大脑中动脉狭窄脑梗死颅内血流动力学及侧支循环研究

目的 探讨大脑中动脉(MCA)狭窄或闭塞的脑梗死患者颅内血流动力学改变和侧支循环的代偿及神经功能缺损的关系.方法 通过经颅多普勒(TCD)检查,计算双侧大脑前动脉(ACA)、大脑后动脉(PCA)峰流速及其比值(RVACA、RVPCA),并与正常对照组比较.结果 共观察38例单侧MCA狭窄或闭塞的脑梗死患者.(1)病例组ACA、PCA血流速度代偿性增快,以ACA代偿为主(76.3%);(2)病例组RVACA明显较对照组高﹙P<0.01﹚;(3)MCA主干及皮层支梗死患者的RVACA明显较对照组及深穿支梗死组高﹙P<0.01,P<0.05﹚;MCA重度狭窄或闭塞脑梗死患者的RVACA较对照组及中度狭窄组高﹙P<0.05﹚;(4)病例组RVACA及RVPCA与NIHSS呈负相关(P<0.01﹚.结论 皮质软脑膜侧支吻合血管开放成为MCA狭窄或闭塞脑梗死侧支循环的主要途径,其代偿程度与预后相关.     

经颅多普勒对分水岭脑梗死的检查评价

目的探讨经颅多普勒对分水岭脑梗死的临床使用价值。方法所有病例均行头MRI、TCD以及主动脉弓、全脑血管造影（DSA）检查,并证实为分水岭脑梗死。结果一侧颈内动脉系统狭窄或闭塞的10例患者中TCD示6例患侧ACA1血流方向逆转,4例患侧OA血流方向逆转,7例健侧ACA,血流速度高于患侧,6例患侧PCA血流速度增快;14例大脑中动脉主干或上干狭窄或闭塞的患者中TCD示6例大脑中动脉阶段性高流速,6例大脑中动脉未探及血流,2例大脑中动脉低流速伴高PI;1例一侧颈内动脉系统轻度狭窄的患者TCD无明显的变化。结论经颅多普勒能够有效地评价分水岭脑梗死患者脑血管狭窄和侧枝循环的代偿情况。     

外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘患者介入治疗的血液动力学分析

目的 应用经颅多普勒超声（TCD）观察外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘（CCF）患者介入治疗（可脱式球囊栓塞术）前后的血液动力学变化。方法 回顾分析2000年2月至2007年10月间介入治疗的18例外伤性CCF患者的TCD结果,并将手术前后的TCD与数字减影血管造影术（DSA）的检查结果进行比较。结果 经DSA证实的18例CCF患者15例行可脱式球囊栓塞术,DSA证实手术一次成功;2例术中改为ICA闭塞术,术后DSA显示患侧ICA完全闭塞;另1例术中出现血管痉挛而被迫放弃手术。术前TCD检测：（1）17例患侧颈内动脉颅外段和（或）颈内动脉虹吸段血流速度加快,脉动指数（PI）值均减低,其中颈内动脉虹吸段加快者伴频谱紊乱。（2）10例患侧大脑中动脉（MCA）、16例患侧大脑前动脉（ACA）血流速度减慢伴PI值下降。（3）11例患侧大脑后动脉（PCA）、14例健侧ACA流速加快,频谱形态正常。（4）16例患侧、2例双侧眼上静脉（SOV）呈现反向的静脉动脉化频谱。术后1周及6个月后复查TCD显示,15例球囊栓塞患者术前异常的颈内动脉及SOV等血管的血液动力学参数均恢复或接近正常,2例行ICA闭塞术患者TCD显示患侧ICA完全闭塞（患侧大脑后动脉及健侧大脑前动脉流速加快）。结论 TCD可以实时、动态的观察CCF患者颅内、外血管的血流及频谱改变,为临床提供可靠的血液动力学信息。     

颈动脉闭塞性血管病的颅内脑血流改变与临床表现的关系

目的　分析颈内动脉严重狭窄 (狭窄≥ 75 % )或闭塞患者 (ICASO)颅内脑血流改变与临床表现的关系。方法　经全脑数字减影血管造影 (DSA)检查证实的ICASO患者 66例 (单侧病变 5 0例 ,双侧 16例 )。临床分为脑梗死组、TIA组和无体征组。应用经颅多谱勒超声 (TCD)检测双侧大脑中动脉 (MCA)血流速度 (Vmca)并判断颅内侧枝循环的开放。结果　①与DSA比较TCD对前交通动脉 (ACOA)判断的敏感性 97% ,特异性 93 % ;后交通动脉 (PCOA)敏感性 92 % ,特异性83 % ;眼动脉 (OA)开放的敏感性 98% ,特异性 90 %。无体征组和TIA组ACOA和PCOA同时存在的出现率高 ,而脑梗死组则仅有OA存在的出现率最高。②狭窄同侧Vmca(3 9 5 5± 13 2 8)cm/s明显低于对侧 (78 90± 2 4 15 )cm/s(P <0 0 1) ,频谱低平呈波浪状。脑梗死组低于TIA组和无症状组 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　TCD可以无创性地检测颈内动脉严重狭窄或闭塞后脑血流动力学的改变 ,并与临床表现相关。前后交通动脉代偿良好时不易出现脑梗死 ;仅有眼动脉反向存在及大脑中动脉血流速度的明显降低往往提示代偿不足 ,易发生缺血性病变。     

经颅多普勒超声诊断大脑中动脉狭窄的临床研究

目的研究经颅多普勒超声(TCD)诊断大脑中动脉(MCA)狭窄的诊断价值,以期为临床诊断提供一定的参考。方法选取2012-01—2014-01入院诊治的96例疑似MCA狭窄的患者,均经TCD检查,并经数字减影血管造影(DSA)证实在大脑中动脉存在动脉闭塞。以DSA检查为金标准,分析TCD对MCA狭窄程度的诊断特异性与敏感度。结果 TCD检查MCA狭窄轻度64例,中重度32例,DSA检查轻度狭窄为62例,中重度34例。以参数综合分析可知,特异性较高的界值是诊断鉴别各级狭窄的关键指标。轻度狭窄TCD检查的关键指标为MFVst(cm/s)≥90,中度狭窄则为180PSVst(cm/s)220、PSVst/PSVpro3,重度狭窄为PSVst(cm/s)≥220、PSVst/PSVpro≥3;应用TCD检查诊断MCA狭窄,轻度狭窄准确度为87.2%,敏感度为94.9%,特异性为85.8%,中度狭窄分别为88.9%、92.9%、87.7%,重度狭窄则为87.8%、88.2%、87.6%。结论经颅多普勒超声可清楚显示MCA,能准确诊断MCA狭窄,并对狭窄程度的诊断准确度、特异性与敏感性较高,可为临床诊治MCA狭窄提供较为可靠的参考。     

TCD检测颈内动脉颅外段重度狭窄颅内动脉血流动力学参数的价值

目的 探讨经颅多普勒超声（TCD）对颈内动脉颅外段（EICA）重度狭窄中颅内动脉血流动力学参数的检测价值。方法 选取2018-05—2023-01湖北省中西医结合医院收治的63例EICA狭窄患者为研究对象,根据临床表现及检查结果 分为症状组（n=34）、无症状组（n=29）。所有研究对象均接受TCD诊断,对比2组患者EICA狭窄情况,对比不同狭窄程度患者的MCA血流动力学参数,以及重度无症状、症状患者MCA血流动力学参数,对比症状组、无症状组侧支循环开放情况。结果 症状组、无症状组患者EICA狭窄分布情况对比差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,症状组重度EICA狭窄发生率高于无症状组。不同狭窄程度患者大脑中动脉（MCA）血流动力学参数对比差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。重度狭窄症状组患者MCA的收缩期峰时血流速度（PSV）、舒张末期血流速度（EDV）、平均血流速度（Vm）、搏动指数（PI）均低于重度狭窄无症状组（P<0.05）。TCD显示,2组轻度、中度狭窄患者均未见侧支循环开放事件,而重度无症状组前交通动脉（ACoA）、后交通动脉（PCoA）侧支循环开放率均高于重度...     

经颅多普勒超声诊断脑动脉痉挛与数字减影血管造影的对比研究

目的探讨经颅多普勒超声(TCD)诊断大脑中动脉(MCA)、椎动脉(VA)、基底动脉(BA)痉挛的可靠性。方法对50例蛛网膜下腔出血患者同时行TCD和数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查并进行对比分析。结果DSA发现MCA痉挛26条，其中TCD检出21条，DSA未证实有痉挛的MCA中，TCD检出4条，TCD诊断MCA痉挛的敏感性为80．8％，特异性为84．0％，而且MCA痉挛程度越重，TCD敏感性越高。DSA发现BA痉挛18条，其中经TCD检出13条，DSA未证实有痉挛的BA中，TCD检出4条，TCD诊断BA痉挛的敏感性为72．2％，特异性为76．5％。DSA发现VA痉挛28条，其中经TCD检出20条，DSA未证实有痉挛的VA中，TCD检出6条，TCD诊断VA痉挛的敏感性为71．4％，特异性为76．9％。结论TCD诊断MCA、VA、BA痉挛有较高的可靠性。     

高血压病的TCD研究

目的：观察各期高血压病患者脑血流动力学改变情况，为脑卒中的防治提供依据。方法：应用彩色经颅多普勒对155例各期高血压病患者和50例正常对照组的双侧大脑中动脉（MCA），大脑前动脉（ACA）、大脑后动脉（PCA）、基底动脉（BA）的平均血流速度（Vm）和血流脉动指数（PI）进行观察。结果：高血压Ⅰ组颈内动脉系统Vm增高，BA、PCA无变化，PI值均无变化；Ⅱ、Ⅲ期随着分期增高颈内动脉系统、BA的Vm逐渐降低，PCA无变化，PI均逐渐增高，Ⅱ、Ⅲ期分别有6％、14％MCA或ACA狭窄．结论：Ⅰ期高血压患者处于高血流动力学状态，Ⅱ、Ⅲ期高血压随病情发展血流速度减慢，血管组力渐加大，20％出现血管狭窄，高血压病对颈内动脉系统血流动力学的影响较椎一基底动脉早且严重。     

症状性颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者的侧支循环评估

目的 探讨症状性颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者的侧支循环评估。方法 选取中国人民解放军火箭军总医院(原第二炮兵总医院)神经内科住院的症状性颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者41例,首先采用德国EME公司TC-2000S型经颅彩超多普勒(Transcranial Doppler,TCD)仪,常规检测双侧颈总动脉及颈内动脉、颅内Willis环及相关主要动脉分支,进行侧支循环评估; 进一步采用德国西门子64层螺旋CT扫描机行CT血管成像(CT angiography in diagnosis,CTA)检查,明确颈内动脉病变的存在; 再应用PHILIPS FD20 DSA数字减影机行全脑血管造影术并进行侧支循环评估,评估颈内动脉闭塞性病变后的侧支循环代偿能力,评估眼动脉侧支循环通路的开放情况及作用。结果 41例患者颈内动脉重度狭窄24例,颈内动脉闭塞17例。TCD显示ACoA开放5例,占12.2%,DSA为4例,占9.76%; TCD显示PCoA开放5例,占12.20%,DSA为3例,占7.32%; TCD判断OA开放25例,占60.98%,DSA为23例,占56.11%; TCD提示LA开放3例,占7.32%,DSA提示2例,占4.88%; TCD显示无侧支循环开放者16例,占39%,DSA为14例,占34.15%。TCD和DSA在评估侧支血管开放数量方面无显著差异(P>0.05)。TCD评估眼动脉开放在颈内动脉重度狭窄和闭塞的患者中有显著差异(P<0.05)。颈内动脉重度狭窄患者和闭塞患者的TCD及DSA侧支循环评估无显著差异(P>0.05)。OA单独开放患者较无OA开放患者PI值高。狭窄组MCA的PI值低于闭塞组,狭窄组OA最高流速低于闭塞组(P<0.05)。颈内动脉狭窄组OA单独开放数量<闭塞组(P<0.05)。结论(1)TCD与DSA在评估侧支循环血管开放数量方面的作用基本一致,TCD可作为CTA和DSA侧支评估之前的初筛手段,可以独立作为侧支循环评估的检查手段;(2)眼动脉是否参与侧支循环及眼动脉的的开放程度与颈内动脉本身病变程度有关。眼动脉作为次级侧支通路参与侧支循环的程度与病情严重程度具有一定相关性,在颈内动脉慢性闭塞性患者眼动脉单独开放的比例>重度狭窄的患者,重度狭窄的患者OA最高流速低于闭塞组患者,这说明颈内动脉慢性闭塞性患者其OA开放后提供的灌注代偿作用相对更大。     

大面积脑梗死血管成像及血流动力学改变研究

目的 探讨大面积脑梗死颅内血管成像及血流动力学变化特点.方法 对39例大面积脑梗死患者在急性期进行颅脑MRI、MRA及TCD检查观察颅内血管成像及血流动力学变化情况.结果 39例大面积脑梗死患者中颈动脉闭塞7例,大脑中动脉闭塞17例,大脑中动脉狭窄及远端分支减少15例,大脑前动脉狭窄及闭塞5例,大脑后动脉狭窄3例,TCD显示大面积脑梗死病侧MCA Vm、ICA Vm明显低于对照组(P<0.05)和病灶对侧(P<0.05),双侧ACA Vm与对照组比较无显著差异:血管搏动指数和阻力指数(PI、RI)与对照组比较明显增大有显著差异(P<0.05).结论 大面积脑梗死患者MRA可直接了解颅内闭塞情况及狭窄程度,TCD可了解颅内血流动力学改变及血管阻力,从而了解梗死区血供情况,间接了解颅内压,为判断病情及预后提供参考.     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

A contribution to the study of the architecture of the autonomic nervous system of the digestive tract of the rat

Summary The distribution of aminergic and non-aminergic nerve fibres to the different constituents of the wall of the digestive tract in various regions is described. Aminergic fibres synapse with all nervous perikarya. Densely interlacing networks of nerve fibres are found in both layers of the tunica muscularis and in the lamina muscularis mucosae. A finely meshed plexus is observed in relation to the wall of the blood vessels in the wall of the gut. There are many fibres connecting the muscular and the vascular plexus. No nerve fibres have been observed in direct relation to the epithelium.The functional implications of these findings are discussed.