直肠黏膜间断缝扎注射术在直肠黏膜脱垂治疗中的应用

目的:评估直肠黏膜柱状缝扎注射术治疗直肠黏膜脱垂的疗效及安全性.方法:2009-01/2011-12对32例直肠黏膜脱垂患者行直肠黏膜间断缝扎注射术,比较术前和术后临床症状缓解情况,并量化评分比较.结果:手术时间平均52min,术后3d内模拟视觉评分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)疼痛评分平均3.5分.术后平均随访11mo,无复发,无肛门失禁,各项症状发生率较术前均显著下降.量化评分后比较,术后排便梗阻感积分较术前下降84%,其余症状积分下降幅度均达70%以上,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:直肠黏膜柱状缝扎注射术治疗直肠黏膜脱垂操作简单、创伤小、痛苦少、并发症少,近期疗效较满意.     

直肠黏膜点状缝扎加肛门环缩术治疗直肠脱垂26例临床分析

目的探讨采用直肠黏膜点状缝扎加肛门环缩术治疗直肠脱垂的效果及安全性。方法将59例直肠脱垂患者随机分为观察组26例及对照组33例,分别采用直肠黏膜点状缝扎加肛门环缩术及硬化剂注射加肛门环缩术治疗,比较两组手术效果。结果观察组总有效率明显高于对照组,术后并发症发生率和复发率均明显低于对照组,P均〈0.05。术后随访1～3 a,对照组有轻度肛门直肠狭窄和肛门失禁各1例,无肠瘘、肛瘘等严重并发症发生。观察组及对照组分别复发1、5例。结论直肠黏膜点状缝扎加肛门环缩术治疗直肠脱垂效果确切,且较为安全。     

腹腔镜下直肠悬吊术联合会阴部手术治疗成人完全性直肠脱垂的临床疗效

目的探究腹腔镜下直肠悬吊术联合会阴部手术应用于完全性直肠脱垂的治疗效果与安全性。方法回顾性分析18例完全性直肠脱垂患者临床资料。观察术前及术后3个月直肠肛管功能指标[直肠黏膜感觉阈值(RSTV)、肛管静息压(ARP)、肛管功能长度(ACFL)]、排便情况(Wexner便秘评分、Vaizey失禁评分、排气/排便准确辨别)变化。结果术后3个月时,RSTV水平明显高于术前[(52. 1±7. 4) mL vs (48. 3±6. 2) mL],而ARP、ACFL水平及排气/排便准确辨别率则明显低于术前[(48. 9±6. 6) mmHg vs (53. 5±7. 0) mmHg,(15. 5±2. 6) mm vs (17. 2±2. 3) mm](P 0. 05); Wexner便秘评分、Vaizey失禁评分、排气/排便准确辨别率明显高于术前[(7. 6±2. 0)分vs (6. 1±1. 8)分,(9. 8±2. 6)分vs (7. 1±2. 4)分,77. 8%(14/18)vs 33. 3%(6/18)](P 0. 05)。结论腹腔镜下直肠悬吊术联合会阴部手术治疗完全性直肠脱垂疗效与安全性均较为理想,有助于促进患者术后解剖及功能恢复,有较高临床应用价值。     

消痔灵注射加外括约肌折叠术治疗老年性直肠脱垂的疗效分析

目的探讨老年性直肠脱垂的有效治疗方式。方法采用消痔灵注射加外括约肌折叠术治疗Ⅱ～Ⅲ度老年性直肠脱垂35例,观察患者的疗效。结果35例均近期全部治愈,有效率100％,治愈率94％,除1例糖尿病患者肛缘缝合处感染,经拆线后充分引流后治愈。结论应用直肠黏膜及肛周间隙消痔灵注射加外括约肌折叠术治疗老年性直肠脱垂,具有疗效高、疗程短、创伤小、痛苦小的优点。     

用圆形吻合器行PPH治疗直肠黏膜脱垂疗效观察

目的评价采用圆形吻合器治疗直肠黏膜脱垂的安全性和可行性。方法38例直肠黏膜脱垂患者（直肠黏膜内脱垂20例,直肠黏膜外脱垂合并痔脱出18例）,均采用圆形吻合器行经肛门直肠黏膜环切术（PPH）治疗。结果环切黏膜圈完整35例,不完整3例。术后随访2～8个月,手术效果满意,直肠黏膜脱垂无复发,2例6个月后仍便血。结论圆形痔吻合器经肛门直肠黏膜环切术是治疗直肠黏膜脱垂的有效方法。     

直肠前壁修补联合痔上黏膜环切术治疗老年直肠前膨出的疗效

目的探讨直肠前壁修补联合痔上黏膜环切术(procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids,PPH)对老年直肠前膨出的临床效果。方法将诊断并符合手术指征的老年直肠前膨出患者265例,随机分为单纯直肠前壁修补和直肠前壁修补加PPH两组,分别观察其有效率和LONGOODS评分。结果直肠前壁修补组总有效率84.4%,直肠前壁修补加PPH组总有效率98.5%,二者比较差异有显著性(P0.05);直肠前壁修补组LON-GOODS评分由术前的16.56±3.34降至6.28±1.86,直肠前壁修补加PPH组LONGOODS评分由术前的17.42±2.78降至5.12±1.38,两组患者术后生活质量均有改善,但直肠前壁修补联合PPH组效果明显优于单纯直肠前突修补术(P0.05);两组患者均无严重手术并发症。结论直肠前壁修补联合PPH是治疗老年直肠前膨出安全有效的方法,优于单纯直肠前壁修补。     

直肠黏膜排列固定注射术加肛门环缩术治疗直肠脱垂31例临床分析

直肠脱垂老年人发病率较高.我科自2003～2006年共收治（Ⅱ～Ⅲ度）老年RP病人31例,均采用直肠黏膜排列固定注射术加肛门环缩术治疗,疗效满意.     

直肠黏膜环切术治疗直肠前突30例疗效观察

目的观察直肠黏膜环切术(PPH)治疗直肠前突的临床疗效。方法将60例直肠前突患者随机分为治疗组30例,采用PPH术;对照组30例,采用经直肠切开修补术(Sehapayah法)。观察两组患者治愈率及术后并发症。结果治疗组与对照组治愈率分别为70.0%和43.3%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后排空困难、会阴膨出感的发生率治疗组低于对照组(P0.05或0.01)。结论治疗直肠前突PPH术与传统经直肠切开前突修补术相比,具有手术操作简单、术后并发症少、恢复时间短、安全性高等优点。     

直肠黏膜柱状切缝术配合消痔灵注射治疗直肠黏膜脱垂24例

近几年来，笔者采用直肠黏膜柱状切缝术配合消痔灵注射治疗直肠黏膜脱垂24例，疗效满意。现报告如下。     

PPH治疗老年女性直肠前突伴直肠黏膜内脱垂

直肠前突伴直肠黏膜内脱垂在临床上十分常见。我院自2006年1月起,应用吻合器痔上黏膜环切术（PPH）加直肠前壁柱状缝合治疗直肠前突伴直肠黏膜内脱垂,疗效显著,并发症少。现将治疗方法及体会报告如下。     

Stapled transanal rectal resection versus stapled anopexy in the cure of hemorrhoids associated with rectal prolapse. A randomized controlled trial

Purpose A remarkable incidence of failures after stapled axopexy (SA) for hemorrhoids has been recently reported by several papers, with an incomplete resection of the prolapsed tissue, due to the limited volume of the stapler casing as possible cause. The stapled transanal rectal resection (STARR) was demonstrated to successfully cure the association of rectal prolapse and rectocele by using two staplers. The aim of this randomized study was to evaluate the incidence of residual disease after SA and STARR in patients affected by prolapsed hemorrhoids associated with rectal prolapse. Methods Sixty-eight patients were selected on the basis of validated constipation and continence scorings, clinical examination, colonoscopy, anorectal manometry, and defecography and randomized: 34 underwent a SA and 34 a STARR operation. The operated patients were followed-up with clinical examination, visual analog scale for postoperative pain, a satisfaction index, and defecography. Results At a mean follow-up of 8.1 +/− 2.0 and 7.9 +/− 1.8 months for the SA and STARR groups, respectively, the incidence of residual disease was significantly higher in the first group (29.4 vs 5.9 in the STARR group, p = 0.007), while a significantly lower incidence of residual skin-tags was found after STARR (23.5% vs 58.8 after SA, p = 0.03). All patients with residual disease showed prolapsed tissue over half the length of the anal dilator at the time of the operation. Operative time and incidence of transient fecal urgency were significantly higher in the STARR group (with p = 0.001 and 0.08, respectively), while SA was followed by a significantly higher incidence of poor results at the overall patient satisfaction index (p = 0.04). No significant differences were found in hospital stay, operative complications, postoperative pain, time to return to normal activity, continence, and constipation scores. All the defecographic parameters significantly improved after STARR, while SA was followed only by a trend to a reduction of rectal prolapse. Conclusions STARR provides a more complete resection of the prolapsed tissue than SA in patients with association of prolapsed hemorrhoids and rectal prolapse with equal morbidity and significantly lower incidence of residual disease and skin-tags. The anal dilator can be used for selecting the surgical technique.     

Anorectal Physiology in Solitary Ulcer Syndrome: A Case-Matched Series

PURPOSE Solitary ulcer syndrome is a rare condition characterized by inflammation and chronic ulcer of the rectal wall in patients suffering from outlet constipation. Despite similar surgical options (rectopexy, anterior resection), solitary ulcer syndrome may differ from overt rectal prolapse with regard to symptoms and pathogenesis. The present work analyzed differences between these conditions in a case-control physiology study. METHODS From 1997 to 2002, 931 consecutive subjects were investigated in a single physiology unit for anorectal functional disorders. Standardized questionnaires, anorectal physiology, and evacuation proctography were included in a prospective database. Diagnosis of solitary ulcer syndrome was based on both symptoms and anatomic features in 25 subjects with no overt rectal prolapse (21 females and 4 males; mean age, 37.2 ± 15.7 years) and no past history of anorectal surgery. They were compared with age-matched and gender-matched subjects: 25 with outlet constipation (also matched on degree of internal procidentia), 25 with overt rectal prolapse without any mucosal change, and 14 with overt rectal prolapse and mucosal changes. RESULTS Subjects with solitary ulcer syndrome reported symptomatic levels (digitations, pain, incontinence) similar to those of patients with outlet constipation, but they had significantly more constipation and less incontinence than patients with overt rectal prolapse. Compared with each of the three control groups (dyschezia, rectal prolapse without mucosal change, and rectal prolapse with mucosal change), subjects with solitary ulcer syndrome more frequently had an increasing anal pressure at strain (15 vs. 5, 3, and 1, respectively ; P < 0.01) and a paradoxical puborectalis contraction (15 vs. 9, 1, and 1, respectively; P < 0.05). With respect to evacuating proctography, complete rectal emptying was achieved less frequently in this group (5 vs. 12, 23, and 10, respectively; P < 0.05). Compared with patients with overt rectal prolapse, mean resting and squeezing anal pressures were significantly higher in both groups of subjects with solitary ulcer syndrome and with outlet constipation. Prevalence and levels of anatomic disorders (perineal descent, rectocele) did not differ among the four groups except for rectal prolapse grade and prevalence of enterocele (higher in overt rectal prolapse group). Interestingly, and despite matched controls for degree of intussusception, individuals with solitary ulcer syndrome had circular internal procidentia more often compared with those suffering from outlet constipation without mucosal lesions (15 vs. 8, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION This case-controlled study quantifies functional anal disorders in patients suffering from solitary ulcer syndrome. Despite no proven etiologic factor, sphincter-obstructed defecation and circular internal procidentia both may play an important part in the pathogenesis and an exclusive surgical approach may not be appropriate in this context. Presented at the meeting of the American Gastroenterology Association, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 18, 2004.     

腹腔镜下直肠脱垂悬吊固定治疗直肠全层脱垂32例临床疗效分析

目的探讨腹腔镜下经腹直肠脱垂悬吊固定治疗直肠全层脱垂的临床疗效。 方法回顾性分析南京中医药大学附属南京中医院肛肠科从2010年6月至2018年3月采用腹腔镜下经腹直肠脱垂悬吊固定术治疗中重度直肠全层脱垂32例患者的资料。采用肛门直肠压力测定、Wexner便秘评分及Wexner肛门失禁评分指标评价术前、术后1个月、3个月及随访期间患者的肛门功能。 结果32例直肠全层脱垂患者均在全麻下顺利完成腹腔镜下经腹直肠脱垂悬吊固定手术,无中转开腹。手术时间平均（115.94±23.34）min;术中出血量平均（20.16±10.74）mL。住院时间平均（12.84±2.10）天。术后当天的VAS评分平均（4.56±1.08）分。32例患者腹部切口愈合良好,无肠梗阻、腹腔感染等并发症。32例患者中成功随访31例,随访成功率96.97%（31/32）,随访时间为平均（47.56±31.29）个月。31例患者,在术后6个月以上的痊愈率为90.32%（28/31）。患者术后1个月、3个月及随访期Wexner便秘评分（t=6.135,10.448,10.348;均P<0.05）和患者术后1个月、3个月及随访期Wexner肛门失禁评分（t=7.211,7.789,10.089;均P<0.05）均较术前改善。12例直肠脱垂合并肛门失禁患者术后3月肛管静息压（t=-3.477,P<0.05）和肛管最大收缩压（t=-2.311,P<0.05）均高于术前。 结论腹腔镜下经腹直肠脱垂悬吊固定治疗直肠全层脱垂术后肛门直肠功能改善显著。     

Surgical management of combined rectal and genital prolapse in young patients: transabdominal approach

Background The aim of this study was to determine the anatomical and functional outcomes of the simultaneous treatment of combined rectal and genital prolapse in young patients.Methods Between March 2001 and June 2002, eight female patients with symptomatic rectal and genital prolapse were enrolled in this study. The median age at the time of presentation was 44 years (range 34–53). All patients underwent simultaneous transabdominal treatment of their combined prolapse. Genital prolapse was treated by colpohysteropexy. Rectal prolapse was treated by mesh rectopexy or sutured rectopexy associated with sigmoid resection. The end evaluation to assess long-term results was performed after a median duration of follow-up of 17 months (range 10–24). Patients were asked about current problems with constipation, use of laxatives, incontinence and recurrence.Results The postoperative course was uneventful in 7 out of 8 cases. None of the patients had recurrence. Three patients out of 6 remained constipated postoperatively. One patient had a new onset of constipation postoperatively. None of the patients became faecally incontinent. Seven patients (87%) stated that they had improved overall after surgery.Conclusion Combined rectal and genital prolapse in young women can be safely treated simultaneously using an abdominal approach. The genital prolapse should be treated by colpohysteropexy. The rectal prolapse should be treated by mesh rectopexy in patients who are not constipated, and by sutured rectopexy plus sigmoid resection in patients who are constipated preoperatively.     

Recurrent rectal prolapse

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the clinical and functional outcome of surgery for recurrent rectal prolapse and compare it with the outcome of patients who underwent primary operation for rectal prolapse. METHODS: All patients who underwent surgery for rectal prolapse were evaluated for age, gender, procedure, anorectal manometry and electromyography findings, and morbidity. The results for patients who underwent surgery for recurrent rectal prolapse were compared with a group of patients matched for age, gender, surgeon, and procedure who underwent primary operations for rectal prolapse. RESULTS: A total of 115 patients underwent surgery for rectal prolapse. Twenty-seven patients, 10 initially operated on at this institution and 17 operated on elsewhere, underwent surgery for recurrent rectal prolapse. These 27 patients were compared with 27 patients with primary rectal prolapse operated on in our department. In the recurrent rectal prolapse group, prior surgery included rectopexy in 7 patients, Delorme's procedure in 7 patients, perineal rectosigmoidectomy in 7 patients, anal encirclement procedure in 4 patients, and resection rectopexy in 2 patients. Operations performed for recurrence were perineal rectosigmoidectomy in 14 patients, resection rectopexy in 8 patients, rectopexy in 2 patients, pelvic floor repair in 2 patients, and Delorme's procedure in 1 patient. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in preoperative incontinence score (recurrent rectal prolapse, 13.6±7.8vs. rectal prolapse, 12.7±7.2; range, 0–20) or manometric or electromyography findings, and there were no significant differences in mortality (0vs. 3.7 percent), mean hospital stay (5.4±2.5vs. 6.9±2.8 days), anastomotic complications (anastomotic stricture (0vs. 7.4 percent), anastomotic leak (3.7vs. 3.7 percent) and wound infection (3.7vs. 0 percent)), postoperative incontinence score (2.8±4.8vs. 1.5±2.7), or recurrence rate (14.8vs. 11.1 percent) between the two groups at a mean follow-up of 23.9 (range, 6–68) and 22 (range, 5–55) months, respectively. The overall success rate for recurrent rectal prolapse was 85.2 percent. CONCLUSION: The outcome of surgery for rectal prolapse is similar in cases of primary or recurrent prolapse. The same surgical options are valid in both scenarios.Funded in part by a generous grant from the Eleanor Naylor Dana Charitable Trust Fund and the Caporella Family.Poster presentation at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, June 22 to 26, 1997.     

Surgery for Rectal Prolapse: Orr-Loygue Ventral Rectopexy With Limited Dissection Prevents Postoperative-Induced Constipation Without Increasing Recurrence

Purpose Abdominal rectopexy is the preferred surgical technique for the treatment of total rectal prolapse. In many reported series, its results are impaired by induced constipation. Lateral rectal ligaments preservation could prevent constipation but increase recurrence rates. We report anatomic and functional results of abdominal Orr-Loygue ventral rectopexy with dissection limited to anterior and posterior rectal wall. Methods Consecutive patients with total rectal prolapse or intra-anal rectal prolapse associated to fecal incontinence or outlet obstruction were treated by abdominal rectopexy. Recurrences, correction of symptoms, and induced constipation were prospectively analyzed. Results Seventy-three patients were treated between 1993 and 2004. Recurrence was observed in 3 of 73 patients (4.1 percent) after a mean follow-up period of 28.6 (range, 6–84) months. Overall patient satisfaction (correction of prolapse, incontinence, and/or outlet obstruction) after the procedure was classified in three categories: Cured: n = 45 (61.6 percent); Improved: n = 24 (32.9 percent); Failure: n = 4 (5.5 percent). Postoperative constipation appeared in 2 of 36 (5.5 percent) preoperatively nonconstipated patients and worsened in 2 of 37 (5.4 percent) preoperatively constipated patients. Conclusions Orr-Loygue abdominal ventral rectopexy with limited dissection and preservation of rectal lateral ligaments is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of complete rectal prolapse, or internal prolapse associated with fecal incontinence or outlet obstruction. Preservation of lateral ligaments seems to prevent postoperative constipation without increasing the risk of prolapse recurrence.     

慢性便秘外科手术治疗原则

重点阐述慢性便秘外科手术治疗原则。慢传输型便秘的外科治疗指证是确诊结肠传输减慢,病程在3年以上并经内科治疗无效,患者强烈要求手术,无精神障碍,了解有无合并出口梗阻型便秘和先天性巨结肠。手术方式多采用全结肠切除术或者次全结肠切除术。直肠内脱垂的外科治疗指证是有严重直肠内脱垂症状,严格内科治疗无效。手术方式首先采用经肛门手术。直肠前突手术指证是有明显临床症状,前突超过3cm,局部有造影剂存留,需要手助排便。单纯直肠前突无论经肛门、经阴道入路的手术,疗效均较好。对于耻骨直肠肌痉挛,目前多采用扩肛术或生物反馈治疗。     

Laparoscopic rectovaginopexy for rectal prolapse

Background Open rectovaginopexy is an effective procedure for the treatment of both rectal prolapse and anterior rectocele. This study investigates our results of laparoscopic rectovaginopexy (LRVP). Methods A consecutive series of 14 patients (median age, 73 years; range 24–92) with rectal prolapse was planned for LRVP. Pre-, per- and postoperative parameters were recorded. Followup was performed at the outpatients’ clinic. Results The median length of hospital stay was 6 days (range, 3–14). There was one fatal cerebrovascular accident 14 days postoperatively; this patient was excluded from further analysis. Median follow-up was 7 months (range, 0.75–38). During follow-up, 11 of 13 patients (85%) experienced resolution or major improvement of their symptoms. Anal incontinence was diminished in 9 of 13 cases (69%). Constipation improved in 2 of 3 patients (66%). These three patients experienced a combination of both anal incontinence and costipation, preoperatively. Recurrence occurred in 2 patients (15%). Two others had a minor residual mucosal prolapse. No patients reported symptoms suggestive of operation-induced constipation or dyspareunia. Conclusions LRVP is feasible, and seems to be an effective procedure for rectal prolapse. No operationinduced constipation was observed in this series. Taking into account the age and co-morbidities of these patients, morbidity and mortality may be considered acceptable. An erratum to this article is available at .     

Functional results of operative treatment of rectal prolapse over an 11-year period

PURPOSE: A variety of surgical procedures have been developed to treat rectal prolapse, but there is still no consensus on the operation of choice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional results of operative treatment of rectal prolapse during an 11-year period in our department. METHODS: All patients treated for complete rectal prolapse during an 11-year period, from 1985 to 1995, in a single university hospital were included. Of the 123 patients, 22 were men, and the mean age was 59 (range, 15–88) years. The medical records of all patients were reviewed retrospectively, and a questionnaire on bowel symptoms before and after surgery was sent to all 95 living patients. RESULTS: The majority of the procedures (91 percent) were performed by abdominal approach, and the most frequently used open technique was posterior rectopexy with mesh (78 percent). Of the incontinent patients, 35 (63 percent), all those less than 40 years of age and 64 percent of those 40 years or older, were continent postoperatively (P=0.0001) after a median follow-up of five (range, 1–72) months. According to the questionnaire, after a median follow-up of 85 (range, 16–144) months, only 38 percent of the incontinent patients in the mesh or suture group, 78 percent of patients less than 40 years of age (n=18), and 52 percent of those 40 years or older (n=47) claimed to be continent postoperatively. The proportion of patients with constipation was greater after the operation than preoperatively (P=0.02) and more patients used medication for constipation after than before the operation (P=0.0001). The overall complication rate was 15 percent, and the mortality rate was 1 percent (1/123). In the mesh or suture group there were 6 (6 percent) recurrent complete prolapses and 11 (12 percent) mucous prolapses. CONCLUSION: Posterior rectopexy with mesh gave good results in our hands. Older age and longer follow-up seem to have a negative effect on the functional outcome of the operation and on the recurrence rate.Supported by a grant from the Medical Research Fund of the Tampere University Hospital.     

Laparoscopic surgery for rectal prolapse and outlet obstruction

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of both laparoscopic suture rectopexy and resection-rectopexy in the treatment of complete and incomplete rectal prolapse, outlet obstruction, or both. METHODS: Data from surgery were collected prospectively. Semiannual follow-up was performed by assessment of recurrence, continence, and constipation using patients' history, physical examination, continence score, and anorectal manometry. Statistical analysis was performed by chi-squared test and Student'st-test (P<0.05 was accepted as statistically significant). RESULTS: Between September 1992 and February 1997, 72 patients (68 females) with a mean age of 62 (range, 23–88) years were treated laparoscopically. Indications for surgery were rectal prolapse in 21 patients, rectal prolapse combined with outlet obstruction in 36 patients, and outlet obstruction alone in 15 patients. Standard procedure was a laparoscopic suture rectopexy. A sigmoid resection was added in 40 patients. Mean duration of surgery was 227 (range, 125–360) minutes for rectopexy and 258 (range, 150–380) minutes for resection-rectopexy. Conversion was necessary in 1.4 percent (n=1). Overall complication rate was 9.7 percent (n=7) and mortality rate was 0 percent. Mean postoperative hospitalization was 15 (range, 6–47) days. All patients with a minimal follow-up of two years (n=53) could be enrolled in a prospective follow-up study (mean follow-up, 30 months). No recurrence of rectal prolapse had to be recognized. Sixty-four percent of patients with incontinence before surgery were continent or had improved continence. In patients experiencing constipation preoperatively, constipation was improved or completely removed in 76 percent. No additional symptoms of constipation occurred after surgery. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic procedures in the treatment of pelvic floor disorders,e.g., rectal prolapse or outlet obstruction, lead to acceptable functional results. However, follow-up has to be extended and long-term results of recurrence, continence, and constipation have to be evaluated.