心房颤动患者复律前后左房血流动力学的变化

目的 :探讨心房颤动 (Af)患者复律前、后左房血流动力学的改变及演变过程。方法 :采用超声心动图观察 2 1例Af患者复律前后左房功能的改变 ,并对其中 18例应用多普勒检测二尖瓣血流频谱 (MIF)及肺静脉血流频谱 (PVF)的变化。另选 2 0例健康者为对照组。结果 :①Af患者复律后 ,即刻左房收缩功能减弱 ,以后逐渐恢复 ;②非风湿性心脏病Af患者复律即刻左房射血力 (LAF)明显低于正常对照组 ;③维持窦性心律≥ 3个月者 ,左房内径 (LAD)和容积 (LAV)显著缩小 ;而Af复发者 (维持窦性心律 <3个月 )LAD、LAV无明显改变。结论 :Af患者重建窦性心律后 ,左房收缩功能逐渐恢复 ,且与复律前Af持续时间有关 ;Af时收缩期肺静脉回流减少 ,提示左房压增高 ;Af复律后随着左房收缩功能的恢复 ,左房血流动力学恢复正常 ,但恢复过程需要 1～ 4周 ;Af复律后即刻左室心肌受除颤电流的影响 ,左室舒张期顺应性下降 ,可呈现短暂的心肌顿抑现象     

心房颤动复律后维持窦性心律影响因素的临床分析

目的探讨心房颤动（Af）复律后维持窦性心律的影响因素。方法选择2006年～2008年首次诊断Af（发病时间〈3个月）经药物或直流电成功转复窦性心律的住院患者98例。随访6个月后Af未复发者为维持窦性心律组（A组）52例,Af复发者（B组）46例。回顾性对比分析两组的临床特征、心电图指标、超声心动图（UCG）参数及相互关系,探讨A组的独立预测因子及诊断价值。结果 6个月随访后,52例（占53%）仍维持窦性心律,46例Af复发,半数以上复发在复律后2周内。两组间在性别、年龄、基础心脏病、β受体阻断剂使用、复律方式、左心室射血分数（LVEF）等差异无统计学意义。B组与A组相比,复律前Af持续时间（28.7±26.3d对1.3±1.4d,P〈0.01）、P波最大时间（Pmax）（P〈0.01）和P波离散度（Pd）（52±12ms对40±10ms,P〈0.01）、左心房直径（LAD）（47±4mm对41±3mm,P〈0.01）和左房自发性声学显影（P〈0.01）差异有统计学意义;但是两组间P波最小时间（Pmin）差异无显著性。多元回归分析显示：Af持续时间〈7d（OR=2.61）、LAD〈45mm（OR=2.10）和Pd〈47ms（OR=3.72）是复律后维持窦性心律的独立预测因子,准确性分别为82%、83%和86%。Pmax和左房无自发性声学显影仅是单因素影响因子。结论复律前Af持续时间、左房大小和Pd是预测Af复律后维持窦性心律的重要因素。     

环肺静脉电隔离联合左心房连续碎裂电位射频导管消融治疗持续性心房颤动的临床研究

目的 观察环肺静脉消融(CPVI)联合连续心房碎裂电位(CFAE)射频导管消融治疗持续性心房颤动的有效性和安全性.方法 入选64例经药物治疗无效且有症状的持续性心房颤动(PeAF)患者,CPVI后分为转复窦性心律(A 组)及未转复窦性心律组(B 组),未转复窦性心律患者行左心房连续CFAE(CFE-mean≤70ms)标测与消融后,分为转复窦性心律组(B1 组)与未转复窦性心律组(B2 组).两者终点分别为消除所有肺静脉电位与连续CFAE 或转复窦性心律.结果 A 组年龄、术前左心房内径(LAD)、左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)及手术前后心房颤动周长(AFCL)明显高于B 组(P＜0.05).B1 组术前LAD、LVEDD 及手术前后AFCL 明显高于B2 组(P＜0.05).A 组15 例(23%)与B1组21 例(45%)直接转复为窦性心律,B1组患者中3 例(6%)二尖瓣峡部依赖与2 例(4%)三尖瓣峡部依赖心房扑动经线性消融后转为窦性心律,1 例(2%)二尖瓣环局灶性房性心动过速患者消融后转为窦性心律,28 例(57%)维持心房颤动患者行体外直流电复律成功.随访(5.8±2.3)个月,36 例(56%)维持窦性心律,A 组发生3 例(20%)快速性房性心动过速,明显低于B 组25例患者(51%,P＜0.01).B1组发生快速性房性心动过速,低于B2组患者(33%、64%,P＜0.01).术中及术后均未发生严重并发症.结论 CPVI 联合连续CFAE 指导持续性心房颤动射频导管消融术有效安全,CPVI及CFAE消融对于心房电解剖重构程度较低患者的消融效果可能更好.     

血浆脑利钠肽与房颤病人复律和复发的临床研究

目的研究阵发性或持续性房颤(Af)病人转复窦性心律时,血浆脑利钠肽(BNP)水平及其临床意义。方法选取62例心功能(1~3)级病人,采用放免法测定房颤及窦性心律时病人血浆中BNP的浓度,观察两组BNP水平、房颤发作次数。结果病人房颤发生时BNP浓度为(88.36±22.32)pg/mL,比复律后窦性心律时(57.48±20.32)pg/mL明显增高(P<0.05),高BNP水平病人组房颤发生次数较低BNP水平病人多。多因素分析显示血浆BNP水平与Af持续时间是转律后窦性心律维持的独立影响因子。结论血BNP浓度增高是发生心房颤动的预告因子,高水平的BNP更容易复发房颤,血浆BNP水平低或Af持续时间短者转律后窦性心律较易维持。     

胺碘酮与普罗帕酮对换瓣后慢性房颤电复律后维持窦性心律效果比较

风心病瓣膜病变并慢性房颤(Af)为临床最常见的心律失常之一,瓣膜置换术电复律后窦性心律的维持,仍为目前临床研究的热点。本研究旨在分析小剂量胺碘酮与普罗帕酮对电复律转复后维持窦性心律的疗效。 1 资料和方法 选择上海长海医院1993年1月至1997年1月风心病慢性Af伴二尖瓣病变或合并主动脉瓣病变行单瓣或双瓣置换术者,于换瓣术后3～12个月行同步直流电复律共108例,电复律患者中9例行电复律失败,其余99例电转复为窦性心律后,给予小剂量胺碘酮或普罗帕     

血浆脑钠肽在心房纤颤患者中应用的临床意义分析

目的 观察心房纤颤(房颤)对血浆脑钠肽(BNP)水平的影响并探讨其临床意义.方法 采用美国博适-Triag干式快速定量(心力衰竭/心肌梗死)诊断仪床旁测定86例心功能正常房颤患者及30例无器质性心脏病窦性心律患者BNP水平.对房颤患者进行药物复律,测定复律前后血浆BNP水平.结果 房颤患者BNP水平显著高于无器质性心脏病窦性心律患者(P＜0.01).房颤组中,复律成功组复律后的BNP水平显著下降(P＜0.01);复律成功组复律前BNP水平明显低于未复律成功组(P＜0.01).结论 房颤是影响BNP分泌的重要因素,BNP水平是预测房颤复律效果的重要指标,复律后BNP水平显著下降.     

风湿性心脏病瓣膜置换术后心房颤动复律的临床分析

目的　探讨风湿性心脏病瓣膜置换术后心房颤动转复为窦性心律的情况及影响因素。方法　对 2 0 0 0年 1月至2 0 0 2年 1月 132例风湿性心脏病合并心房颤动行瓣膜置换术患者进行回顾性研究 ,根据患者的病史、手术前后超声心动图、心电图和术后 6个月的随访结果对手术后不同时间心房颤动转复为窦性心律的比例及影响因素进行分析。结果　术后自动复跳或电击复跳转复为窦性心律有 78例 (5 9.0 9% ) ,维持 2 4 h以上有 4 3例 (32 .5 8% ) ,窦性心律维持 2周以上有 2 1例 (15 .91% ) ,6个月以后则有 2 3例 (17.4 2 % )为窦性心律。术后即刻转复为窦性心律与心房颤动持续时间、心胸比例、左心房内径、右心房内径、肺动脉高压、术后电击复跳次数等因素有关 ,窦性心律的维持与心房颤动持续时间、左心房内径、肺动脉高压等有关。结论　瓣膜置换术可使部分风湿性心脏病合并心房颤动患者恢复窦性心律 ,术前心房颤动持续时间、左心房内径、肺动脉高压对心房颤动转复及窦性心律维持有重要意义     

心房颤动山羊模型转复窦性心律后血液和心房肌组织中醛固酮水平的变化

目的:研究心房颤动(Af)山羊模型恢复窦性心律后血液和心房肌组织中醛固酮水平的变化.方法:18只成年山羊,体重相仿,雌雄不限,随机分成3组,其中窦性心律组(A组)6只,Af模型组(B组)6只,Af模型复律组(C组)6只,3组均行开胸手术,左心耳缝入起搏电极,A组不起搏,B、C组持续快速心房起搏3个月形成Af模型,3个月后处死A、B组山羊,取左、右心房肌组织冻存,C组停止起搏,予心律平静脉注射或加用直流电复律,维持窦性心律3个月,之后处死C组山羊,取左、右心房肌组织冻存,用ELISA法测定各组心肌标本中醛固酮水平.C组在Af前、Af后3个月、复律后2周、1个月、2个月、3个月时各留取血清标本,用放射免疫法测定血清醛固酮水平.结果:C组心肌组织醛固酮水平低于B组(P＜0.01),与A组比较则差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),左、右心房肌组织醛固酮水平差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);Af复律后2周、1个月、2个月、3个月血清醛固酮水平呈递减变化.结论:Af恢复窦性心律后血液和心房肌组织中醛固酮水平下降.     

经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术后心房颤动复律患者血浆中利钠肽和脑钠肽的变化

目的:观察经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术(PBMV)后心房颤动(房颤)成功复律与未复律患者血浆中心房利钠肽(ANP)和脑钠肽(BNP)的变化,并探讨与血流动力学参数的关系.方法:选择成功PBMV的风湿性二尖瓣狭窄伴持续房颤律患者48例,其中成功复律组20例,未复律28例,获得外周静脉血及血流动力学完整资料.分别用放射免疫法和酶链免疫法测定血浆中ANP、BNP值,由超声心动图测左房内径(LAD)、二尖瓣口面积(MVA)、二尖瓣跨瓣压差(MPG)、左室舒张末径(LVEED).结果:随访至PBMV后1年,复律组患者血浆中ANP和BNP逐步下降,而未复律组BNP呈下降趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05), 复律组LAD和MPG较未复律组显著缩小(P<0.05).ANP、BNP与血流动力学指标之间相关性比较显示:复律组,术后1年与术前比较△LAD与△ANP下降仍呈正相关性(r=0.774;P<0.05),而△BNP与△MPG有相关(r=0.574;P<0.05).结论:PBMV后,房颤复律可进一步改善血流动力学,缩小LAD,降低血浆中ANP和BNP水平,复律后ANP和BNP的变化,仍是间接反映LAD和MPG变化趋势的有效指标.     

氯沙坦和胺碘酮联用在心房颤动复律后维持窦性心律的作用

目的:观察氯沙坦联用胺碘酮在心房颤动(房颤)复律后维持窦性心律的作用及对左房大小的影响.方法:93例房颤患者,复律后随机分为2组:A组给予胺碘酮治疗;B组在服用胺碘酮的基础上加用氯沙坦.观察2组治疗前后左心房大小变化和房颤复发情况.结果:随访1年后B组的窦性心律的维持率明显高于A组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);B组治疗后较治疗前左房内径显著缩小(P＜0.05),A组治疗前后无差异.结论:氯沙坦联用胺碘酮在房颤复律后维持窦性心律较单用胺碘酮更有效,并可逆转左房扩大.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.