寒区部队住室采光照明状况调查

本文对哈尔滨、长春、锦西地区部队新旧营房采光照明情况进行了调查，结果表明新营房的建筑更符合卫生学要求，窗面积除锦西地区为２．６ｍ＾２之外，其它地区均在５．５～６．３ｍ＾２，自然采光系数为４０．０～４６．５％；人工照明光源为荧光灯（２只），照度夏季为６３．０±２９．４ＬＸ，冬季为６７．７±４１．４ＬＸ。旧营房夏季采光系数为２０．２±１３．３ＬＸ，冬季为２０．８±１９．０ＬＸ。     

臭氧对小鼠血清脂质过氧化物及心脑脂褐质水平的影响

在本研究中，小鼠暴露于低浓度臭氧（１．１±０．３ｍｇ／ｍ~３）环境中７天。第８天，小鼠心、脑脂褐质含量（１０．９±１．７、８．６±１．７μｇ／ｇ）明显高于对照组（８．２±１．５、６．９±１．６μｇ／ｇ）（ｐ＜０．０１）。然而，血清脂质过氧化物含量（２．０±０．５ｎｍｏｌ／ｍｌ），与对照组（１．９±０．２ｎｍｏｌ／ｍｌ）相比，无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

热暴露时间对红细胞免疫粘附功能的影响

本文观察日本大耳白兔在高温仓（干球温３８．０℃±０．５℃、湿球温度３５．０℃±１．０℃或３２．０±１．０℃）中１ｈ，２ｈ及２ｈ后恢复室湿２ｈ三种情况下的红细胞免疫粘附功能状况，结果发现，进仓后１ｈ实验兔的平均体温即由进仓前的３８．５℃上升到４０．３℃，２ｈ上升至４１．４℃，恢复室温３ｈ后下降到７３．９℃，随着体温的升高，红细胞Ｃ３ｂ受体花环率及红细胞ＩＣ花环率升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。待体温恢复正常，     

沈阳军区医用放射性同位素防护调查评价

军区部队１４所医院核医学科使用１２种放射性同位素，均为三类放射性工作单位，年总用量为４．４４×１０（１２）Ｂｑ，放射性场所则多为丙级；核医学场所划分“三区”较合理，诊治仪器设备较齐全；中心医院核医学科室工作量最大，占全区核医学工作量的７１．０％，其中放免又占５１．０％；防护检查所见，分装室和源库内γ辐射水平偏高，分别为２．５４×１０－７ｃ／ｋｇ·ｈ和３．６５×１０－７ｃ／ｋｇ·ｈ；诊治室内存放的３２Ｐ和９０Ｓｒ也造成局部的放射环境，γ辐射达１．２２×１０－７ｃ／ｋｇ·ｈ，并有β射线；７５名核医学工作人员个人年均剂量当量平均为１．９０ｍＳｖ，与１９８９年全国核医学人员年人均剂量当量１．９４ｍＳｖ相当，文中还提出应对源库、分装室加强放射卫生防护，对患者加强管理。     

室内用品中挥发性有机物测试小室的研制

研制了一种用于测试室内用品中挥发性有机物必需的模拟环境小室。该装置为内壁抛光不锈钢圆筒，容积６０Ｌ。中央为可旋转样品支架，转速为３０～７０ｒ／ｍｉｎ。温度控制范围在室温至３８℃，精度±０．２℃；湿度控制范围３０％～９０％，精度±１０．１％。用二氧化碳作示踪气体实测换气次数一理论值相关－２．０％     

扩散法被动式二氧化碳个体监测器的研制

实验采用扩散法波动式采样器，以氢氧化钠浸渍的滤纸作吸收介质，采集空气中二氧化碳形成碳酸钠。分别以酚酞和甲基橙作指示剂，用盐酸分步滴定，测定二氧化碳含量。本法采集二氧化碳的采样速率为６０．０ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，标准差为±５．３ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，采集时间为１～２ｈ，适用的浓度范围为０．０３％～０．６％二氧化碳含量。在现场用红外线吸收法二氧化碳分析仪对比试验，总不确定度为±１８．３％。     

汽车蓄电池厂铅作业工人职业危害调查

调查分析了某汽车蓄电池厂３３６名铅作业工人职业危害情况。结果表明：厂车间空气铅浓度与铅作业工人铅中毒患病率呈完全正相关（ｒ＝１．０００），隔板，极板，总装车间空气铅污染严重，铅烟，铅尘浓度依次为０．２２６±０．３２４，０．４６４±０．７６６，１．９２２±２．３８１ｍｇ／ｍ＾３和０．５０２±１．０２９，０．６６９±１．１５４，３．４１８±３．９５２ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，铅作业工人铅中毒患病率分别为１．２１％     

加用1,6-二磷酸果糖的全肠外营养对严重感染动物及危重病人的支持效果

目的：为比较加用１，６┐二磷酸果糖的全肠外营养（ＴＰＮ＋ＦＤＰ）及常规全肠外营养（ＴＰＮ）对危重应激机体的支持效果。方法：将已造成感染模型的犬分成两组。第一组为ＴＰＮ组（ｎ＝６），输入常规ＴＰＮ液。第二组为ＴＰＮ＋ＦＤＰ组（ｎ＝７），常规ＴＰＮ液加用每天每公斤体重１克ＦＤＰ钠盐。对一组重症应激病人应用１周ＴＰＮ＋ＦＤＰ及常规ＴＰＮ作比较研究，连续５～７天。结果：ＴＰＮ＋ＦＤＰ组血、骨骼肌ＡＴＰ及肌肉磷酸肌酸、细胞色素氧化酶明显高于ＴＰＮ组。给予ＴＰＮ＋ＦＤＰ后，动物２４、４８、７２ｈ血浆ＡＴＰ值明显高于支持前水平（Ｐ＜０．０１）。同时，在２４、４８ｈ时，血浆ＡＴＰ值显著高于ＴＰＮ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。第２４ｈ骨骼肌ＡＴＰ值（４．７６±０．９７μｍｏｌ／ｇｗｔ）明显高于ＴＰＮ组（３．５４±０．８５μｍｏｌ／ｇｗｔ，Ｐ＜０．０５）。在第２４、４８ｈ时ＣＰ含量明显高于ＴＰＮ组。ＣＣＯ染色颗粒明显增加，经彩色图像分析仪测定第４８ｈ及第７２ｈ骨骼肌ＣＣＯ染色颗粒相对密度值（６．０１±２．０３及６．４５±３．１８）较ＴＰＮ组（３．９７±１．８６及３．１０±１．９２）有明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果表明ＴＰＮ＋ＦＤＰ支持组     

^99mTc—DTPA测定肠道通透性的方法及应用

目的：建立９９ｍ锝┐乙三胺五乙酸（９９ｍＴｃ┐ＤＴＰＡ）测定肠道通透性的方法并观察其在临床和动物实验研究中的应用效果。方法：口服９９ｍＴｃ┐ＤＴＰＡ３７～７４ＭＢｑ，收集２４ｈ尿液，γ计数器测定尿液中ＤＴＰＡ排泄量。采用此方法观察了９例健康人和２５例胃肠道手术病人手术前及术后７天肠道通透性，３组病人术后７天分别给予谷氨酰胺０ｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ）（Ａ组，ｎ＝８），０．３ｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ）（Ｂ组，ｎ＝８）和０．６ｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ）（Ｃ组，ｎ＝９）；１０头杂交猪自体小肠移植后分别给予标准全肠外营养（ＳＴＰＮ组，ｎ＝５）和强化３％甘氨酰谷氨酰胺的全肠外营养（ＧＴＰＮ组，ｎ＝５）２８天观察移植小肠的通透性。结果：９例健康人２４ｈ尿液ＤＴＰＡ排泄率为４．８６±１．８６％，术后７天Ａ、Ｂ二组病人ＤＴＰＡ排泄率较术前明显增加（６．６４±３．９５％ｖｓ１３．７１±４．８５％；８．８８±３．９５％ｖｓ１０．７６±２．８８％，Ｐ＜０．０５），Ｃ组手术前后肠道通透性无变化（６．８０±２．１２％ｖｓ３．５５±１．２９％，Ｐ＞０．０５）。术后２８天ＳＴＰＮ组ＤＴＰＡ排泄率明显高于ＧＴＰＮ组（２４．０１±７．４４％ｖｓ７．７７±３．０４％，Ｐ＜     

上海市中福会托儿所膳食与儿童营养状况调查

目的评估中福会托儿所膳食营养素供给量及儿童营养状况。方法该托儿所１９３名儿童分为大班与小班,大班４８名女童和５６名男童平均年龄４５个月,小班４５名女童和４４名男童平均年龄３２个月。采用全月（２５天）每日食物称重记录法进行儿童营养素供给量估算。并应用人体测量学指标评估儿童营养状况。结果平均每日能量供给量大小班分别为５．８±０．４９ｍＪ和５．２±０．５６ｍＪ,蛋白质为４７．８±５．１ｇ和４２．８±５．０ｇ,脂肪为４０．４±６．０ｇ和３７．１±６．１ｇ,碳水化合物２０６．２±２３．０ｇ和１８５．０±２５．３ｇ,与ＲＤＡ相比处于正常范围,即能量占ＲＤＡ的９８．２％和９６．８％,蛋白质占１０１．９％和９８．８％,脂肪占９４．４％和９５．１％,碳水化合物占９８．２％和９６．８％。蛋白质／脂肪／碳水化合物供能比为１４．０／２６．３／５９．６和１３．７／２６．８／５９．５。蛋白质／脂肪／碳水化合物重量比为１／０．８５／４．４０和１／０．８８／４．３０。来自动物及豆类的蛋白质均占总蛋白质的５０％以上。早、中、晚三餐热能分配为３１．５∶３７．１∶３１．７和３３．６∶３７．１∶２９．１。热能与三大营养素供给量４周间差别无显著性意?     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.