步行运动锻炼干预对乳腺癌患者化疗相关认知障碍的影响

目的 探讨步行运动锻炼干预对乳腺癌患者化疗相关认知障碍及睡眠质量的影响。方法 采用整群随机法将2个科室首次进行化疗的乳腺癌患者分为两组，各28例。对照组接受化疗期常规护理，干预组在对照组基础上接受步行运动锻炼干预。干预前及干预12周后采用癌症治疗功能评估-认知功能量表、蒙特利尔认知评估量表、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表进行效果评定。结果 两组各有26例患者完成全程研究，干预后干预组患者主观认知得分、客观认知得分显著高于对照组，睡眠质量得分显著低于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论 步行运动锻炼干预可一定程度改善乳腺癌化疗患者认知功能及睡眠质量。     

妊娠期妇女体质量自我管理的定性用户画像研究

目的 探究妊娠期妇女体质量自我管理特征及人群差异,为制定针对性干预措施提供参考。方法 采用目的抽样法选取15名孕产妇进行半结构式访谈,通过Colaizzi 7步法分析资料;基于自我管理理论,人工抽取妊娠期妇女体质量自我管理特征构建画像,采用词云与表格形式完成画像的可视化。结果 提取5个特征：基本特征、认知特征、行为特征、社会支持特征、心理调适特征;构建4类妊娠期妇女体质量自我管理的典型画像：自主自律型、无能为力型、放任无为型、盲目实践型。结论 妊娠期妇女体质量自我管理存在较大的群体差异性,可根据不同的用户画像群体特征,给予个性化、精准化的管理方案。     

认知行为干预对乳腺癌化疗患者生活质量的探讨

目的探讨认知行为干预对乳腺癌术后化疗患者生活质量的影响。方法随机将60例女性乳腺癌术后患者分为2组,各30例。对照组采用常规治疗和健康康复指导教育。干预组在对照组基础上给予认知行为干预。采用乳腺癌患者生活质量量表(QLQ-BR53)检测比较患者化疗前、后各期的生活质量。结果化疗前2组患者的生活质量差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。化疗结束后1周内(T2)及6个月(T3)干预组患者的生活质量功能维度得分均高于对照组,其中认知功能、情绪功能、总体健康状况、角色功能、未来看法评分比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。干预组患者T2、T3期症状维度得分均低于对照组,其中烦恼、疲倦、睡眠评分比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对乳腺癌术后化疗患者给予行为干预,有利于提高患者的生活质量。     

乳腺癌患者化疗期间性行为认知及需求的质性研究

目的了解乳腺癌患者化疗期间性行为认知及需求状况。方法采用质性研究中的现象学研究方法,以半结构式访谈对19例乳腺癌患者进行深入访谈,利用Colaizzi分析程序进行分析、归纳、提炼和萃取主题。结果乳腺癌患者化疗期间性行为认知及需求主要归纳出5个主题:不良性生理心理体验;性行为的不确定感;体像紊乱对性心理的冲击;配偶性态度的转变;对健康性行为知识的需求。结论乳腺癌患者化疗期间缺乏正确的性认知,医务人员应对化疗期乳腺癌患者开展性教育,提高患者及家属的性知识水平,改善其整体生活质量。     

乳腺癌患者化疗期间体质量增加的研究进展

乳腺癌患者化疗期间的体质量增加严重影响了患者的预后和生活质量。本文就乳腺癌患者化疗期间体质量增加的现状、影响因素、体质量增加的机制以及体质量增加的干预模式进行综述,为乳腺癌患者化疗期间体质量管理的进一步研究提供指导。     

运动干预对乳腺癌患者术后体能、心理及生活质量的影响(附3例报道)

目的探讨运动干预对乳腺癌患者术后体能、心理及生活质量的影响。方法回顾性分析笔者所在诊所对3例乳腺癌患者术后进行运动干预后的临床数据。结果 3例患者均完成了3次/周的运动训练。运动干预12次(4周)时及运动开始至第3个月时,除1例患者在运动干预至第12次时的生活质量评分有下降及1例患者因用药导致1 min心率回落速度降低外,3例患者的体质量、心肺运动测试结果、功能性运动模式筛查结果、生活质量及心理状态均得到了改善。结论运动干预可能有利于乳腺癌患者术后的康复,待进一步积累病例验证。     

乳腺癌术后化疗对血浆D-二聚体的影响及临床意义

目的:探讨乳腺癌患者化疗后对血浆D-二聚体的影响及其临床意义.方法:检测100例乳腺癌患者化疗前后的血浆D-二聚体,并与100例健康体检者和良性肿瘤患者进行对比分析.结果:乳腺癌患者的D-二聚体水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05),Ⅰ、Ⅱ期患者化疗前明显低于Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者两者有显著性差异(P<0.05).化疗后Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者三周期化疗后与化疗前比较有显著性差异 (P <0.05).结论:乳腺癌晚期患者血液处于高凝状态,血浆D-二聚体的水平可作为观察乳腺癌患者的严重程度、化疗疗效判定及预后的指标.     

乳腺癌患者术后化疗期间的乳房重建认知态度及其相关影响因素分析

目的:探讨乳腺癌患者术后化疗期间的乳房重建认知态度及其相关影响因素分析。方法:选取2016年10月-2017年9月笔者医院收治的178例乳腺癌术后化疗患者为研究对象,对其进行乳房重建认知及态度的评估,并比较不同年龄、文化程度、职业、收入及社会支持程度者的评估结果,同时以多因素Logistic回归分析处理上述因素与患者乳房重建认知态度的关系。结果:178例乳腺癌术后化疗患者的乳房重建认知及态度较好者分别为80例及94例,占44.94%及52.81%,不同年龄、文化程度、职业、收入及社会支持程度者的乳房重建认知态度比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、文化程度、职业、收入及社会支持程度是乳腺癌术后化疗期间对乳房重建认知态度的影响因素。结论:乳腺癌术后患者化疗期间对乳房重建认知态度一般,且其相关影响因素较多,应根据影响因素进行针对性干预。     

化疗诱导的周围神经病变患者多模式运动干预

目的 探讨多模式运动在化疗诱导的周围神经病变患者中的应用效果。方法 便利抽取82例结直肠癌化疗诱导的周围神经病变患者,按病区分为对照组和干预组各41例。对照组采用步行运动,每次30 min,每周至少3次;干预组采用多模式运动干预,每次30~40 min,每周至少3次。干预前及干预12周,采用化疗诱导的周围神经病变评估工具、Berg平衡量表、修正版跌倒效能量表、起立-行走计时测试 进行效果评价。结果 对照组38例、干预组36例完成研究。干预12周后,干预组患者化疗诱导的周围神经病变得分、Berg平衡得分<45分发生率、起立-行走计时测试结果显著低于对照组,跌倒自我效能得分显著高于对照组（均P＜0.05）。结论 多模式运动有利于改善结直肠癌患者化疗诱导的周围神经病变症状体验及对日常生活能力的影响,提高患者的平衡功能、跌倒自我效能和移动能力。     

青年宫颈癌化疗患者以夫妻为焦点的网络认知行为干预研究

目的 探讨以夫妻为焦点的网络认知行为干预对青年宫颈癌化疗患者心理痛苦和生活质量的影响.方法 便利抽取青年宫颈癌化疗患者及其配偶106对,随机分为干预组和对照组各53对.对照组采用常规心理护理,干预组在对照组基础上实施以夫妻为焦点的网络认知行为干预,共8周.干预前及干预1个月后测评两组患者心理痛苦和生活质量.结果 干预后...     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.