围术期瓣膜替换术死因及相关因素分析

分析了解导致心脏瓣膜替换手术围术期死亡的某些相关因素，以期降低围术期死亡率。收集白１９７６年５月～１９９１年１２月共２２１８例原始病历资料，进行单因素及Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ多元回归分析。结果显示围术期主要死因依次为低心输出量综合征、严重室性心律失常、人工瓣心内膜炎、脑部并发症和肾功能衰竭。围术期死亡主要相关因素依次为心肌保护不满意、施行手术年代、心脏阻断时间≥１２０分钟或体外循环时间≥１６０分钟、既往有瓣膜手术史、心胸比率≥０．７０、术前心功能Ⅲ、Ⅳ级、主动脉瓣狭窄和术前肺动脉高压。结论为心脏瓣膜替换术围术期死亡的显著相关因素明确，避免出现这些相关因素或存在某些相关因素时，积极采取相应处理措施，可望降低围术期死亡率。     

心脏瓣膜置换术患者围手术期的护理干预

目的总结心脏瓣膜置换术患者围手术期的护理体会。方法对24例心脏瓣膜置换术患者给予术前心理支持和完善各项准备及术后病情观察与监测、用药指导等各项措施,观察护理效果。结果本组24例患者均顺利完成手术,术后发生1例心律失常,经对症处理及护理后痊愈,未发生低心排综合征、肺部感染等并发症,均治愈出院。结论心脏瓣膜置换术患者积极实施围手术期各项护理措施,对提高手术效果,减少术后并发症及病死率具有重要作用。     

心瓣膜置换术后患者围术期死亡原因分析

目的分析心瓣膜置换术后患者围术期死亡的原因,探讨降低围术期病死率的措施。方法回顾性分析2004年1月至2009年1月广西医科大学第一附属医院行心瓣膜置换术后死亡的54例患者的临床资料,男28例,女26例;年龄20-65岁（45.5±11.6岁）。全组均在全身麻醉低温体外循环（CPB）下行心瓣膜置换术,其中37例行中低温（26-28℃）心脏停搏手术,17例行浅低温（31-33℃）心脏不停跳手术。对围术期死亡的原因进行分析。结果术中死亡15例,手术死亡率1.78%（15/845）;其余39例患者的死亡时间为术后3h-106d（8.2±17.2d）,死亡原因主要为低心排血量综合征（LCOS）、不能停CPB、心脏及主动脉出血、呼吸功能衰竭、肾功能衰竭、恶性心律失常和多器官功能衰竭等。结论选择恰当手术时机、充分术前准备、改善心功能,术中谨慎操作、良好心肌保护、术后加强监护,可提高手术成功率。     

心脏瓣膜置换术36例分析

目的为了不断提高心脏瓣膜置换术的成功率,总结围术期的经验。方法分析我院36例心脏瓣膜置换术的手术经验、围术期处理及死亡原因。结果本组二尖瓣置换术29例,主动脉瓣置换术5例,双瓣置换术6例,三尖瓣置换术1例。死亡1例,死亡率2.78%。结论提高手术技术,改进心肌保护方法,加强围术期管理等,可以提高手术成功率,降低死亡率。     

心脏瓣膜置换术围手术期心肌保护的观察

随机将１００例心脏瓣膜置换术患者分为治疗组，对照组。治疗组于围手术期行系统的心肌保护治疗，对照组只限于术中低温和冷停搏液灌注作心肌保护。结果表明，治疗组自动复跳明显高于对照组，早期并发症及死亡率低于对照组，死亡率，我们认为强调围手术期心肌氧供需平衡的调节和治疗、麻醉方法的选择、体外循环技术操作及心脏复跳后一系列的心肌保护措施是手术成功的重要保证。     

二尖瓣机械瓣膜置换术后腰椎手术患者围手术期卡瓣1例

心脏瓣膜置换术后患者发生卡瓣是威胁患者生命的严重并发症。当此类患者需再次行非心脏手术时,该并发症发生风险显著增加。报道1例心脏机械瓣膜置换患者在全身麻醉下行腰椎手术及术后发生卡瓣的管理过程,最后患者因心功能衰竭死亡。对心脏瓣膜置换术后患者行腰椎手术的围手术期准备和麻醉管理的经验与不足进行讨论,供临床借鉴。     

非心脏手术围术期心脏事件危险评估与保护性干预

围术期心脏事件是非心脏手术围手术期严重并发症和死亡的重要原因。在临床广泛应用的修订心脏风险指数及ACC／AHA制定的非心脏手术围术期评估指南．可协助临床医生评价非心脏手术心脏风险并做出围术期诊治决策。β受体阻滞剂和他汀类药物可减少高危患者非心脏手术围术期心脏事件及死亡的发生,术前血管重建治疗对于严重冠心病患者是必要和有益的。     

老年人心脏瓣膜置换术围术期的处理

随着心脏外科手术技术、心肌保护及围术期处理的不断提高,心脏瓣膜置换术死亡率逐年下降,换瓣年龄逐年上升［１～３］。从１９９０年１月～１９９５年１２月,我院为６０岁以上患者行人工瓣膜置换术４３例,占同期心脏瓣膜置换手术的４％。现将围术期处理的体会报告如下...     

再次心脏瓣膜手术325例临床分析

目的总结再次心脏瓣膜手术患者的外科治疗经验,探讨其危险因素。方法回顾性分析1998年1月至2008年12月第二军医大学长海医院共施行再次或多次心脏瓣膜手术325例的临床资料,其中男149例,女176例;年龄(47.1±11.8)岁。收集患者术前合并症、术前心功能状态、再次手术原因及手术方式、术后早期死亡及并发症发生情况等相关临床资料,并与同期首次心脏瓣膜手术患者相关临床资料进行对比;通过多因素logisitic回归分析导致再次心脏瓣膜手术围术期死亡的相关危险因素。结果全组患者再次手术的主要原因为二尖瓣闭式扩张术后失败及新发其他瓣膜病变;全组术后早期在院死亡28例,总病死率为8.6%(28/325),主要死亡原因为低心排血量综合征(LCOS)和急性肾功能衰竭;与首次心脏瓣膜手术相比,再次心脏瓣膜手术患者术前合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)、心功能分级(NHYA)Ⅲ～Ⅳ级及心房颤动者较多,体外循环时间及主动脉阻断时间较长,术后发生LCOS、急性肾功能衰竭、急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)等并发症也较多。多因素logistic分析结果显示:术前危重状态(OR=2.82,P=0.002)、体外循环时间>120 min(OR=1.13,P=0.008)、同期行CABG(OR=1.64,P=0.005)、术后发生LCOS(OR=4.52,P<0.001)、ARDS(OR=3.11,P<0.001)、急性肾功能衰竭(OR=4.13,P<0.001)为再次心脏瓣膜手术围术期死亡的相关独立危险因素。结论再次心脏瓣膜手术是难度较大、风险较高的一类手术,但只要术前充分了解瓣膜病变情况、准确把握手术时机及加强围术期监护,仍可降低手术死亡率和并发症发生率。     

瓣膜置换术后患者行非心脏手术围术期不同抗凝方式的对比

目的总结心脏瓣膜置换术后患者行非心脏手术围术期不同抗凝方式的疗效及对比术后出血相关并发症与栓塞相关并发症的发生情况。方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2018年1月就诊于我院的56例心脏瓣膜置换术后行非心脏手术患者的临床资料,其中男27例、女29例,年龄19～75(53.56±13.94)岁。根据围术期不同的抗凝方式将患者分为桥接组(32例)和非桥接组(24例),对比两组患者术后住院时间、术后输血例数及出血相关并发症与栓塞相关并发症的情况。根据患者围术期的栓塞危险程度,将每组患者分为高危亚组、中危亚组、低危亚组,并比较两组患者中各亚组出血相关并发症与栓塞相关并发症的情况。结果桥接组在术后住院时间方面显著长于非桥接组,但桥接组在术后输血例数及总体的出血相关并发症与栓塞相关并发症方面与非桥接组无明显差异(P0.05);根据患者围术期的栓塞危险程度对两组进行亚组分析,非桥接组高危亚组出血相关并发症的发生率显著高于桥接组高危亚组(P0.05);桥接组出血相关并发症与栓塞相关并发症的发生率相近,而非桥接组出血相关并发症的发生率是栓塞相关并发症的7倍。结论桥接抗凝会延长患者术后住院时间;但对于伴有栓塞高危因素的患者,围术期采用桥接抗凝更能使患者获益;继续口服华法林抗凝出血相关并发症的发生率显著高于其栓塞相关并发症的发生率,必要时需术前给予止血药物干预。     

Can the results of contemporary aortic valve replacement be improved?

Although the results of contemporary aortic valve replacement are excellent, cardiac surgeons must identify the factors that predict postoperative morbidity and mortality to develop alternative strategies for high-risk patients. Two hundred seventy-seven consecutive patients undergoing isolated aortic valve replacement between 1982 and 1984 were evaluated. Thirty-seven clinical and 13 preoperative hemodynamic variables were analyzed by univariate and multivariate statistics to determine the risk factors for postoperative morbidity and mortality. The operative mortality was 3%, the incidence of a postoperative low output syndrome was 12%, and the incidence of a perioperative myocardial infarction was 5%. A multivariate, logistic regression analysis found that age was the only the only independent predictor of mortality. Three factors independently predicted postoperative low output syndrome: age, the presence of coronary artery disease, and the peak systolic gradient in patients with aortic stenosis. Patients with aortic stenosis had a higher incidence of postoperative ventricular dysfunction (17%) than those with mixed valvular disease (9%) or aortic regurgitation (5%). Perioperative myocardial infarction was predicted by the extent of coronary artery disease. The incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction was higher in patients with triple-vessel coronary artery disease (13%) and those with left main stenosis (18%) than in patients with single- or double-vessel disease (4%) or those without coronary artery disease (4%). Because of the higher risk of aortic valve replacement in older patients, the risk-benefit ratio of the operation must be carefully assessed in the elderly. Improved methods of myocardial protection may reduce the risks for patients with aortic stenosis and symptomatic triple-vessel coronary artery disease.     

机器人微创二尖瓣置换术

目的 总结机器人二尖瓣置换术的临床应用,以评估其安全性及有效性.方法 2008年6月至2011年4月,20例患者接受机器人二尖瓣置换术,男7例,女13例;年龄32～65岁,平均(44.7±9.8)岁.术前心功能Ⅰ～Ⅱ级16例,Ⅲ级4例.15例合并房颤.股动、静脉及右侧颈内静脉插管建立体外循环.右侧胸壁打直径为0.8cm的器械臂孔3个,直径为1.5～2.5cm工作孔1个,术者于三维成像系统下遥控微创器械完成二尖瓣置换.术中食管超声引导建立体外循环并评估手术效果.术后常规进行随访.结果 无手术死亡及术中术式转化.机器人二尖瓣置换平均体外循环(137.1±21.9)min,主动脉阻断(99.3±17.4)min.随访(12.1±6.6)个月,未见瓣周漏等并发症.结论 机器人系统可安全、有效地完成二尖瓣置换,术后近期效果良好.     

2349例心脏瓣膜置换术早期死亡原因分析

目的 分析2349例心脏瓣膜置换术病人的死亡原因,以期进一步提高治疗水平.方法 1995年1月至2007年12月,2349例心脏瓣膜病病人接受人工心脏瓣膜置换手术.其中二尖瓣置换术(MVR)1333例,主动脉瓣置换术(AVR)271例,二尖瓣、主动脉瓣同期置换术(DVR)736例,三尖瓣置换术(TVR)9例.结果 早期病死率1995年至1999年6.81%,2000年至2004年3.22%,2005年至2007年2.82%.全组总早期病死率3.40%.结论 心脏瓣膜置换术早期死亡的原因主要是低心排血量综合征、肾功能衰竭、心律失常、肺部感染、脑血管意外、左室破裂和多器官系统功能衰竭等.     

三尖瓣置换术后早期及晚期疗效

目的　总结三尖瓣置换术后早期及晚期疗效 ,并分析与早期病死率可能有关的危险因素。方法　行三尖瓣置换术 2 3例病人中男 11例 ,女 12例 ;年龄 12～ 5 6岁 ,平均 2 7岁。其中三尖瓣下移畸形17例、先天性三尖瓣发育不全 3例、风湿性病变 2例、感染性心内膜炎 1例。术前心功能II级 3例、III级13例 ,IV级 7例。结果　本组死亡 3例 ,早期病死率 13%。平均随访时间 80个月 (5～ 130个月 ) ,随访率95 %。晚期死亡 1例 (5 2 % )。1例于术后 86个月时因生物瓣失功再次行三尖瓣置换 ;1例右房血栓。术后生存者心功能I～II级 15例 ,III级 3例。多因素分析显示 ,心功能IV级 (P =0 0 2 )、严重腹水 (P =0 0 0 1)及置换机械瓣 (P =0 0 13)与术后早期病死率有显著相关。结论　三尖瓣置换术后早期及晚期效果良好。术前心功能IV级、严重腹水以及置换机械瓣对术后早期病死率有明显影响     

复杂性感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的评价瓣周脓肿、心肌脓肿以及瓣膜严重毁损等复杂性感染性心内膜炎手术治疗的近、远期疗效.方法回顾性分析1988年12月至2002年6月手术治疗的复杂性心内膜炎患者57例临床资料,均为原发性心内膜炎,其中感染侵犯主动脉瓣25例、二尖瓣16例、二尖瓣和主动脉瓣16例.术中发现瓣叶严重毁损32例、主动脉瓣周脓肿19例、主动脉根部环形脓肿导致左心室-主动脉连接破坏4例、二尖瓣后瓣环脓肿11例、心肌脓肿6例、瓣膜赘生物形成55例.脓肿清除后遗留残腔采用间断褥式缝合6例、自体心包片修补19例、牛心包片修补6例、聚四氟乙烯膨体补片修补4例;施行以带瓣管道作升主动脉根部替换和左、右冠状动脉移植术4例,主动脉瓣替换术21例,二尖瓣替换术16例,主动脉瓣及二尖瓣双瓣替换术16例.结果早期死亡6例(11%),死亡主要原因为低心输出量综合征、人造心脏瓣膜性心内膜炎和多脏器功能衰竭.随访4个月至14年,平均(5.93±0.20)年.晚期死亡5例,晚期主要并发症为人造瓣膜性心内膜炎.术后1年心功能恢复NYHA分组Ⅰ～Ⅱ级占96%(44/46);5年再手术免除率为(84±3)%,5年实际生存率为(61±9)%.结论复杂性心内膜炎局部组织破坏较多,应限期手术或急症手术,清创后残腔的处理是影响手术本身能否成功以及术后近、远期效果的关键.     

Aortic valve replacement in patients 75 years old and older

A consecutive group of 100 patients in the eighth decade of life who had aortic valve replacement (AVR) from 1975 through 1986 were retrospectively studied. Eighty-five of them were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Class III or IV. Isolated AVR was performed in 44 patients and AVR with concomitant procedures, in 56. Perioperative mortality (30 days) was 3%, and perioperative morbidity included 83 complications in 60 patients. Long-term follow-up was available on 93 patients, 71 of whom were alive and 22 of whom were dead. Sixty-eight of the 71 long-term survivors are now in NYHA Class I or II. The low rate of perioperative mortality and the improved quality of life after AVR support the performance of this procedure in this older population.     

Improved early results after heart valve surgery over the last decade

Objectives: This study was undertaken to investigate time trends in early mortality, morbidity and clinical characteristics of patients undergoing heart valve surgery over the last decade. Methods: A regional, prospectively collected, study comprising all patients (2327) undergoing valve surgery in a defined geographical area from January 1990 to December 1999 was conducted. Data were collected from 1746 patients submitted to aortic valve replacement (AVR), 432 to mitral valve replacement (MVR), 78 to double valve replacement (DVR) and 71 to mitral valve repairs. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for early mortality. Time trends of early mortality, morbidity and clinical characteristics were analysed. Results: The total early mortality rate was 5.9%; for AVR it was 4.8%, MVR 9%, DVR 14% and mitral valve repair 1.4%. The risk factor profiles for early mortality were similar in all groups of valve interventions, with shock, age over 70 years and advanced NYHA class as the strongest risk factors. There was a decrease in early mortality over the period which remained after correction for risk factors. The proportion of patients over 70 years of age and of patients with diabetes increased, whereas other risk factors were not altered during the study period. Conclusion: It is confirmed that early risks for death after heart valve surgery have decreased. This improvement was consistent after adjustment for risk factors.     

国产侧倾碟瓣二尖瓣置换术125例患者20年随访结果

目的　分析国产侧倾碟瓣二尖瓣置换术后 2 0年随访的结果 ,探讨影响患者近、远期临床疗效的因素。　方法　回顾性分析 1978年 9月～ 1982年 6月 ,应用国产侧倾碟瓣膜施行二尖瓣置换术 12 5例的临床资料及随访结果。结果　本组患者风湿性二尖瓣狭窄 31例 ,二尖瓣狭窄合并关闭不全 92例 ,二尖瓣细菌性心内膜炎 2例。其中合并三尖瓣功能性关闭不全 5例 ,3例有二尖瓣狭窄闭式扩张分离术病史。 12 5例患者均采用国产侧倾碟瓣 ( 2 5～ 2 9mm)施行二尖瓣置换术 ,合并中度以上三尖瓣功能性关闭不全者行改良DeVega或Kay法环缩术。术后发生并发症 31例 ,住院期间死亡 11例 ( 8 8% )。早期死亡原因为低心排出量综合征、呼吸功能衰竭、急性肾功能衰竭、人造瓣膜功能障碍等。长期生存 114例 ,平均随访时间为 12 8年。生存 10年以上者 89例 ( 78% ) ;15年以上 5 8例( 5 1% ) ;2 0年以上 5 5例 ( 48% )。晚期死亡 16例 ,死亡的主要原因为心力衰竭、抗凝有关的并发症、血栓栓塞 ,以及风湿热复发。患者术后 10年、2 0年生存率分别为 82 3%和 5 1 1%。抗凝过量出血与血栓栓塞并发症的发生率分别为 0 83%病人·年与 0 4 1%病人·年。生存 2 0年以上的 5 5例患者 ,心功能恢复Ⅰ级者 37例、Ⅱ级 13例、Ⅲ级 6例。　结论     

Long-term experience with the Sorin Bicarbon and Edwards Mira mechanical valve prostheses in the mitral position

OBJECTIVE: Sorin Bicarbon (SB) and Edwards Mira (EM) valves have an identical mechanical design but different sewing cuffs. The purpose of this retrospective study was to analyze the long-term clinical and echocardiographic outcomes after mitral valve replacement with these two valves in a combined population of patients. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed records of 73 patients who underwent mitral valve replacement using SB (n = 19) or EM (n = 54) valves. Preoperatively, 49 patients (68.1%) were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III or IV. Concomitant procedures were performed in 52 patients (71.2%). Early and late postoperative echocardiography was performed in 69 and 57 patients, respectively. RESULTS: Operative mortality was 4.1%, and early morbidity was 9.6%. Overall patient survival at 9 years was 85.1% +/- 4.8%. Actuarial freedom from valve-related death was 95.4% +/- 2.6% at 9 years. As shown by Doppler echocardiography, the early and late mean transprosthetic pressure gradients were 3.4 +/- 1.4 mmHg and 3.8 +/- 2.1 mmHg, respectively. At the end of follow-up, 98.4% of survivors were in NYHA class I or II. CONCLUSION: The Sorin Bicarbon and, Edwards Mira mechanical valves in the mitral position provide satisfactory long-term clinical and echocardiographic performance.     

Reoperations on Prosthetic Heart Valves: An Analysis of Outcome

Abstract: To evaluate risks and complications of reoperations on prosthetic heart valves, we reviewed data on 70 patients who underwent reoperations because of prosthetic valve malfunction. Overall hospital mortality was 13% (9/70 patients). The common cause of death was low cardiac output syndrome following surgery (4 patients). Respiratory failure and mediastinal infection accounted for 2 deaths each, and neurological complication for 1 death. However, hospital mortality was different according to the risk factors; reoperations for prosthetic valve endocarditis (18%, p < 0.05), advanced New York Heart Association (NYHA) class (50%, p < 0.001), and emergency operation (33%, p < 0.005) were the significant risk factors. In contrast, advanced age, female sex, type of prosthesis, valve position, and diagnosis (leak, structural deterioration, or valve thrombosis) did not appear to be significant risk factors. There were 7 late deaths (4 valve-related, 2 cardiac, and 1 noncardiac). Inasmuch as emergency operation, advanced NYHA class, and prosthetic valve endocarditis affected hospital mortality, these factors contributed to late death. Actuarial survival rate and freedom from valve-related mortality at 10 years were 75.8 ± 2.8% and 87.2 ±2.3%, respectively. There were 8 valve-related complications, and freedom from valve-related complications at 10 years was 73.5 ± 3.5%. As judged by these data, hospital mortality and late survival can be improved if hemodynamic conditions leading to myocardial damage can be prevented.