1株老鼠簕内生真菌Trichoderma sp. RSF-1的次级代谢产物分离及生物学活性研究

目的 对漳江口红树林植物老鼠簕（Acanthus ilicifolius）内生真菌Trichoderma sp. RSF-1的次级代谢产物和生物活性进行研究。方法 综合利用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶柱层析及高效液相色谱（HPLC）等分离手段对菌株发酵液粗提物进行次级代谢产物的分离纯化;利用现代波谱学方法（核磁共振、质谱及旋光等）对单体化合物进行结构鉴定;对所得化合物进行细胞毒活性评价和抗菌活性筛选。结果 从Trichoderma sp. RSF-1大米发酵产物中分离鉴定了13个单体化合物：包括1个丁内酯化合物1,5个聚酮类化合物2~6,1个生物碱类化合物7,2个二倍半萜类化合物8和9,3个甾体类化合物10~12及1个脂肪酸类化合物13：piterrione Ⅰ（1）、nafuredin（2）、penicilloxalone A（3）、5-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-7-methoxychromone（4）、5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2,3-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one（5）、fusarimone A（6）、(3R,6R)-4-methyl-6-(1-methylethyl)-3-phenylmethylperhydro-1,4-oxazine-2,5-dione（7）、fusaproliferin（8）、terpestacin（9）、麦角甾醇（10）、β-谷甾醇（11）、啤酒甾醇（12）及亚油酸（13）。结论 从漳江口红树林植物老鼠簕内生真菌Trichoderma sp. RSF-1中分离获得了化合物1~13,其中化合物1为新化合物,7、8和9首次从该种属分离得到,化合物7对多种癌细胞系均有显著的细胞毒活性,化合物8对部分癌细胞具有中等的细胞毒活性。化合物7和13对多种致病菌包括枯草芽孢杆菌、杀鲑气单胞菌和鳗弧菌具有较强抑制作用,其最小抑菌浓度（MIC）值为6.25~50.00 μg/mL。     

南海沉积环境来源真菌Eurotium sp.SCSIO F452的次生代谢产物研究

目的对1株南海沉积环境来源真菌的次生代谢产物进行分离、鉴定及活性研究。方法采用溶剂萃取、硅胶柱层析、凝胶柱层析等方法对真菌Eurotiumsp.SCSIO F452的发酵产物进行化学分离,通过NMR、MS等波谱学技术并参阅文献进行化合物结构鉴定,采用SRB法评价化合物的细胞毒活性。结果从菌株SCSIO F452中分离鉴定6个单体化合物,分别为:isodihydroauroglaucin(1)、flavoglaucin(2)、tetrahydroauro-glaucin(3)、2-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl)-1H-indole-3-carboxaldehyde(4)、neoechinulin A(5)和methyl lino-leate(6)。化合物1-5对4种肿瘤细胞系表现出不同强度的细胞毒活性。结论苯甲醛衍生物1-3是真菌SC-SIO F452的优势代谢产物,细胞毒活性较强,具有潜在的研究价值。     

一株蓝藻来源真菌Aspergillus sp.的次生代谢产物研究

目的 研究一株采自中国三亚蓝藻(Lyngbya majuscula)来源的真菌Aspergillus sp.的次生代谢产物的分离纯化、结构鉴定及其生物活性评价。方法 利用硅胶色谱、HPLC等色谱学分离方法对真菌Aspergillus sp.的次生代谢产物进行分离纯化,并结合NMR,MS等波谱学方法对分离得到的化合物进行结构鉴定;并采用CCK8法,用人肺癌细胞株A549和人乳腺癌细胞株MCF7评价了这6个化合物的细胞毒活性。结果 从真菌Aspergillus sp.的代谢产物中分离得到6个化合物：methyl asterric acid (1),methyl 3-chloroasterric acid (2),methyl 3,5-dichloroasterric acid (3),dihydrogeodin (4),benzomalvin B (5) 和benzomalvin E (6)。结论 化合物5和6为首次从Aspergillus属真菌中获得,化合物 1-6在40 μM浓度下没有显著的细胞毒活性。     

海南海桑内生真菌Bionectria ochroleuca HHS111023次生代谢产物的研究

目的 研究中国特有红树植物海南海桑内生真菌Bionectria ochroleuca HHS111023的次生代谢产物及其生物活性。方法 利用多种柱色谱技术对次生代谢产物进行分离纯化;通过核磁与质谱数据分析结合理化常数及文献比对,鉴定化合物的结构;分别采用纸片琼脂扩散法和MTT法对化合物的抗菌活性和细胞毒活性进行测试。结果 从海南海桑内生真菌Bionectria ochroleuca HHS111023的次生代谢产物中分离鉴定了7个化合物：Lasiodiplodin (1)、(R)-de-O-methyllasiodiplodin (2)、(5S)-5-hydroxylasiodiplodin (3)、 (5R)-5-hydroxylasiodiplodin (4)、methyl (E)-11,12,15-trihydroxyoctadec-13-enoate (5)、对羟基苯乙醇 (6)、对羟基苯乙酸甲酯 (7)。化合物1和2分别对白色念珠菌和青枯雷尔氏菌具有抗菌活性,且分别对SGC-7901和K-562具有体外细胞毒活性。结论 化合物1 ~ 4为首次从淡色生赤壳菌Bionectria ochroleuca次生代谢产物中分离得到,化合物5为首次分离自微生物次生代谢产物;海南海桑内生真菌Bionectria ochroleuca HHS111023能产生具有抗菌和细胞毒活性的化合物。     

角果木内生真菌Penicillium sp. J54代谢产物及活性研究

目的研究红树植物角果木内生真菌Penicilliumsp.J54产生的活性次生代谢产物。方法采用多种柱色谱技术进行分离纯化,根据化合物的理化常数和波谱数据鉴定结构,利用MTT法测定各化合物的体外细胞毒活性。结果从角果木内生真菌Penicilliumsp.J54发酵液中分离了8个化合物,分别鉴定为:aervecdysteriod D(1)、citroside A(2)、3-methoxyepicoccone(3)、2,4-二羟基-3,5,6-三甲基苯甲醛(4)、mycosphine B(5)、mycosphine A(6)、5-羟甲基糠醛(7)、对羟基苯乙醇(8)。结论其中化合物1~5均为首次从角果木内生真菌分离得到,并首次报道了化合物4的核磁数据,活性测试结果表明化合物3对肿瘤细胞株K-562生长具有抑制作用。     

红树林内生真菌多样性及其次级代谢产物GH-9-1抗肺癌活性的研究

摘 要：目的 分析湛江观海长廊红树林内生真菌多样性,筛选具有抗肺癌活性的内生真菌次级代谢产物,对其中1株内生真菌Penicillium sp. GH-9发酵产物4-甲基-3-甲氧基-2,4-戊二烯酸（GH-9-1）进行抗肺癌活性研究。方法 利用微生物培养和发酵技术对红树林内生真菌进行分离纯化及液体发酵,通过16S rRNA基因序列构建系统发育树分析红树林内生真菌多样性,利用高效液相色谱（HPLC）检测技术对其次级代谢产物进行特征峰追踪分离,根据核磁共振数据鉴定化合物结构,采用CCK-8法、流式细胞术、Western blot技术评价单体化合物的体外抗肺癌活性。结果 从湛江市观海长廊采集6种红树林植物组织标本及红树林根部土壤标本,共分离得到130株内生真菌,从真菌Penicillium sp. GH-9的发酵产物中获得其主要特征性代谢产物4-甲基-3-甲氧基-2,4-戊二烯酸（GH-9-1）。化合物GH-9-1可抑制非小细胞肺癌细胞A549和H460细胞生长增殖,并可诱导A549和H460细胞发生凋亡和细胞周期阻滞。结论 湛江市观海长廊红树林内生真菌具有丰富的多样性,从其中1株内生真菌Penicillium sp. GH-9的次级代谢产物分离得到的GH-9-1具有显著的抗肺癌活性。     

红树植物角果木内生真菌J62生物活性成分研究

目的 研究红树植物角果木内生真菌J62产生的活性次生代谢产物。方法 采用多种柱色谱技术进行分离纯化,根据理化常数和波谱数据鉴定化合物的结构,采用滤纸片琼脂扩散法测定化合物抗金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)和白色念珠菌(Candida albicans)活性,利用MTT法测定各化合物的体外细胞毒活性。 结果 从角果木内生真菌J62发酵液中分离鉴定了10个化合物,分别为：反式桂皮酸 (1),3,4-二甲氧基苯甲醇 (2), 2-[(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-4,5-dimethoxy-benzenemethanol (3), l尿嘧啶核苷(4), similin B (5),coibanol C (6), hymatoxin C (7), 5,8-epidioxy-5a,8a-ergosta-6,22E-dien-3b-ol (8),豆甾-7,22-二烯-3b,5a,6a-三醇 (9)和crispin A (10)。结论 生物活性测试结果表明,化合物1, 2和7具有抗金黄色葡萄球菌活性,化合物1和2具有抗白色念珠菌的活性;化合物2和5对肿瘤细胞株K-562显示有生长抑制活性。     

2株海洋来源真菌共培养产物的研究

摘要：目的 对2株海洋来源真菌Stachybotrys sp. 3A00409与Aspergillus sclerotiorum MXH-17的共培养产物进行化学成分和生物活性研究。方法 采用溶剂萃取、柱色谱层析及半制备HPLC等方法对2株真菌共培养发酵产物的差异部分进行靶向化学分离,通过理化性质及波谱学方法并参阅文献进行化合物结构鉴定,并初步评价其细胞毒和抑菌活性。结果 以大米静置共培养作为目标培养模式进行大量发酵,经过目标化合物靶向分离,得到6个单体化合物,结构鉴定为二聚萘并-?-吡喃酮类化合物Asperpyrone A（1）、Fonsecinone A（2）、Asperpyrone C（3）、Aurasperone A（4）、Dianhydro-aurasperone C（5）和异色酮类化合物(7S, 8S)-sclerotinin A （6）。抑菌实验结果显示化合物1对大肠杆菌Escherichia coli表现出弱的抑菌活性,MIC为39.7 μmol/L。结论 共培养刺激微生物代谢产物产生是提高微生物化学多样性的潜在有力工具,本研究从海洋来源真菌Stachybotrys sp. 3A00409与Aspergillus sclerotiorum MXH-17的共培养产物中分离得到了单菌培养中未发现过的5个二聚萘并-?-吡喃酮类和1个异色酮类化合物。     

红树林耐酸真菌OUCMDZ-4736次生代谢产物研究

目的 探究红树林耐酸真菌OUCMDZ-4736的次生代谢产物及其抗甲型流感病毒H1N1活性。方法 菌株在pH 2.5条件下规模发酵,通过现代色谱学方法（硅胶柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱、半制备以及制备型HPLC）对发酵产物进行分离,运用现代波谱学技术（紫外、质谱、核磁共振等）鉴定分离获得的化合物结构,采用MTT法评价化合物的抗流感病毒H1N1的活性。 结果 从红树林根部泥土样品来源的真菌OUCMDZ-4736中分离鉴定了10个化合物：asterric acid（1）、questinol（2）、parietinic acid（3）、endocrocin（4）、isorhodoptilometrin（5）、sulochrin（6）、monochlorsulochrin（7）、dihydrogeodin（8）、yicathin C（9）、2, 5-dimethyl-6, 8-dihydroxy-chromone（10）。活性评价结果首次报道化合物1、3、4和7显示有弱的抗甲型流感病毒H1N1活性。结论 红树林耐酸真菌OUCMDZ-4736在酸性调节下能代谢产生具有抗甲型流感H1N1病毒活性的化合物。     

2株深海来源真菌次级代谢产物的研究D

目的 对2株深海来源真菌Graphostroma sp. MCCC 3A00421和Aspergillus sp. MCCC 3A400414进行化学成分和生物活性研究。方法 采用溶剂萃取、柱色谱层析及半制备HPLC等方法对2株深海真菌的发酵产物进行化学分离,通过理化性质及波谱学方法并参阅文献进行化合物结构鉴定,并初步评价其细胞毒活性。结果 从菌株3A00421的发酵产物中分离得到了4个化合物,经鉴定其结构分别为3,5-dimethyl-8-methoxy-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin（1）、6-O-methylreticulol（2）、nectriapyrone（3）、demethyl nectriapyrone A（4）;从菌株3A00414中分离得到了5个化合物,经鉴定其结构分别为(22E,24R) -麦角甾-5,7,22-三烯-3β-醇（5）、WIN 64821（6）、diorcinol（7）、9-十八碳烯酸（8）、9,12-十八碳二烯酸（9）。其中化合物6具有中等强度的细胞毒活性,其IC50为7.14～15.78 μmol/L。结论 深海真菌是重要的活性物质来源和生物资源,本研究首次从深海来源Graphostroma属真菌的代谢产物中发现了2个异香豆素和2个苯并吡喃酮类化合物。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.