三甲医院Ⅱ、Ⅲ类切口手术患者围手术期抗菌药物预防使用的现状及其合理性评价

目的:分析医院Ⅱ、Ⅲ类切口手术患者围手术期抗菌药物预防使用的现状及其合理性.方法:抽取医院2020年1月1日-2020年6月30日收治的行Ⅱ、Ⅲ类切口手术患者200例病历,分析与评价其围手术期预防使用抗菌药物合理性.结果:200例Ⅱ、Ⅲ类切口手术患者中,199例患者在围手术期预防使用了抗菌药物,抗菌药物预防使用率达99.50％,其中以单一用药居多(占90.00％);使用频率TOP 3分别是头孢硫脒(32.57％)、头孢替安(23.39％)和头孢西丁(11.01％);用药疗程＜24h的68例(占34.00％),平均疗程为(3.51±3.15)d;分析后发现,200例患者中133例(66.50％)围手术期预防使用抗菌药物不合理,其中以疗程过长居多(65.50％),其次为手术时长＞3h的手术术中未追加抗菌药物(13.50％).结论:医院Ⅱ、Ⅲ类切口手术围手术期抗菌药物预防使用存在诸多不合理用药现象,医院行政部门应加强对其规范管理,以促进抗菌药物使用的合理性、有效性.     

某院骨科Ⅰ类切口手术围术期抗菌药物预防使用的调查与分析

目的:了解重庆市垫江县人民医院骨科Ⅰ类切口手术期围术期抗菌药物预防使用的现状,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供一定的参考。方法:采用回顾性调查分析法,抽取我院骨科2019年9月-2020年9月出院的Ⅰ类切口手术患者病历,综合分析围术期抗菌药物使用的合理性。结果:我院骨科593例Ⅰ类切口手术中,抗菌药物预防使用率达74.54 %(442/593)。手术切口感染率为8.6 % (51/593)。442例预防性使用抗菌药物的手术中,抗菌药物选择合理率为99.77 %(441/442);术前30min-1h给药率99.55 % (440/442);预防用药疗程≤24h者217例,占51.79 % (217/419);预防用药中不合理95例,用药合理率为78.51% (347/442)。抗菌药物使用不合理情况主要包括:无指征预防用药、药物选择不恰当、给药时机不合理、用药疗程偏长及用法用量不适宜。结论:我院骨科Ⅰ类切口手术围术期抗菌药物预防使用率较高,用药疗程偏长,存在较多不合理用药,需进一步加强监督管理,促进围术期抗菌药物的合理使用。     

某三级医院Ⅰ类切口手术抗菌药物应用情况分析

目的 调查分析某三线城市三级医院Ⅰ类切口手术预防性使用抗菌药物情况。 方法 利用医院药品信息系统采用简单随机抽样法抽取2013—2016年Ⅰ类切口手术病例,记录患者基本信息及抗菌药物使用情况,汇总分析抗菌药物使用现状,评价围手术期预防使用抗菌药物的合理性。 结果 948例Ⅰ类切口手术病例中预防性使用抗菌药物共计220例,使用率为23.21%;其中不合理用药共计80例,合理率为91.56%。预防用药存在问题以给药时机不适宜为显著,在不合理病例中占比47.50%,其中尤以术后给药居多。 结论 该院Ⅰ类切口手术抗菌药物预防使用较合理,但仍存在少数给药时机不适宜、遴选药品不适宜等不合理应用抗菌药物现象。对于目前存在的问题应针对性的开展培训,加强用药干预,进一步规范Ⅰ类切口手术围手术期抗菌药物的临床应用,提高用药合理性。     

围手术期抗菌药物合理应用调查评估分析

目的:调查分析某院围手术期抗菌药物预防使用情况,提出合理应用抗菌药物的方法,减少院内感染及细菌耐药性.方法:随机抽取2010年12月-2011年7月197例手术出院患者病例资料,对围手术期预防性使用抗茵药物的合理性进行评估和分析.结果:197例围手术期患者只有3例未使用抗菌药物预防感染,使用率为98.48%,不合理比例为85.23%.结论:围手术期抗菌药物使用存在不合理的选药,预防用药开始时机不合理,用药时间过长,药物使用超量等问题,需进一步加强抗菌药物规范化使用的教育和管理.     

外科Ⅱ类切口手术围术期预防应用抗菌药物研究分析

目的:分析和评价外科Ⅱ类切口手术围术期预防应用抗菌药物的合理性,以促进Ⅱ类切口手术围术期合理应用抗菌药物.方法:随机抽取我院2013年每月出院的外科Ⅱ类切口手术患者病例240例,回顾性分析和评价其预防性应用抗菌药物的用药情况及合理性,并对比分析预防应用抗菌药物组(用药组)和未预防应用抗菌药物组(未用药组)相关费用的差异.结果:240例外科Ⅱ类切口手术预防应用抗菌药物共189例,预防使用率为78.75%;不合理预防应用抗菌药物共64例,占用药组的33.86%.用药组患者的住院总费用、检查费、手术治疗费、西药总费用、抗菌药物费用和平均住院天数均大于未用药组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).用药组主要选用抗菌药物种类分别为头孢菌素类(75.83%)、头霉素类(11.37%),和硝基咪唑类(9.48%)等.不合理用药类型主要表现分别为预防用药疗程过长(93.75%)、选药品种不当(46.88%)、术前给药时机不适宜(31.25%)、无指征联合用药(25.00%)和给药用量偏大(21.88%)等.结论:医院Ⅱ类切口手术围术期预防应用抗菌药物存在严重不合理用药和过度用药等突出问题,总体用药合理性和规范性不足,医院应加强相关法律法规的贯彻和执行,促进围术期抗菌药物的合理使用,以减轻患者的医疗费用和经济负担.     

某院2018年531例骨科I类切口手术患者围术期预防性使用抗菌药物的合理性分析

目的:分析医院2018年骨科Ⅰ类切口手术患者围术期预防性使用抗菌药物的合理性。方法:抽取2018年1月—12月间医院骨科收治的行Ⅰ类切口手术患者531例资料,分析患者围术期抗菌药物预防使用情况(预防使用率、药物品种的选择、用药的时机以及联合用药)的合理性。结果:531例骨科Ⅰ类切口手术患者中,围术期预防性使用抗菌药物421例(占79.28%);抗菌药物的品种选择较为合理,但仍有4.28%品种选择不合理(如指征性不强);预防性给药时间术前1 h内有394例(占93.59%),仍有6.41%预防性给药时间不合理;有17例患者术后追加使用抗菌药物;84.47%患者抗菌药物预防给药时间不超过24 h;单一使用抗菌药物者占95.72%,二联用药者占3.33%,三联用药占0.71%。结论:医院2018年骨科I类切口手术患者围术期抗菌药物的预防性使用基本合理,但存在抗菌药物品种选择不恰当、用药时机不合理、术后用药时间过长、抗菌药物联用不合理等问题,尚待进一步规范化管理。     

某院2017年-2019年妇科清洁手术围术期预防用抗菌药物的合理性分析

目的:分析医院妇科清洁手术围术期预防用抗菌药物的合理性及不合理的原因与对策.方法:选取医院2017年-2019年行妇科清洁手术病例资料(剔除术前已确诊为感染的病例,最终入选病例964例),分析其不同类型妇科清洁手术围术期抗菌药物预防使用率、使用抗菌药物的构成比及其不合理使用抗菌药物原因,并提出解决对策.结果:964例手术患者中,围术期预防用抗菌药物556例,其使用率为57.68％;各类手术抗菌药物使用率均＞50％,其中子宫肌瘤剥除术和卵巢打孔(楔切)术抗菌药物预防使用率均达100.00％;使用抗菌药物患者中使用频次为821例次,其中使用抗菌药物TOP 3头孢呋辛、甲硝唑和头孢唑啉分别为50.67％、19.12％和8.77％,使用的556例患者中,12例视为用药合理,而544例不合理使用抗菌药物患者中出现不合理用药情况1 496例次,其中TOP 3的有用药持续时间过长、用药指征把握不严格和品种选择不当,分别为30.82％、28.54％和19.12％.结论:医院妇科清洁手术预防用抗菌药物存在用药持续时间过长、用药指征把握不严格、品种选择不当等不合理情况,得到医院相关部门的高度重视并出台了系列应对措施,经过不断努力和改进,促进了抗菌药物预防使用的合理性.     

基层医院围手术期预防用抗菌药物调查与分析

目的对本院2012年7至12月份清洁、清洁—污染手术病历围手术期预防使用抗菌药物情况进行调查分析,促进临床合理用药。方法采用回顾性分析,对抽查病历中预防使用抗菌药物的合理性进行审查、分析。结果共抽取345例病历,其中95例清洁手术,使用抗菌药物71例,使用率75%,清洁—污染手术250例,使用抗菌药物245例(占98%),不合理使用抗菌药物的有186例,联合用药57例,17例无有联合用药指征,总计256例不合理,不合理使用率74%。结论药师通过医嘱点评,不断提高药学人员及临床医生用药水平,保障患者用药安全、有效、经济、合理,提高医疗质量。     

围手术期预防性使用抗菌药物合理性调查

目的:调查围手术期预防性使用抗菌药物的合理性,以提高合理用药水平。方法:对我院2006年3月948例住院手术患者围手术期抗菌药物预防性使用进行回顾性调查分析。结果:948例患者在抗菌药物1841次的预防性使用中,合理1039次(56.44%);基本合理189次(10.27%);不合理613次(33.29%)。不合理用药的主要表现形式为:用药时间过长,给药时间不当,剂量过大,选药不正确,非适宜指证,给药次数过少等。结论:围手术期预防性使用抗菌药物过程中存在某些不合理用药的情况。为此,应加强贯彻实施《抗菌药物临床应用指导原则》,以避免抗菌药物的不适宜应用。     

某院505例Ⅰ类切口手术患者围手术期抗菌药物使用合理性分析

目的:分析医院Ⅰ类切口手术患者围手术期抗菌药物临床使用情况以及临床使用的合理性.方法:抽取医院2020年1月—6月符合Ⅰ类切口手术指征患者505例病历资料,分析其围手术期预防用抗菌药物的使用情况及使用的合理性.结果:505例Ⅰ类切口手术患者中,围术期预防用抗菌药物118例,其预防使用率为23.37％;预防用抗菌药物疗程≤24h 33例(占27.97％),预防用药时机合理率为95.76％,预防用抗菌药物品种选择合理率为64.41％;围术期预防用药最多的为注射用五水头孢唑林钠(56例,占47.46％).结论:Ⅰ类切口手术患者围术期预防用抗菌药物使用率低于3 0％,符合要求;不合理用药主要表现在预防用抗菌药物时间偏长、预防用药选用不当及给药时机不当等,医院行政部门应加强对Ⅰ类切口手术围术期的干预管理,以增强围手术期抗菌药物预防使用意识,确保用药的合理性.     

Role of glutathione in reduction of arsenate and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in disposition of arsenite in rats

Arsenate (AsV), the environmentally prevalent form of arsenic, is converted sequentially in the body to arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) and some trimethylated metabolites. Although the biliary excretion of arsenic in rats is known to be glutathione (GSH)-dependent, involving transport of arsenic-GSH conjugates, the role of GSH in the reduction of AsV to the more toxic AsIII in vivo has not been defined. Therefore, we studied how the fate of AsV is influenced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH in tissues. Control and BSO-treated rats were given AsV (50 micromol/kg, i.v.) and arsenic metabolites in bile, urine, blood and tissues were analysed by HPLC-HG-AFS. BSO increased retention of AsV in blood and tissues and decreased appearance of AsIII in blood, bile (by 96%) and urine (by 63%). The biliary excretion of MMAsIII was also nearly abolished, the appearance of MMAsIII and MMAsV in the blood was delayed and the renal concentrations of these monomethylated arsenicals were decreased by BSO. Interestingly, appearance of DMAsV in blood and urine remained unchanged and the concentrations of this metabolite in the kidneys and muscle were even increased in response to BSO. To test the role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in arsenic disposition, the effect of the of the GGT inhibitor acivicin was investigated in rats injected with AsIII (50 micromol/kg, i.v.). Acivicin lowered the hepatic and renal GGT activities and increased the biliary as well as urinary excretion of GSH, but failed to alter the disposition (i.e. blood and tissue concentrations, biliary and urinary excretion) of AsIII and its metabolites. In conclusion, shortage of GSH decreases not only the hepatobiliary transport of arsenic, but also reduction of AsV and the formation of monomethylated arsenic, while not hindering the production of dimethylated arsenic. While GSH plays an important role in the disposition and toxicity of arsenic, GGT, which hydrolyses GSH and GSH conjugates, apparently does not influence the fate of the GSH-reactive trivalent arsenicals in rats.     

微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用研究进展

本文综述了微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用,介绍微透析取样技术的原理、组成、探针类型、特点,重点阐述了微透析取样技术在测定脑、血液、皮肤等组织器官中中药有效成分浓度的应用实例。表明微透析取样技术在中药药效研究中具有广阔的前景。     

应用PASS系统分析我院2010年住院医嘱

目的:了解我院2010年住院患者的合理用药情况,探讨如何利用合理用药监测系统( PASS)提高合理用药水平.方法:利用PASS对我院2010年15 966例住院患者的1 184 997条用药医嘱进行监测,以黑色警示医嘱为依据,收集不合理用药信息,并对监测结果进行统计、分析.结果:不合理用药医嘱50 261条,发生率为4.24％.绝对禁止黑色医嘱5441条,主要为药物相互作用(66.54％)、注射液体外配伍(17.86％)、用法用量(15.46％)、儿童警告(1.14％).结论:应用PASS系统能有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药情况,有利于提高临床合理用药水平,但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善.     

应用PASS系统对我院2008年住院医嘱的分析

目的监测分析2008年我院住院患者用药情况。方法将PASS系统嵌入医生工作站、临床药学工作站等子系统,构建合理用药计算机网络系统,对住院医嘱进行及时监测,将监测结果向医生反馈,并对其进行统计、分析。结果2008年共监测医嘱3 620 241条,不合理医嘱908条,占0.02%。不合理医嘱中,配伍禁忌(381条)占41.96%,用法用量(381条)占41.96%,药物相互作用(108条)占11.89%,儿童用药(38条)占4.19%。经与医生沟通后,更改不合理医嘱856条,占94.27%。结论PASS系统可有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药,通过与医生交流,大大减少药物不良事件的发生,值得临床推广应用,也为临床药师开展工作带来了极大的便利。但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善。     

Role of desacetylation in the detoxification of cephalothin in renal cells in culture

The toxicity of three cephalosporin antibiotics to rabbit kidney cells in culture was compared to their known nephrotoxic potential in vivo (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). While cephalothin is considered to be a relatively nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin when administered to many species including humans and rabbits, in several in vitro systems involving rabbit renal tissue, cephalothin was comparatively more toxic than anticipated based on in vivo data. Cephalothin is extensively desacetylated in rabbits to a less microbiologically active metabolite, desacetylcephalothin. When a microsomal S9 fraction from rabbit kidney was added to the in vitro assay in cultured rabbit renal cells, cephalothin was desacetylated and its toxicity to kidney cells was reduced. The addition of S9 in vitro provided a toxicity ranking of the cephalosporins that correlated with their known in vivo nephrotoxic potentials (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). The in vitro detoxification of cephalothin by S9 was blocked by the coadministration of the esterase inhibitor, aminocarb. Desacetylcephalothin was relatively nontoxic to rabbit renal tissue in vitro. These results suggest that the desacetylation of cephalothin in vivo represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of detoxification of this cephalosporin antibiotic. Furthermore, this mechanism of detoxification may be applicable to other acetylated cephalosporins.     

2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药用药调查

目的:分析讨论某院抗真菌药使用的合理性,为临床安全有效地使用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:回顾性统计分析某院2009年住院患者抗真菌药用药信息。结果:2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药DDDs排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑;使用金额排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、米卡芬净及卡泊芬净;更换一种抗真菌药进行治疗的患者数为176人,在全部患者中占13.4%。结论:应进一步强化用药指征的意识,提高标本送检率,同时改善某些抗真菌用药不合理更换的现象,以避免耐药性发生,从而更好更长远地体现抗真菌药的治疗价值。     

Changes in levels of dependency and predictors of mortality in elderly people in institutional care in Dunedin

The 1983 study of dependency of subjects in institutional care in Dunedin was repeated two years later. A significant increase in levels of dependency in residential homes, particularly in the Religious and Welfare sector was found. In 1983 there were 29 high dependency residents and 73 medium dependency residents in residential homes. In 1985 these numbers had increased to 55 and 86 respectively. There was no change in the number of low dependency residents. In 1983, 6 high dependency residents had been admitted to residential home care in the year prior to the study. In 1985 the number of high dependency residents recently admitted had increased to 23. There had also been a significant increase in the dependency of patients in Religious and Welfare continuing care hospitals. Of the 933 subjects in institutional care in 1983 who were able to be followed, 354 (37.9%) died in the following 2 years. Mortality rate was higher for those in hospital care (48.1%) than for those in residential home care (29.6%). Mortality rates were higher in more dependent subjects and this was evident for each measure of dependency.     

Kinetics of in vitro metabolism of methoxyphenamine in rats

1. Methoxyphenamine (MP) was metabolized in vitro by rat liver preparations to O-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (O-desmethyl-MP), N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (N-desmethyl-MP) and 5-hydroxymethoxyphenamine (5-hydroxy-MP). These metabolic pathways were inhibited by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide, which indicates that these reactions were mediated at least partly by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 system. 2. Strain differences in the metabolism of this drug in vitro were observed in female Lewis and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which are proposed models for human debrisoquine phenotypes. Methoxyphenamine O-demethylase and 5-hydroxylase activity in DA rats were lower than those in Lewis rats. 3. The metabolic transformation of methoxyphenamine in vitro to O-desmethyl-MP was inhibited competitively by debrisoquine and sparteine. This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine. However, no inhibition was observed with methenytoin.     

基层医院护士在临床合理用药中的作用

目的充分利用护士在医师和患者间的特殊地位和作用,促进基层临床合理用药。方法从护士的工作性质出发,论述护士参与促进合理用药的方便和优势。结果通过实践,护士在促进合理用药中的作用得到有效发挥,基层合理用药环境得到极大改善。结论充分利用护士与医师和患者间的特殊桥梁作用,在基层医院促进合理用药,规范医师用药行为,防止药物滥用,引导患者安全用药,降低药源性疾病。