阴道超声和宫腔镜在诊断绝经后子宫出血中的应用

目的 比较阴道超声和宫腔镜检查在诊断绝经后子宫出血中的应用。方法 回顾性分析2030年1月至2003年12月来我院行阴道超声和宫腔镜检查的绝经后阴道出血妇女63例。全部在宫腔镜检查后刮取子宫内膜送病理检查。结果 组织取样不足2例(3.1％)；萎缩子宫内膜18例(28.57％)；正常子宫内膜4例(14.29％)；子宫内膜炎1例(1.59％)；子宫内膜息肉11例(17.46％)；子宫粘膜下肌瘤9例(14.29％)；子宫内膜单纯增生3例(4.76％)；子宫内膜非典型增生2例(3.17％)；子宫内膜癌13例(20.63％)。阴道超声诊断子宫内膜癌的敏感性为69.23％，特异性为88％，阳性预测值为60％，阴性预测值为91.67％；宫腔镜诊断子宫内膜癌的敏感性为76.92％，特异性为98％，阳性预测值为90.91％，阴性预测值为94.23％；二者联合诊断子宫内膜癌的敏感性为100％，特异性为89.7％，阳性预测值为92.3％，阴性预测值为100％。阴道超声诊断子宫内膜病变的敏感性为94.29％，特异性为39.28％，阳性预测值为66％，阴性预测值为84.62％；官腔镜诊断子宫内膜病变的敏感性为94.29％，特异性为92.86％，阳性预测值为94.29％，阴性预测值为92.86％；二者联合诊断子宫内膜病变的敏感性为96.5％，特异性为93.4％，阳性预测值为91.86％，阴性预测值为95.62％。结论 绝经后子宫出血是子宫内膜癌的一个危险信号。子宫内膜厚度大于4mm，宫腔镜直视下活检或诊断性刮宫，是最佳诊断手段。     

阴道超声和宫腔镜检查在绝经后子宫内膜病变中诊断价值

目的：探讨阴道超声和宫腔镜检查诊断绝经后子宫内膜病变的临床价值。方法：160例绝经后子宫内膜病变患者行阴道超声及宫腔镜检查;以病理结果为标准,评价阴道超声和宫腔镜检查对诊断子宫内膜病变的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值。结果：经阴道超声检查48例正常,其中40例病理证实子宫内膜无异常;112例诊断为宫腔病变,其中96例经病理证实。宫腔镜检查52例正常,其中1例病理证实为子宫内膜单纯型增生;108例诊断为宫腔病变,其中103例经病理证实。宫腔镜检查宫腔内病变、子宫内膜癌和癌前病变的特异性、阳性预测值均高于经阴道超声检查(P＜0.05).结论：经阴道超声检查是一种筛查子宫内膜病变较好的方法;阴道超声联合宫腔镜检查对诊断绝经后子宫内膜病变有重要价值。     

测量子宫内膜厚度对HRT中不规则出血的监测作用

目的 :评价采用阴道B超测量子宫内膜厚度能否作为绝经后妇女使用雌激素连续联合疗法及周期序贯疗法中出现不规则出血的监测方法。方法 :对 186例使用激素替代治疗 (HRT)至少 1年以上绝经后妇女 (其中13 4例使用周期序贯疗法 ,5 2例使用连续联合疗法 ) ,采用阴道B超测量其子宫内膜厚度 ,用药中出现不规则出血者或内膜厚度超过 5mm者进行宫腔镜检查。结果 :不规则出血者与其他患者的内膜厚度之间无显著性差异 ,2 3例子宫内膜厚度 <5mm的不规则出血患者 ,其内膜病检全部是萎缩性子宫内膜 ,如以内膜厚度 5mm为界限 ,阴道B超对不规则出血诊断的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为 10 0 %、77 4%、3 0 %、10 0 %。结论 :在使用HRT中出现不规则出血时 ,阴道B超测量内膜厚度是一种较安全的监测方法 ,可作为内膜活检前的筛选 ,当内膜厚度 <5mm时 ,可不必行宫腔镜检查或活检 ,如子宫内膜厚度超过 5mm ,应行宫腔镜检查及内膜活检     

经阴道超声与宫腔镜检查诊断绝经后服用他莫昔芬妇女子宫内膜病变的比较

目的 该研究比较了经阴道超声（transvaginal ultrasonography,TVS）与宫腔镜检查（hysteroscopy,HS）在诊断绝经后服用他莫昔芬（tamoxifen,TAM）对子宫内膜病变的价值,以探讨与其相关的监测方法.方法 随诊了46例绝经后因乳腺癌服用TAM（20mg/d）超过6个月的妇女.所有患者均施行了TVS、HS以及内膜组织病理学检查.TVS以子宫内膜厚度≥5mm为阳性判断标准.结果 TVS检查结果阳性21例（45.7%）中,经HS及病理诊断证实内膜息肉14例,单纯增殖型内膜2例,萎缩型内膜5例;TVS检查结果阴性25例（54.3%）中,内膜息肉8例,单纯增殖型内膜3例,萎缩型内膜14例.TVS检查的特异性为70.8%,敏感性为63.6%,阳性预测值为66.7%,阴性预测值为68.0%.而HS分别为100%、96.0%、95.7%和95.7%.息肉病人的TVS结果与非息肉病人比较差异有显著性（P=0.019）.结论 由于TAM对绝经后的子宫内膜具有雌激素样作用,能够引起内膜基质水肿,产生类似增生内膜的超声影像,导致TVS的检查结果与HS下所见以及内膜病检不相符.服用TAM的绝经后乳腺癌患者,单纯以TVS作为其内膜病变的筛选方法具有一定诊断价值,但存在较高的假阳性率且特异性较差.在确诊子宫内膜息肉方面HS具有特殊优势.     

经阴道超声测量对绝经后子宫内膜癌的诊断价值

目的:评价经阴道超声测量对绝经后子宫内膜癌的诊断价值。方法:选择因经阴道超声提示宫腔占位行宫腔镜检查术绝经后妇女520例,分析绝经后子宫内膜癌患者的相关特征。以病理诊断结果为金标准,评价经阴道超声和宫腔镜诊断子宫内膜癌的灵敏度和特异度。以ROC曲线下面积确定经阴道超声测量宫腔占位大小诊断绝经后子宫内膜癌的最佳临界值。结果:绝经后阴道流血(postmenopausal bleeding,PMB)、宫腔占位大及宫腔积液多与绝经后子宫内膜癌相关,而年龄、绝经年龄、绝经时间、内膜厚度与绝经后子宫内膜癌无关。伴PMB妇女的子宫内膜癌发生率是无PMB妇女的6.4倍。宫腔镜诊断绝经后子宫内膜癌的准确性高于经阴道超声。超声测量宫腔占位大小诊断无PMB子宫内膜癌的最佳临界值为14.5mm,此时阳性预测值为10.75%、阴性预测值为99.14%。超声测量宫腔占位大小诊断伴PMB绝经后子宫内膜癌的最佳临界值为18.5mm,此时阳性预测值为55.56%、阴性预测值为91.94%。结论:对于无PMB的妇女,经阴道超声测量宫腔占位大于14.5mm作为行宫腔镜检查的指征较合理;而对于经阴道超声发现宫腔占位且伴PMB的妇女,子宫内膜癌发生率较高,建议均行宫腔镜检查。     

超声检测绝经后阴道出血子宫内膜病变

目的 :探讨绝经后阴道出血妇女应用超声检测子宫内膜病变的价值。方法 :对 132例绝经后阴道出血妇女行阴道超声检查 ,测量其子宫大小及内膜厚度 ,然后行分段诊刮术 ,标本送病理检查。结果 :5 3例子宫内膜厚度≤ 4mm ,其中 5 2例 (98.1% )内膜属生理性改变 ,1例为内膜癌 (1.9% ) ;79例为内膜厚度≥ 5mm ,其中 6 5例 (82 .35 % )内膜病理性改变 ,2 3例为内膜癌 (2 9.1% )。结论 :子宫内膜厚度≤ 4mm者 ,可免于诊刮。高分辩阴道超声检查可作为绝经后阴道出血妇女的常规检查方法和子宫内膜癌高发群的筛查手段     

宫腔镜检查术在绝经后出血中的诊断价值

目的:探讨宫腔镜检查术在绝经后出血中的诊断价值。方法:应用宫腔镜检查绝经后出血患者151例,术中行定位取材或诊断性刮宫;刮出物送病理检查。结果:宫腔镜诊断子宫内膜萎缩、黏膜下子宫肌瘤、子宫内膜增生、子宫内膜癌的敏感性分别为94.91%、85.71%、75%、60%。结论:宫腔镜检查绝经后出血,可提高对子宫内膜萎缩及黏膜下子宫肌瘤的诊断率;尽管对子宫内膜癌的诊断敏感性与单纯诊刮相似,但可观察到更详细的形态学变化。     

阴道超声对绝经后出血患者子宫内膜的观察

目的 :运用经阴道彩色多普勒技术鉴别诊断绝经后出血患者的子宫内膜病变。方法 :观察 4 8例绝经后出血患者的子宫内膜厚度、形态及血流参数 ,并经宫腔镜或手术证实。结果 :有效地诊断了萎缩性内膜、内膜增生、内膜息肉、粘膜下肌瘤和子宫内膜癌 ;萎缩性内膜厚度最小为 ( 3 .3± 1.2 ) mm,子宫内膜癌的阻力指数最低为 0 .3 5± 0 .0 3。结论 :经阴道彩色多普勒能较为准确地预测绝经后出血患者子宫内膜的病理变化。     

经阴道超声筛查子宫内膜良性病变的价值探讨

目的以宫腔镜联合病理检查结果（H＆B）为金标准，探讨经阴道超声（TVS）筛查子宫内膜良性病变的价值。方法回顾性分析我院150例子宫内膜良性病变患者的TVS检查结果，与同期的H＆B进行对比。结果TVS诊断子宫内膜良性病变的敏感性为97．9％，特异性为80．0％，阳性预测值为96．6％，阴性预测值为72．7％。结论TVS检查可作为诊断子宫内膜良性病变经济、实用、敏感的检查手段，与H＆B高度一致。     

阴道超声联合宫腔镜诊治围绝经期妇女子宫内膜病变的临床价值

目的探究子宫内膜厚度与组织病理学诊断之间的关系,以及经阴道超声(TVS)联合宫腔镜检查(HS)对围绝经期妇女子宫内膜病变的临床应用价值。方法选取因异常子宫出血收治的围绝经期女性共130例。所有入选者均行经阴道超声检查,后行宫腔镜直视下检查行分段诊刮,送检刮出的组织,做病理学诊断。结果筛查子宫内膜病变的最佳内膜厚度的截止值为5.5 mm,其对应的灵敏度、特异度、约登指数、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别是95.24%、51.38%、46.62%、27.40%、98.20%,HS对子宫内膜病变的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、符合率分别为96.26%,特异度86.96%,阳性预测值97.17%,阴性预测值83.33%,其中,对于子宫内膜非典型增生和子宫内膜癌的符合率分别为97.69%、99.23%。结论 TVS测量的子宫内膜厚度对子宫内膜病变是具有初筛作用的敏感方法,可在此基础上指导实施组织病理学检查鉴别内膜的性质。HS对诊断子宫内膜良恶性病变具有较高的符合率,可提高准确率。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.