膀胱尿路上皮癌中CD24、VEGF、MVD的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨CD24和血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的表达及与肿瘤临床特征的关系。方法采用免疫组织化学SP法检测了120例（80例经尿道切除标本,40例根治性膀胱切除标本）膀胱尿路上皮癌组织,根据VEGF的染色情况计算出膀胱尿路上皮癌组织的微血管密度（MVD）。结果在正常上皮中,CD24局限于细胞浆表达的极弱。膀胱尿路上皮癌组织中CD24的阳性表达率明显高于正常膀胱上皮。高肿瘤分级和高pTNM分期、淋巴结转移的癌组织中CD24的阳性表达率显著高于低肿瘤分级和低pTNM分期、无淋巴结转移的癌组织（P〈0．05）。膀胱尿路上皮癌组织中CD24阳性表达率与MVD呈正相关（r=0．243,P〈0．05）。结论CD24在膀胱尿路上皮癌中表达明显上调,与膀胱尿路上皮癌临床分期、病理分级呈正相关,与肿瘤的浸润、转移、血管形成密切相关。     

趋化因子受体7蛋白与膀胱尿路上皮癌淋巴结转移的相关性

目的观察趋化因子受体7蛋白(CCR7)在膀胱尿路上皮的表达量,分析CCR7蛋白表达与膀胱尿路上皮癌相关临床参数的相关性。方法对28例膀胱尿路上皮癌患者的标本和5例正常膀胱组织标本,采用免疫组化法检测组织中的CCR7蛋白含量,分析CCR7含量与膀胱尿路上皮癌淋巴结转移发生率、CCR7与肿瘤的分期、分级等临床参数之间的关系。结果膀胱尿路上皮癌组织CCR7阳性率为85.71%,显著高于正常膀胱组织(20.00%);在膀胱尿路上皮癌组织中,淋巴结转移组的CCR7阳性率为90.91%,淋巴结未转移组为41.18%,两组差异有显著性意义(P0.05)。高分期膀胱尿路上皮癌(T3~T4)中CCR7的阳性率也显著高于低分期(T1~T2)(93.75%vs.75.00%),高分级膀胱尿路上皮癌(G3)中的阳性率也显著高于低分级(G1~G2)(93.34%vs.38.46%)。CCR7蛋白表达与肿瘤分期、病理分级以及淋巴结是否转移均有相关性,CCR7蛋白表达是淋巴结转移的独立影响因子(P=0.017,OR=3.152)。结论膀胱尿路上皮癌中CCR7蛋白与淋巴结转移成正相关,是淋巴结转移的独立影响因素。     

Smad-4与VEGF在膀胱尿路上皮癌组织中的表达及临床意义

目的研究Smad-4和血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF）在同一膀胱尿路上皮癌组织中的表达及与膀胱尿路上皮癌临床参数的关系,探讨肿瘤血管形成及调节机制。方法采用免疫组化SP法,检测50例膀胱尿路上皮癌及10例正常对照膀胱组织的石蜡标本中Smad-4和VEGF的表达情况,分析Smad-4和VEGF与病理分级、临床分期和复发等病理参数之间的关系。结果膀胱尿路上皮癌组织中Smad-4的阳性表达率（30.0%）明显低于对照组（80.0%）（P〈0.05）;VEGF的阳性表达率（68.0%）明显高于对照组（10.0%）（P〈0.05）;Smad-4的表达与VEGF的表达呈负相关（P〈0.01）;Smad-4的表达与肿瘤临床分期、病理分级、复发及转移显著相关（P〈0.05）;VEGF的表达与肿瘤临床分期、病理分级、转移显著相关（P〈0.05）,与肿瘤复发无相关性（P〉0.05）。结论 Smad-4、VEGF与膀胱尿路上皮癌的发生、发展、复发及转移密切相关;Smad-4可能参与VEGF的表达调控并影响肿瘤血管生成,其具体机制有待进一步研究。Smad-4可作为判断膀胱尿路上皮癌复发、转移和预后的重要指标。     

骨桥蛋白和MMP-10在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的表达及临床意义

目的检测膀胱尿路上皮癌中骨桥蛋白（OPN）和金属基质蛋白酶10（MMP-10）的表达,探索二者与膀胱癌的病理分级和临床分期及临床预后的关系,比较二者之间的相关性。方法应用免疫组化方法检测60例膀胱移行细胞癌和20例正常膀胱壁标本中的OPN和MMP-10的表达,并分析二者表达与肿瘤分期、分级、复发、淋巴结转移之间的关系。结果20例正常膀胱组织中,17例（85.0%）OPN表达为阴性,3例（15.0%）为弱阳性,而MMP-10未见表达;OPN在膀胱癌组织中的阳性率为73.3％（44/60）,MMP-10在膀胱癌组织中的阳性表达率为63.3％（38/60）,OPN和MMP-10在膀胱尿路上皮癌组织和正常膀胱组织表达中有明显差异（P＜0.05）。膀胱尿路上皮癌组织中,OPN及MMP-10的表达与组织病理学分级、临床分期、复发及转移呈正相关,膀胱尿路上皮癌组织中,二者之间的表达亦呈正相关关系。结论OPN及MMP-10表达强度同肿瘤分级、分期、复发、转移有关,可能作为临床评估膀胱尿路上皮癌进展及肿瘤预后的指标及在膀胱癌的进展中起协同作用。     

p-mTOR、P-p70S6K蛋白在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的表达

目的：探讨哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白（mTOR）通路蛋白（p-mTOR）、核糖体蛋白s6激酶（p-p70S6K）在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的表达情况及与预后的关系。方法：利用免疫组化染色检测mTOR通路蛋白p-mTOR、P-p70S6K在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的表达情况,分析p-mTOR、P-p70S6K在不同膀胱组织中的表达差异,与膀胱癌临床病理参数的关系及与膀胱尿路上皮癌预后的关系。结果：p-mTOR在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的阳性表达率（43.3％）高于正常黏膜（17．5％）,p-mTOR表达阳性率随着肿瘤分级分期的增加相应增加,多发性膀胱尿路上皮癌p-mTOR表达阳性率（70．5％）高于单发组（31．4％）,复发组（70．5％）高于未复发组（31.4％,P〈0．01）;P-p70S6K在膀胱尿路上皮癌阳性率（25．9％）高于正常膀胱黏膜（7．5％,P〈0．05）,p-p70S6K表达阳性率随着肿瘤分级分期的增加相应增加,多发性膀胱尿路上皮癌p-p70S6K表达阳性率（45．9％）高于单发组（17．1％）,复发组（30．3％）高于未复发组（17．4％,P〈0．01）;肿瘤分级、分期、数目及p-mTOR表达分别是膀胱肿瘤无瘤生存的独立预后因子。结论：mTOR／p-mTOR／p-p70S6K通路的激活与膀胱尿路上皮癌的发生发展有关,p-mTOR可以作为预测膀胱尿路上皮癌复发的预后因子。     

长链非编码RNA TUG1在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的表达以及预测患者临床预后的价值

目的:探讨膀胱尿路上皮癌组织中长链非编码RNA TUG1(lncRNA-TUG1)的表达量及其与膀胱尿路上皮癌患者临床预后之间的相关性。方法:qRT-PCR法检测68例膀胱尿路上皮癌组织及其癌旁正常组织中lncRNA-TUG1的表达量,分析lncRNA-TUG1在膀胱尿路上皮癌组织中表达水平与膀胱尿路上皮癌患者临床病理之间的相关性及其与患者术后临床预后之间的关系。结果:lncRNA-TUG1在膀胱尿路上皮癌组织中的表达呈异常增高趋势,其表达水平明显高于癌旁正常组织(3.57±0.66 vs.1.00±0.26,P=0.002 1)。膀胱尿路上皮癌组织中高表达水平的lncRNA-TUG1与肿瘤的组织学分级、临床分期以及淋巴结转移具有显著相关性,而与患者的性别、年龄、肿瘤直径等无关。lncRNA-TUG1高表达组膀胱尿路上皮癌患者的术后5年生存率明显低于lncRNA-TUG1低表达组膀胱尿路上皮癌患者,差异有统计学意义(P=0.012 6)。高表达水平的lncRNA-TUG1、高组织学分级、高临床分期以及发生淋巴结转移均为影响膀胱尿路上皮癌患者临床预后的独立危险因素。结论:lncRNA-TUG1在膀胱尿路上皮癌组织中的表达量明显增多,且与膀胱尿路上皮癌患者术后的临床预后密切相关,可作为预测膀胱尿路上皮癌患者预后的独立危险因素和治疗靶点。     

核转运蛋白基因2在265例上尿路尿路上皮癌中的表达及其与预后的关系

目的探究核转运蛋白基因2(KPNA2)表达与上尿路尿路上皮癌(UTUC)患者临床病理参数和预后之间的关系。方法采用组织芯片结合免疫组化染色法检测KPNA2在265例上尿路尿路上皮癌组织和146例癌旁正常上尿路上皮组织中的蛋白表达水平,分析其表达水平与患者年龄、性别、T分期、G分级、肿瘤大小、肿瘤边侧和术后膀胱复发等临床病理参数之间的关系,探讨KPNA2对患者预后的影响。结果 KPNA2在上尿路尿路上皮癌组织中的高表达率(74.34%)明显高于其对应的癌旁组织中的高表达率(24.66%)(P0.05)。KPNA2蛋白表达水平与患者的T分期(P=0.000)、G分级(P=0.033)和术后有无膀胱复发(P=0.004)有关,而与患者的年龄(P=0.265)、性别(P=0.312)、肿瘤大小(P=0.582)和肿瘤边侧(P=0.386)无关。术后随访12～108个月(平均36个月),共有56例出现膀胱复发,总复发率为21.1%。高表达KPNA2的患者5年总体生存率显著低于无或低表达KPNA2的患者(P=0.007 6)。结论 KPNA2在上尿路尿路上皮癌组织中高表达,其表达水平与上尿路尿路上皮癌的临床分期和病理分级密切相关,并影响患者预后。     

血清及尿液OPN对膀胱尿路上皮癌的诊断及临床意义的研究

目的:探讨血清及尿液生物标志物骨桥蛋白(Osteopontin,OPN)在膀胱尿路上皮癌诊断中的价值。方法:收集膀胱尿路上皮癌患者(n=40,研究组)、泌尿系良性疾病患者(n=20,良性组)及健康志愿者(n=10,对照组)血清和尿液标本,通过酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测OPN的表达量,分析OPN与临床病理特征的关系,并绘制ROC曲线确定诊断价值。结果:研究组血清及尿液OPN表达量均高于良性组和对照组(均P0.05);膀胱尿路上皮癌患者血清OPN表达量与TNM分期、病理分级、是否转移相关(均P0.05),而尿液OPN表达量与TNM分期、病理分级、是否转移无相关(均P0.05);血清、尿液OPN对膀胱尿路上皮癌诊断的敏感性分别为90.2%、78.0%,特异性分别为84%、84%。结论:OPN在膀胱尿路上皮癌中具有一定的潜在诊断价值,在患者血清及尿液中显著增高,与临床病理特征密切相关。     

膀胱尿路上皮癌组织中Snail蛋白表达与E-cadherin蛋白、T细胞亚群的相关性分析

目的 研究膀胱尿路上皮癌组织中Snail蛋白表达与E-cadherin蛋白、T细胞亚群的相关性。 方法 采用免疫组化SP法检测156例膀胱尿路上皮癌组织和80例癌旁组织中Snail蛋白、E-cadherin蛋白的表达情况,比较二者在不同病理组织中的阳性表达率,并分析二者表达的相关性;分析膀胱尿路上皮癌组织中Snail蛋白阳性表达和CD4+、CD8+细胞数量及CD4+/CD8+的相关性。结果膀胱尿路上皮癌组织Snail蛋白阳性表达率65.4％(102/156)显著高于癌旁组织的48.8％(39/80),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);其表达与膀胱尿路上皮癌的临床分期、病理分级、肿瘤数量、远处转移及复发有关（P值均＜0.05）。膀胱尿路上皮癌中Snail蛋白与E-cadherin蛋白表达呈负相关（r= -0.186,P＜0.05）;Snail蛋白阳性表达与CD4+细胞数量以及CD4+/CDt+值呈负相关(r=-0.313,P＜0.05;r=-0.305,P＜0.05),而与CDs+细胞数量无关（r= -0.250,P＞0.05）。 结论 Snail蛋白可能通过抑制E-cadherin蛋白表达及诱导膀胱肿瘤局部免疫抑制,促进膀胱尿路上皮癌的浸润、转移。     

p73基因在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的表达及临床意义

目的研究p73基因在膀胱尿路上皮癌组织中的表达及其与临床病理特征的关系。方法应用免疫组织化学SP法检测60例膀胱尿路上皮癌中p73基因的表达,统计分析其与肿瘤临床病理特征的关系。结果膀胱癌组织中p73阳性表达率为38.3%（23/60）,明显低于癌旁组织（78.3%,47/60,P〈0.01）及正常膀胱组织（86.7%,13/15,P〈0.01）。p73蛋白的表达与膀胱尿路上皮癌组织分化程度有关（P〈0.05）,且与临床分期、浸润及转移也密切相关（P〈0.05）。结论p73基因在膀胱尿路上皮癌的发生和发展中起抑制作用,p73蛋白的表达可能是预判膀胱癌预后的重要指标之一。     

牙体牙弓颌骨阻力中心及其临床意义

牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心在正畸矫治力系统中具有重要的意义,也是正畸学领域争论较多的一个问题。Dermaut等研究表明,当力作用于物体阻力中心时,物体将发生平动,否则将发生平动和转动的复合运动。目前,国内外多数学者认为牙体、牙弓及颌骨存在阻力中心,但其位置存在争议。本文就牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心及其临床意义作一综述。     

Hazards and complications of endoscopic transurethral ureterolithotripsy and lithoextraction and means of prevention

Complications related to ureterolithotomy and ultrasonic ureterolithotripsy performed under the control of visual endoscope were analyzed in 86 ureterolithiasis patients, methods of their prevention discussed. All the aforementioned complications were distributed into three groups: inapplicability of surgery due to anatomic and functional defects of lower and upper urinary tracts, intraoperative, and postoperative complications. The commonest ones were ureteral abruption and perforation, acute pyelonephritis, temporary vesicoureteral reflux. Their control measures were considered as relative methods of treatment: immediate surgical intervention in case of ureteral abruption, renal catheterization in patients with insignificant ureteral perforation or acute pyelonephritis. Adequate ureteroscopy, careful consideration of pro- and contraindications, catheterization of renal pelvis and urinary bladder performed within 2-3 days after the surgery and adequate antibacterial therapy are the most decisive steps in the control of aforementioned complications.     

Characterisation and differentiation of chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfibromas - presence and expression of collagen types I and II

AIM: Chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfiibromas are rare benign skeletal neoplasms with reported overlapping histology. Aim of this study was to analyse the biochemical composition of the matrix of these tumour entities in order to further characterise the cellular phenotypes of these neoplasms using typical cell biological marker genes. METHODS: The matrix compositions of chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfibromas were analyzed by HE-histology, histochemistry, and immunolocalization techniques. Cellular gene expression patterns were detected by mRNA in situ hybridization. RESULTS: Chondroblastomas are rich in collagen type I and show foci of an osteoid-like matrix, whereas collagen type II as a typical marker of chondrocytic differentiation was not detected in any of the specimens. Chondromyxoidfiibromas had foci of chondroid appearance with chondroblastic cellular differentiation characterised by collagen type II expression. CONCLUSION: These results characterise chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfiibromas as skeletal neoplasms that have a different biology and which can be distinguished by matrix protein expression products: collagen type II, the typical marker of chondroblast differentiation, could only be detected in chondromyxoidfibromas, but not in chondroblastomas. Thus, both neoplasms are clearly different on the cell biological level.     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.