more about the anatomy of this structure. Twenty-eight shoulders were obtained. Deltoid and trapezius muscles were removed without damaging the rotator cuff and coracoacromial arch. The CA ligament was dissected further to reveal two constituent bands, an anterolateral and a posteromedial band. A connective tissue structure was noted between the posteromedial band, CA ligament, and rotator interval capsule. This structure was oriented as an L-shaped curtain, which the authors termed the "coracoacromial veil." Anatomical position of this veil provides a stabilizing link between the CA ligament and the rotator interval capsule. This structure potentially limits inferior translation of the glenohumeral joint.     

Lateral branch blocks as a treatment for sacroiliac joint pain: A pilot study

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pain arising from the sacroiliac (SI) joint is a common cause of low back pain for which there is no universally accepted, long-term treatment. Previous studies have shown radiofrequency (RF) procedures to be an effective treatment for other types of spinal pain. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of reducing SI joint pain by percutaneous RF lesioning of the nerves innervating the SI joint. METHODS: Eighteen patients with confirmed SI joint pain underwent nerve blocks of the L4-5 primary dorsal rami and S1-3 lateral branches innervating the affected joint. Those who obtained 50% or greater pain relief from these blocks proceeded to undergo RF denervation of the nerves. RESULTS: Thirteen of 18 patients who underwent L4-5 dorsal rami and S1-3 lateral branch blocks (LBB) obtained significant pain relief, with 2 patients reporting prolonged benefit. At their next visit, 9 patients who experienced >50% pain relief underwent RF lesioning of the nerves. Eight of 9 patients (89%) obtained >/=50% pain relief from this procedure that persisted at their 9-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with SI joint pain who respond to L4-5 dorsal rami and S1-3 LBB, RF denervation of these nerves appears to be an effective treatment. Randomized, controlled trials are needed to further evaluate this procedure.     

The innervation of the lumbar spine

The lumbar intervertebral discs are innervated posteriorly by the sinuvertebral nerves, but laterally by branches of the ventral rami and grey rami communicantes. The posterior longitudinal ligament is innervated by the sinuvertebral nerves and the anterior longitudinal ligament by branches of the grey rami. Lateral and intermediate branches of the lumbar dorsal rami supply the iliocostalis lumborum and longissimus thoracis, respectively. Medial branches supply the multifidus, intertransversarii mediales, interspinales, interspinous ligament, and the lumbar zygapophysial joints. The distribution of the intrinsic nerves of the lumbar vertebral column systematically identifies those structures that are potential sources of primary low-back pain.     

钢丝张力带配合韧带修复治疗肩锁关节脱位

目的 观察张力带配合韧带修复治疗肩锁关节脱位的疗效。方法 17例肩锁关节脱位,新鲜的肩锁关节脱位14例(<2W),陈旧性肩锁关节脱位3例(>2W)。Allman分类法,Ⅱ度脱位5例,Ⅲ度脱位12例。根据张力带原理应用单根克氏针钢丝张力带法固定肩锁关节,修复肩锁韧带、喙锁韧带及肩锁关节囊。术后早期功能锻炼并作定期随访,平均48月。结果 17例肩锁关节脱位均复位良好,无一复发,术后肩锁关节功能良好。结论 张力带法治疗肩锁关节脱位是一种简便、有效的手术方法,疗效确切。但术中必须配合韧带及关节囊的修复,才能保证肩锁关节的长期稳定。     

The posterior cruciate ligament and rotatory knee instability. An experimental study

The importance of the posterior cruciate ligament in relation to valgus-varus and axial rotatory stability in the knee joint was investigated. Mobility patterns were drawn from 20 osteoligamentous preparations after successive transection of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), the medial and lateral collateral ligaments, and the posterior joint capsule. The knee joint remained grossly stable after isolated transection of the PCL, and further cutting of either one of the collateral ligaments or of the posterior capsule yielded no greater instability than one should expect from isolated cutting of each of these structures. The posterior cruciate ligament was the stabilizing factor in flexion and external rotation after injury to the lateral collateral ligament and the posterolateral capsule, and it restricted internal rotation after cutting of the medial cruciate ligament and the posteromedial capsule. Valgus instability was markedly increased during the whole range of movement when PCL was included in injury to the medial compartment ligaments, and when included in a lateral compartment injury a further varus instability was found, though only in the flexed or semiflexed knee. No hyperextension could be demonstrated after these injuries.     

Interconnections of the upper ventral rami of the human sacral plexus: A reappraisal for dorsal rhizotomy in neurostimulation operations

The extension of a dorsal rhizotomy in bladder stimulation patients is partly determined by connections between the ventral rami of the second, third, and fourth sacral spinal nerves. The literature is inconclusive on interconnections of these ventral rami in the human sacral plexus. The sacral plexuses of ten human cadavers were dissected in this gross anatomy study. In nine cases a branch connecting the ventral rami of the second and third sacral spinal nerves was found. Electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of thick myelinated fibers in this branch. In the male plexuses this branch formed the only link between the second sacral spinal segment and the pelvic plexus. The ventral ramus of the second sacral nerve always contributed to the pudendal nerve, whereas involvement of the ventral rami of the first and third sacral nerves differed individually and intersexually.     

A new guide system for posteromedial portal in arthroscopic knee surgery

A view through the posteromedial portal is necessary to observe the posterior portion of the knee joint such as the tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) or the posterior horn of the medial meniscus, which is barely, visible through anterior portals. Especially in arthroscopic PCL reconstruction, the arthroscopic view through the posteromedial portal is indispensable for boring a tibial bone tunnel that is correctly sited. However, it is difficult to create this portal safely without cartilaginous or meniscal damage. We have produced new guidelines to facilitate the process of creating the posteromedial portal even by inexperienced hands. With a cannulated K-wire and a cannulated rod with sharp teeth, the joint capsule of the posteromedial corner can be penetrated safely with or without viewing the posteromedial corner through the anterolateral portal. Based on our experience of using this guide system, we believe it will be a great help to many orthopaedic surgeons in performing various types of arthroscopic surgery, not only for PCL reconstruction but also for arthroscopic synovectomy. Received: 21 August 1997     

Imaging methods of examining the hip joint

The hip joint is a synovial joint of the appendicular skeleton which constituents of articular cartilage, subchondral bone plate, articular capsule synovial membrane which produces synovial fluid. Ankylosing spondylitis is chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown cause that affects the axial and appendicular skeleton. Alterations occur in synovial and cartilaginous joints and sites of tendon and ligament attachment to bone.