顶空气相色谱法检测石茶感冒胶囊中的有机溶剂残留

目的 建立石茶感冒胶囊中可能残留的7种有机溶剂(正己烷、苯、甲苯、对二甲苯、邻二甲苯、苯乙烯、二乙烯苯)的检测方法.方法 采用顶空气相色谱法,色谱柱为Agilent HP-INNOWAX毛细管柱(30 m×1.0 mm,0.53 μm),载气为高纯氮气;顶空温度为70℃,顶空时间30 min;柱温自30℃恒定5 min,以10℃/min升温速率升至200℃,恒定5 min;氢火焰离子检测器(FID),温度为250℃.结果 7种有机溶剂残留物在所考察的浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 4～0.999 8),精密度RSD均小于5.0%,被测组分的平均回收率在99.16%～102.0%之间.结论 该方法操作简便、快速、准确度高,可用于检测石茶感冒胶囊中的有机溶剂残留物.     

静态顶空气相色谱法测定标准桃金娘亚微乳中α-蒎烯含量及包封率

目的 建立静态顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定标准桃金娘亚微乳中α-蒎烯含量及包封率的方法。方法 静态顶空进样条件：顶空加热箱温度设定为90 ℃,定量环温度为100 ℃,传输线温度为110 ℃,GC循环时间为35 min,顶空样品瓶平衡时间为30 min。毛细管气相色谱法：柱温由50 ℃保持1 min,以0.5 ℃·min^-1升温至62 ℃,然后以15 ℃·min^-1升温至180 ℃;FID检测器温度250 ℃,进样口温度230 ℃。乳液稀释样本直接顶空法测定α-蒎烯游离浓度,同量的另一份样本完全破乳后测定α-蒎烯总浓度,根据不同公式及标准曲线分别计算含量及包封率。结果 α-蒎烯浓度在0.001~0.10 μL·mL^-1内线性关系良好,相关系数r=0.999 3。高、中、低浓度加样回收率分别为88.44%,87.39%,105.62%。结论 此方法前处理简单,灵敏度高,选择性好,适合乳液中α-蒎烯的含量及包封率测定。     

CCJ—20000型空心硬胶囊自动切割机被批准为国家级重点新产品

一种国内首创、用于修整药用空心硬胶囊长度及切口的专用设备——CJJ—20000型空心硬胶囊自动切割机,日前被国家经贸委批准为1995年度国家级重点新产品,这是由地处闻名全国的“胶丸之乡”、国内最大的胶囊成套设备生产基地——浙江省新昌县胶囊设备总厂研制成功的。 硬胶囊是三大医药制剂中发展最快的品种之一,近年来,越来越受到人们的青睐。而切割则是空心硬胶囊     

Box-Behnken效应面法优化胃爽颗粒剂成型工艺

目的优化胃爽颗粒剂的成型工艺。方法以糊精/浸膏比例（X1）、乙醇浓度（X2）、剪切制软材时间（X3）和流化床进口干燥空气温度（X4）为考察对象,以合格颗粒收率（Y1/%）、溶化时间（Y2/min）及吸湿性（Y3/%）作为评价指标,利用4因素3水平Box-Behnken效应面法优化胃爽颗粒剂成型工艺。结果最佳成型工艺：糊精/浸膏比例为3.0,乙醇浓度为77.2%,剪切制软材时间为36.3 min,流化床进口干燥空气温度为98.4℃。结论通过Box-Behnken效应面法可以用于胃爽颗粒剂的成型工艺的优化,制得颗粒剂各项指标符合规定。     

顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定苦参素注射液中乙醇和丙酮的残留量

目的:建立苦参素注射液中乙醇及丙酮残留量的测定方法。方法:采用气相色谱法,用固定液为6%氰丙基苯基94%二甲基聚硅氧烷(DB-624)的毛细管柱,载气为氮气,氢火焰离子化检测器(FID),进样口温度为200℃,检测器温度为250℃,柱温采用程序升温,初始温度40℃,保持10 min,再以50℃.min-1的升温速率升温至120℃,保持5min。载气流速2.0 mL.min-1,顶空温度为70℃,顶空时间为30 min,顶空进样体积为1 mL。结果:乙醇浓度在9.769～156.3μg.mL-1的范围内,丙酮浓度在16.85～269.6μg.mL-1的范围内具有良好的线性关系。乙醇、丙酮的平均回收率(n=6)分别为93.6%(RSD=1.6%),102.8%(RSD=0.96%)。结论:本方法准确、可靠,灵敏度高,适用于苦参素注射液中乙醇及丙酮残留量的检测。     

药用辅料三氯叔丁醇有关物质检查方法研究及标准制定

目的：建立三氯叔丁醇有关物质测定的气相色谱分析法,对该辅料质量标准进行修订。方法：以聚乙二醇（PEG-20M）为固定液的毛细管柱。起始温度为35℃,保持5 min,以20℃/min的速率升温至135℃并保持10 min;检测器温度为280℃;进样口温度为260℃;。检测器分别为FID（丙酮）和ECD（三氯甲烷）;进样分别采用顶空进样（丙酮）和直接进样1μL（三氯甲烷）;顶空平衡温度90℃,平衡时间为20min。结果：丙酮和三氯甲烷分别在0.5～40μg?mL-1和5～500ng?mL-1范围内峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系(r值分别为 0.9997和0.9995);丙酮和三氯甲烷平均回收率分别为93.9%.和106.9%,均符合方法学研究要求;按该方法对2批样品进行有关物质检查,丙酮含量分别为0.008%和0.004%,三氯甲烷含量分别为0.0008%和0.0003%,。结论：建立方法可增订入中国药典质量标准,用于三氯叔丁醇质量控制。     

不同生产厂家阿魏酸哌嗪片中乙醇残留量的顶空气相色谱法检测

目的:建立阿魏酸哌嗪片中乙醇残留量的气相色谱检测方法。方法:采用色谱柱为聚乙二醇(PEG)毛细管柱(HP-Innowax,30 m×0.32 mm×0.5μm),进样口温度为200℃,检测器(FID)温度为250℃,程序升温的起始温度为40℃,以5℃/min的速率升至100℃,再以100℃/min的速率升至240℃,保持5 min;采用顶空分流进样,分流比为1∶1;顶空瓶平衡温度为85℃,平衡时间为20 min。结果:乙醇浓度处在1.05~527.47μg/mL范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为1.000 0;平均回收率为99.74%,RSD为4.30%;测得4家生产企业阿魏酸哌嗪片中平均含醇量分别为0.02%、0.026%、0.02%和0.452%。结论:本法操作简单,结果准确,可适用于阿魏酸哌嗪片中乙醇残留量的检测。     

顶空程序升温法测定硫酸头孢匹罗的残留溶剂

目的建立测定硫酸头孢匹罗中的残留溶剂含量的方法。方法采用毛细管柱顶空进样系统程序升温气相色谱法,DB-WAX毛细管柱;柱温40℃保持8 min,再以20℃.min-1升至180℃;以N2为载气,分流比1∶10;以二甲基亚砜为溶剂;顶空平衡温度为80℃,平衡时间为30～60 min;进样口温度200℃;FID检测器,检测器温度250℃。结果丙酮、乙酸乙酯、乙醇进样质量浓度分别在100～750 mg.L-1、二氯甲烷进样质量浓度在12～90 g.L-1范围内,与相应溶剂峰的峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r分别为0.999 9,0.999 8,0.998 2和0.999 6),加样回收实验丙酮、乙酸乙酯、二氯甲烷和乙醇的平均回收率和RSD值分别为103.1%和3.60%;108.8%和4.41%;109.1%和7.57%;95.3%和3.17%。结论所建立的方法专属性好,简便准确,可用于检测硫酸头孢匹罗中的残留溶剂。     

顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定美司钠原料和注射液的残留溶剂

目的建立美司钠原料及其注射剂中4种残留溶剂的顶空毛细管气相色谱测定方法。方法使用HP-1毛细管气相色谱柱(30m×0.25mm,0.25μm),采用程序升温。初始温度为40℃,保持5min,再以20℃·min-1升温至150℃;进样口温度为200℃;检测器为FID;检测器温度为250℃。顶空进样,平衡温度为75℃,平衡时间为30min。结果同时测定了美司钠原料和注射液中4种残留有机溶剂,甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇和丙酮分离度均在2.0以上,线性范围分别为6.6～66.0(r1=0.999 4),4.9～49.1(r2=0.999 9),5.8～58.0(r3=0.999 5)和8.0～80.0μg·mL-1(r4=0.999 6),平均加样回收率分别为97.3%,98.2%,99.5%和99.1%,RSD值分别为1.9%,2.1%,1.5%和1.7%。结论该方法灵敏、准确,可用于美司钠原料及其注射液中残留溶剂的检测。     

双膦酸盐类药物中4种有机溶剂的顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定

以离子液体([Emim][BF4])为顶空溶剂,建立了顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定双膦酸盐类药物中甲醇、乙醇、丙酮和氯苯的残留量.采用DB-624色谱柱,FID榆测器,顶空平衡温度120℃,平衡时间20 min.4种有机溶剂的回收率为97.1%～100.3%,RSD均小于3.0%.检测限分别为0.15、0.06、0.06和0.007μg,/ml.     

基于人肝癌细胞系SMMC-7721的三维培养条件研究

目的 基于人肝癌细胞系SMMC-7721考察合适的海藻酸钠、氯化钙浓度,形成良好的海藻酸钙凝胶,优选三维条件下肿瘤细胞的培养条件。方法 在96孔板中培养SMMC-7721细胞,基于L₉（3⁴）正交表设计实验,以MTT法检测并计算氯化钙溶液、柠檬酸钠溶液不同浓度与作用时间下的细胞存活率;结合正交优选结果,考察适宜的海藻酸钠浓度,筛选适合的成胶、溶胶条件,并在三维培养模式下进行细胞活力确证。结果 最佳凝胶应用条件为1%氯化钙溶液与1%海藻酸钠溶液作用15 min内用于成胶,10%柠檬酸钠溶液作用凝胶10 min内用于溶胶,MTT法检测细胞存活率为94.97%。该三维培养条件下的肝癌细胞72 h内生长状态良好,存活率可达92.10%,细胞堆积紧密,出现肿瘤细胞球样聚集体。结论 本实验筛选出适合肿瘤细胞三维培养的成胶、溶胶条件。在该条件下培养肝癌细胞SMMC-7721,细胞生长状态良好,且细胞生长与聚集形态与传统二维培养存在差异,更接近细胞体内生存环境。基于该方法进行肿瘤细胞三维培养,可为深入研究肿瘤细胞生长状态,为抗肿瘤药物筛选提供更有利的方式。     

金泽冠心软胶囊制剂工艺研究

目的研究金泽冠心软胶囊的最佳成型工艺。方法通过对软胶囊内容物和囊壳处方、软胶囊压制和干燥的关键生产工艺的优化研究,确定金泽冠心软胶囊的最佳成型工艺。结果最佳工艺为,胶囊壳处方明胶-甘油-水(10∶4∶10);内容物处方,金泽提取物为53%,大豆油为44%,蜂蜡为3%;干燥工艺,温度为25℃,相对湿度为25%～30%,干燥16 h。结论该处方工艺稳定、可靠,适用于金泽冠心软胶囊的工业化生产。     

Comparative bioavailability of a novel timed release and powder-filled glucosamine sulfate formulation--a multi-dose, randomized, crossover study

OBJECTIVE: The absorption of 2 different formulations of glucosamine sulfate were studied in a randomized, multi-dose, two-way, crossover study. MATERIALS AND METHOD: In this study, a novel timed release pellet-filled hard gelatin shell capsule (TimeOsamine) was compared with a powder-filled hard gelatin shell capsule. The timed release capsule was used in a double dose with an interval of 12 h whereas the powder-filled hard gelatin capsule was used in a triple dose schedule with an interval of 8 h after 10 h pre-dose fasting. Twelve healthy male subjects were administered a 1,000 mg (2 x 500 mg) dose of timed release glucosamine sulfate (TimeOsamine) or a 1,500 mg (3 x 500 mg) dose of the powder-filled glucosamine sulfate formulation. The concentration of glucosamine was measured over the next 24 h. Pharmacokinetics properties including area under the curve (AUC), maximum concentration in plasma (C(max)), time to maximum plasma concentration (t(max)) were measured. RESULTS: The C(max) of the powder-filled and timed release formulation (TimeOsamine) was 543.12 ng/ml and 520.98 ng/ml, respectively. The t(max) of TimeOsamine was delayed by 4.13 h, whereas the powder-filled preparation was 1.00 h. The AUC0-24 of the 2 doses of TimeOsamine (2 x 500 mg = 1,000 mg) and the 3 doses of the powder-filled formulation (3 x 500 mg = 1,500 mg) was 6,263.32 ng x h/ml and 6,499.55 ng x h/ml, respectively. CONCLUSION: After reduction in the dose by 33%, the AUC0-24 of TimeOsamine is 96.37% with respect to the powder-filled formulation AUC0-24, which is comparable.     

Development of polysaccharide gel-coated pellets for oral administration. 2. Calcium alginate.

Calcium alginate gel-coated pellets were developed by forming an insoluble gel coat on extruded-spheronized pellets by interfacial complexation. Experiments were designed to investigate the effect of pellet size, alginate type, alginate concentration, and dissolution medium on swelling and drug release behavior. Low swelling in acidic media was related to proton-calcium ion exchange forming insoluble acid gels. In contrast, partial formation of soluble sodium alginate in 0.1M NaCl induced water uptake, resulting in greater swelling. Drug release from coated pellets showed a lag time when the gel coat hydrated and swelled, followed by a zero-order release. Significantly slower release was observed when either the pellet size or the alginate concentration was increased. Alginate with high guluronic acid content gave the slowest release. Different types of alginate with high mannuronic acid content showed different release behaviors that are probably due to the different monomer sequences and botanical sources. The faster drug release in acidic media and 0.1M NaCl compared to water is probably due to reduced calcium cross-linking in the gel. These results suggest that the pellet size, alginate type and concentration and dissolution medium influenced the swelling and drug release behavior of calcium alginate gel-coated pellets.     

Alginate-diltiazem hydrochloride beads: optimization of formulation factors,in vitro and in vivo availability

Alginate beads containing diltiazem hydrochloride (DTZ) were prepared by the ionotropic gelation method. The effects of various factors (alginate concentration, additives type, calcium chloride concentration and curing time) on the efficiency of drug loading were investigated. The formulation containing a mixture of 0.8% methylcellulose (MC) and 4% alginate cured in 2% calcium chloride for 6 h was chosen as the best formula regarding the loading efficiency. The release rate of DTZ from various beads formulations was investigated. The release of drug from alginate beads followed two mechanisms; by diffusion and relaxation of the polymer at pH 1.2, whilst diffusion and erosion are at pH 6.8. The in vitro release of DTZ from MC-alginate beads showed an extended release pattern which was compared with that from commercially available sustained-release (Dilzem SR) and fast release tablets (Dilzem). Thermal analysis revealed that the drug was molecularly dispersed in the beads matrix. Although the release characteristics of DTZ from Dilzem SR and MC-alginate beads were completely different, the bioavailability of DTZ in dogs was comparable as measured by AUC, MRT and relative bioavailability. The absolute bioavailability of MC-alginate beads and Dilzem SR was 88 and 93%, respectively.     

Characterization of alginate/poly-L-lysine particles as antisense oligonucleotide carriers

The gel forming characteristics of alginate in the presence of calcium ions and further crosslinking with poly-L-lysine led to the formation of sponge-like nano- and microparticles. The particle size was varied by adjusting the final concentrations of and proportions between the components. The region for particle formation was from 0.04 to 0.08% (w/v) of alginate in the final formulation, the change from the nm to microm size range occurred at a concentration of approx. 0.055% (w/v). Oligonucleotide-loaded microparticles were prepared by two different methods, either by absorption of the drug into the crosslinked polymeric matrix or by incorporation of an oligonucleotide/poly-L-lysine complex into a calcium alginate pre-gel. The release of oligonucleotide from microparticles prepared by the first method was higher. The addition of increasing amounts of poly-L-lysine resulted in larger particles, higher oligonucleotide loading and slower drug release. An increase in the final solid content of the formulation led to larger particles, especially with high concentrated calcium alginate pre-gels. Microparticles based on alginate and poly-L-lysine are potential carriers for antisense oligonucleotides.     

Alginate-based pellets prepared by extrusion/spheronization: a preliminary study on the effect of additive in granulating liquid.

The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of producing alginate-based pellets by extrusion/spheronization and also to improve the formation of spherical alginate-based pellets by investigating the effect of additive in granulating liquid on characteristics and drug release from resulting pellets. Two types of sodium alginate (30%) were evaluated in combination with theophylline (20%), microcrystalline cellulose (50%) and different granulation liquids. The pellets were then prepared in a basket extruder, then spheronized and dried. The final products were characterized by morphological examination and drug release study. Different additives in the granulating liquid influenced the ability of the extruded mass to form pellets (the processability) with this technique. However, different sodium alginate types responded to shape modifications to a different extent. Long, dumbbell-shaped pellets were obtained with viscous granulating liquids. However, short, nearly spherical pellets were obtained with watery granulation liquid with calcium chloride that reduced the swelling ability of sodium alginate. Improvements in the pellet characteristics were also dependent on the sodium alginate type employed. Most of pellet formulations released about 75-85% drug within 60min and showed a good fit into both Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas equations. Higher amount of 3% calcium chloride, as a granulating liquid, in the formulation showed higher mean dissolution time resulting from the cross-linking properties of calcium ions to the negative charges of alginate molecules.     

Crosslinking studies in gelatin capsules treated with formaldehyde and in capsules exposed to elevated temperature and humidity

Incomplete in vitro capsule shell dissolution and subsequent drug release problems have recently received attention. A modified USP dissolution method was used to follow capsule shell dissolution, and a 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) assay was used to follow loss of epsilon-amino groups to study this shell dissolution problem postulated to be due to gelatin crosslinking. The dissolution problems were simulated using hard gelatin capsule (HGC) shells previously treated with formaldehyde to crosslink the gelatin. These methods were also used to study the effect of uncrosslinked HGC stored under stressed conditions (37 degrees C and 81% RH) with or without the presence of soft gelatin capsule shells (SGC). A 120 ppm formaldehyde treatment reduced gelatin shell dissolution to 8% within 45 min in water at 37 degrees C. A 200 ppm treatment reduced gelatin epsilon-amino groups to 83% of the original uncrosslinked value. The results also support earlier reports of non-amino group crosslinking by formaldehyde in gelatin. Under stressed conditions, HGC stored alone showed little change over 21 weeks. However, by 12 to 14 weeks, the HGC exposed to SGC showed a 23% decrease in shell dissolution and an 8% decrease in the number of epsilon-amino groups. These effects on the stressed HGC are ascribed to a volatile agent from SGC shells, most likely formaldehyde, that crosslinked nearby HGC shells. This report also includes a summary of the literature on agents that reduce gelatin and capsule shell dissolution and the possible mechanisms of this not-so-simple problem.     

藻酸的研究 Ⅰ.藻酸及其铵盐与纳盐的制取

藻酸广泛存在于褐藻(Phaeophyceae)中,应用还不够普遍,为此,作者拟进行一系列的工作。首先是制取藻酸及其部分盐类的研究。 Le Gloahec-Herter法等未曾讨论到制取的条件与产品质量的关系,此即为本文所要探讨者。实验部分一、原料的选择和制取方法的研究 1.原料的比较在试验时所采用过的原料有昆布(Laminaria)、羊栖菜(Cystophyllum)和马尾藻(Sargassum)三属。系统试验时的海藻原料是大宗商品,貯存已过半年,收获时未经淡水     

Encapsulation of olive leaf antioxidants in microbeads: Application of alginate and chitosan as wall materials

Edible microcapsule technology has been declared as a newly developed technology in 21st century by some certain authorities in order to preserve food products. Encapsulation of the bioactive materials in edible coatings is a blessing that can eliminate many undesirable situations that might arise when it is used as additive. In this study, olive leaf extract has been evaluated as active material to prepare microcapsules by using alginate as coating. Ionic gelation was used to produce microbeads. The experimental design of the encapsulation system, the effects of the process parameters, the modeling of the experimental data and the optimization of the conditions were carried out with Box-Behnken design of response surface method (Box-Behnken-RSM). Box-Behnken-RSM produced 17 experimental runs. Calcium chloride (2–15%, w/v) and sodium alginate concentrations (1–2%, w/v), and hardening time (15–45 min) were selected as independent variables, while encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the capsules in terms of total phenolic content (TPC) and oleuropein concentration were responses. Impact of chitosan as coating layer was also investigated with three different ratios of chitosan (0.4%, 0.7%, 1% w/v). Accelerated oxidation test was employed to measure the stability of the microcapsules against oxidation by means of Rancimat method. Encapsulation of the olive leaf extract in alginate microbeads was satisfying with >70% and >90% efficiencies with respect to TPC and oleuropein under optimum conditions (2.34% calcium chloride concentration and 2% sodium alginate for 26 min of hardening time).