实时荧光环介导等温扩增技术检测土壤中的类鼻疽伯克霍尔德菌

目的 结合荧光染料EvaGreen与环介导等温扩增技术(Loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)探索快速检测类鼻疽伯克霍尔德菌的可行性。方法 根据类鼻疽伯克霍尔德菌filc基因片段设计了LAMP引物,利用荧光染料EvaGreen建立实时荧光环介导等温扩增技术(real-time fluorescence loop-mediated isothermal amplification,RealAmp),优化反应条件,扩增产物经电泳鉴定。通过类鼻疽伯克霍尔德菌和其他致病菌验证特异性,比较RealAmp与普通LAMP技术的敏感度,并测定人工污染土壤模拟样本的检出限。结果 恒温63 ℃条件下,20~60 min即可完成RealAmp检测;利用该方法检测类鼻疽伯克霍尔德菌为阳性,其余致病菌如鼠疫杆菌、布鲁氏杆菌、大肠杆菌等13株参考菌株及蜱虫的DNA(含大量假单胞菌属细菌)呈扩增阴性;RealAmp技术检测类鼻疽伯克霍尔德菌核酸的灵敏度为10² CFU/mL,检测克隆株质粒的灵敏度可达10¹ copies/μL,比普通LAMP技术的灵敏度高10倍;人工污染土壤模拟样本RealAmp的检出限为4.4×10¹ CFU/g,且20 min左右即可判定结果;直接检测24份浓度为4.4×10¹ CFU/g~4.4×10⁸ CFU/g的类鼻疽伯克霍尔德菌人工污染土壤样本,在检出限以上,检出率同荧光定量PCR一致。结论 该方法特异性强、灵敏度高,且可实时监测类鼻疽伯克霍尔德菌,有望成为快速检测类鼻疽伯克霍尔德菌的有效方法,增强抵御生物恐怖战争的能力。     

5株类鼻疽伯克霍尔德菌fur基因检测报告

目的 检测fur基因序列,探讨类鼻疽伯克霍尔德菌的毒力相关因素.方法　对5株类鼻疽伯克霍尔德菌标本进行培养和鉴定,使用PCR法扩增类鼻疽伯克霍尔德菌fur基因序列,测序结果与GenBank中类鼻疽伯克霍尔德菌基因组的序列进行Blast比对.结果　依据形态及生化特征,5株均被确认为类鼻疽伯克霍尔德菌.PCR法扩增fur基...     

聚合酶链反应在口岸鼠疫监测中的特异性和敏感性试验

目的利用UDG防止聚合酶链反应(PCR)的产物污染，以2个不同基因为靶序列，设计了3对引物进行PCR扩增。方法用不同的模扳考察方法的特异性和灵敏性。结果该方法可以特异性的检出鼠疫菌，对于DNA摸扳检测灵敏度可以达到7CFU。结论PCR技术是一种快速、敏感、特异性很高的方法。     

荧光定量PCR快速检测鼠疫耶尔森氏菌的实验研究

目的　利用LightCycler建立一种简便、特异的荧光定量PCR检测方法 ,用于鼠疫耶尔森氏菌的快速检测。 方法　采用SYBRGreenI随机掺入法 ,以Roche试剂盒为标准 ,比较两公司的DNA聚合酶 ,用鼠疫菌 310 0 4建立荧光PCR反应体系 ;针对鼠疫耶尔森氏菌特异的染色体标识序列和质粒上F1抗原基因设计引物 ,检测其灵敏度和特异性 ,以盲测试验进行验证 ;在此基础上鉴定 2 75株鼠疫耶尔森氏菌 ,并测试该法检测脏器污染模拟标本的灵敏度。结果　建立以一个公司试剂为主较低成本的PCR反应体系 ;EV76的检测灵敏度可达每反应体系 1.6个菌 ;检测我国 18个生态型共计 2 75株鼠疫耶尔森氏菌及 2 8株非鼠疫菌株的PCR扩增结果表明 ,鼠疫菌株均出现特异的扩增结果 ,2 8株对照菌株均为阴性 ;肝、脾、肺模拟标本检测灵敏度可达每反应体系 4 0 0 0个菌。结论　该方法对于检测鼠疫耶尔森氏菌具有简便、快捷、高敏感性和特异性的特点 ,适用于鼠疫紧急疫情时的快速诊断和疫源地监测     

用UDPE技术检测和鉴定鼠疫耶尔森氏菌

我们建立了用ＵＤＧ（尿嘧啶糖基化酶）防ＰＣＲ产物污染,以两个不同基因为靶序列扩增检测同一病原菌和用微孔板杂交－酶联显色检测ＰＣＲ产物的ＵＤＰＥ（ＵＤＥ－ＤｕｐｌｅｘＰＣＲ－ＥＩＡ）技术并用于鼠疫耶尔森氏菌的检测与鉴定。结果表明,该系统可以特异地检测和鉴定鼠疫耶尔森菌,检测灵敏度可以达到１ＣＦＵ／ｍｌ。     

从动物和土壤中直接检测鼠疫耶尔森氏菌

目的　探讨用防污染的 PCR- EL ISA(U DPE)技术检测人为污染的土壤和感染的动物标本的可行性。方法　根据鼠疫耶尔森氏菌 Cafl和 Pla基因分别设计了 3条引物 ,组合成 3对引物 ,建立 U DPE检测技术。结果　利用该实验体系可以检出每克土壤中 10 0 0个鼠疫耶尔森氏菌的污染。比检测纯细菌的敏感性低 2 0 0倍 ,说明土壤中有抑制 PCR反应的因子。对 2 0只实验组动物 40份标本 (肝脏和脾脏 )的培养、U DPE和 PCR-电泳检测表明 ,3种方法的检出吻合率为 10 0 % ,均能从 40份标本中检出靶细菌 ,而用 3种方法检测对照组动物的 2 0份肝脏和脾脏均为阴性。结论　利用 UDPE技术可以被用于动物脏器中鼠疫耶尔森氏菌的检测     

1例输入性类鼻疽的病原学诊断及溯源分析

目的 对1例输入性类鼻疽患者进行病原学诊断及溯源分析,为山西省类鼻疽防控提供科学依据。方法 患者血培养阳性,分离菌株鉴定为泰国伯克霍尔德菌。采用生化试验及微生物质谱仪进行菌株鉴定,核酸提取后进行全基因组测序,分析MLST型和耐药基因携带情况,同时构建系统进化树。结果 此次分离株经生化试验及微生物质谱仪检测均鉴定为类鼻疽伯克霍尔德菌,MLST型为ST366,全基因测序分析与海南省3个分离株进化亲缘关系较近,同源性较高。结论 此例类鼻疽病例经分子溯源分析及流行病学调查确定为海南省输入,提示医疗机构及疾控部门应加强对类鼻疽的认识,提高诊疗能力。     

粪便中日本血吸虫虫卵DNA的提取及PCR检测方法的优化

目的建立一套系统、完整的粪便日本血吸虫虫卵DNA提取法及PCR优化体系。方法利用蛋白酶K和苯酚法从感染日本血吸虫尾蚴的家兔粪便中提取DNA，根据日本血吸虫基因（AF00369）设计特异性引物，以粪便中提取的DNA为模板，采用PCR方法扩增目的基因片段，对PCR方法的各种反应条件进行优化并采用有限稀释法推测PCR检测法可检测到的最低虫卵数。结果以感染家兔的粪便中提取的DNA为模板．用PCR方法可扩增到分子量大小约为400bp的特异性条带，测序结果经BLAST工具进行分析．与日本血吸虫基因（AF00369）比对的同源性为96％；25μl PCR反应体系的最优化反应条件：MgCl2 1．5μl；dNTP0．5μl；引物1．0μl；DNA模板5．0μl；TaqDNA聚合酶0．5μl。扩增程序为：94℃预变性5min、94℃变性30s、53℃退火30s、72℃延伸30s，30个循环、72℃延伸7min、4℃保存。PCR检测法可检测到的最低虫卵数为0．015个。结论成功建立感染家兔粪便中虫卵DNA的提取方法及PCR血吸虫基因片段检测方法，同时对PCR反应条件进行优化，为从分子角度检测日本血吸虫虫卵DNA提供科学的实验依据。     

基于物种特异性PCR技术检测鼻疽诺卡菌和巴西诺卡菌的初步研究

目的 建立一种可以鉴别鼻疽诺卡菌和巴西诺卡菌的双重物种特异性PCR(species-specific Polymerase Chain Reaction,SS-PCR)诊断方法。方法 基于鼻疽诺卡菌和巴西诺卡菌物种特异基因NFA_41530和O3I_RS18895分别设计特异性引物,通过优化反应条件和体系,建立快速准确的双重SS-PCR。对95株鼻疽诺卡菌、13株巴西诺卡菌和42株非目标菌株进行扩增,分析该方法的特异性和灵敏度,并通过模拟痰样本验证方法的准确性,预估其在临床诊断的价值。结果 鼻疽诺卡菌和巴西诺卡菌质检分别扩增出一条清晰且单一的目标条带,其余42株非目标菌株均未扩增,表明该方法具有很好的特异性。该方法对鼻疽诺卡菌、巴西诺卡菌的检测下限分别为1.3×10⁴ copies/μL、2.4×10⁴ copies/μL,灵敏度较高。使用20个健康人的痰液模拟痰样本,检测符合率为100%。结论 基于NFA_41530和O3I_RS18895基因建立的双重SS-PCR方法特异性强、灵敏度较高,是一种可以同时鉴定鼻疽诺卡菌和巴西诺卡菌的简便、快速、可靠、经济的方法。     

防污染PCR-微孔板杂交检测布鲁氏菌方法研究

目的 建立防污染PCR—微孔板杂交—EIA检测技术，并用于布鲁氏菌及其模拟感染组织中细菌的检测。方法 根据布鲁氏菌31kD热休克蛋白和外膜蛋白2B(OMP2B)基因设计引物，筛选合适引物，并建立用服嘧啶糖基化酶防污染的PCR扩增—微孔板杂交与酶联显色检测布鲁氏菌的方法，并用于模拟污染布鲁氏菌动物脏器标本的检测。结果 根据布鲁氏菌31kD热休克蛋白和外膜蛋白2B基因设计的引物，建立了复合PCR，同时检测2个基因的存在，并发现不同引物序列对PCR扩增敏感性影响较大，可以相差1000倍。用0．5U的UDG可以防止10^8产物的污染，微孔板杂交—酶联显色检测比单纯PCR—电泳敏感10倍。将该体系用于污染动物脏器的检测，可以检测出反应体系中2—200个细菌的存在。结论 研究的防污染PCR—微孔板杂交—EIA试剂克服了目前PCR试剂运输不便、产物污染所致假阳性和判定结果欠客观的缺点，为布鲁氏菌的快速检测提供了一个有力手段。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.