肝硬化患者医院肺部感染的临床分析

目的探讨肝硬化患者医院肺部感染的临床特点及危险因素分析。方法以2006年1月-2010年6月487例肝硬化患者为研究对象,采用病例对照的研究方法,回顾性分析感染发生情况和危险因素。结果 73例肝硬化合并医院肺部感染,感染率14.99%,病死率28.77%。显著高于无感染患者的病死率6.76%（P〈0.01）。该类患者临床表现早期不典型,主要危险因素经Logistic多因素分析显示是：Child-pugh C级和低蛋白血症、不合理使用抗生素、住院时间、侵入性操作、上消化道出血、合并基础疾病、年龄≥60岁、白细胞计数〈4.0×109/L,病毒性肝炎是相对独立危险因素。结论肝硬化患者合并肺部感染是由多因素共同作用的结果,医务人员在临床中应予重视并规范治疗,减少医院肺部感染的发生。     

老年肝病患者医院感染特点及相关危险因素的研究

目的探讨老年肝病患者医院感染特点及相关危险因素. 方法对1995年1月～2003年1月收治的232例老年肝病患者进行临床调查分析. 结果 44例发生医院感染,感染率为18.97%,感染时间多发生在住院的2～20 d(63.64%),其中重症肝炎患者医院感染率最高,其次为肝癌、肝炎后肝硬化;感染部位以呼吸道感染为主(56.8%),其次为腹腔内组织感染(22.2%);导致感染的危险因素依次为侵袭性操作、抗菌药物使用、肝肾综合征、腹水存在等;与非感染对照组相比,医院感染患者并发肝性脑病、肝肾综合征、上消化道出血、电解质紊乱、病死率明显增高. 结论老年肝病患者医院感染发生率高,严重并发症多见,病死率高,临床医务人员应高度重视,采取综合措施加以防治.     

肝硬化患者医院感染危险因素分析及中医护理对策

目的探究肝硬化患者产生医院感染的危险因素,并采用中医预防及护理对策,为临床防控医院感染提供参考。方法收集2014年10月1日—2016年10月31日住院治疗的176例肝硬化患者资料,回顾性分析医院感染产生的危险因素,并总结中医预防及护理对策。结果176例肝硬化患者中有5例发生医院感染,其感染率是2.84%,感染部位主要有三种,即肺部感染、胃肠道及腹腔感染,其中,居于感染部位首位的是肺部感染3例(60%),其次为肠道感染1例(20%)和腹腔感染1例(20%)。5例感染病例均采样送细菌培养,检出4株病原菌,分别为2株的肺炎克雷伯菌(50%),1株的大肠埃希菌(25%),1株金黄色葡萄球菌(25%)。年龄≥55岁,住院时间≥30 d、侵入性操作、预防用药、肝功能评级高、合并肝炎是肝硬化患者发生医院感染的危险因素。结论针对肝硬化患者发生医院感染的危险因素,采取相应的中医预防及护理,增强身体免疫能力,可提高肝硬化患者生活质量,促进疾病恢复。     

重型肝炎合并肺部感染患者相关危险因素的分析以及防治对策

目的 探讨重型肝炎合并肺部感染患者相关危险因素以及防治对策,为临床治疗提供参考依据。方法 选取2014年1月~2016年1月在该院接受治疗的482例重型乙型肝炎患者,对确诊为发生肺部感染的患者采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归模型分析重型肝炎合并肺部感染患者相关危险因素,并且采用SPSS 18.0软件对数据进行统计分析。结果 482乙型肝炎肝硬化患者中有98例发生肺部感染,感染率为20.33%;临床特征主要为发烧、咳嗽、咯痰、肺部啰音和影像学改变及血中性粒细胞升高,病死率为21.43%。肺部感染患者中单种病原菌感染72例,混合感染26例。革兰阳性菌53株占47.32%,革兰阴性菌51株占45.54%,真菌8株占7.14%。多因素Logistic回归分析显示年龄、住院时间、严重程度、合并糖尿病、上消化道出血、侵入性操作、使用抗菌药物、血清白蛋白浓度均是合并肺部感染的独立危险因素。结论 重型肝炎合并肺部感染患者相关危险因素比较多,故在治疗过程中,需要进行针对性的预防和治疗,以提高重型肝炎患者的存活率。     

乙型肝炎肝硬化患者肺部感染的危险因素分析

目的分析乙型肝炎肝硬化肺部感染患者的临床特点,探讨影响其发生感染的危险因素,为临床治疗提供参考依据。方法选择2009年1月-2012年1月医院收治的乙型肝炎肝硬化患者356例,对发生肺部感染采用单因素和多因素logistic回归分析感染的影响因素;采用SPSS15.0软件进行数据统计分析。结果乙型肝炎肝硬化患者有80例发生肺部感染,感染率为22.47%、病死率为27.50%;感染组患者痰液经培养后分离出病原菌103株,其中革兰阴性菌46株占44.66%,革兰阳性菌51株占49.51%,真菌6株占5.83%;患者肺部感染与年龄、住院时间、病情严重程度、合并基础疾病、肝性脑病、上消化道出血、使用抗菌药物不合理、侵入性操作以及血清白蛋白含量具有显著关系(P<0.05);多因素logistic回归分析显示,病情严重程度、不合理使用抗菌药物、年龄≥60岁、住院时间、血清白蛋白<28g/L、上消化道出血、侵入性操作、肝性脑病和合并基础疾病均是影响患者肺部感染的危险因素。结论乙型肝炎肝硬化患者发生肺部感染是多种因素共同作用的结果,临床治疗中应给予重视并规范治疗。     

肝硬化患者发生医院感染的危险因素分析

目的 探讨老年肝硬化患者医院感染情况及其相关危险因素.方法 选择某院自2010年6月～2011年12月收治的126例老年肝硬化患者,对其临床资料进行回顾性调查分析,将发生医院感染的28例患者作为感染组,未发生医院感染的98例患者作为正常组,分析肝硬化患者医院感染的危险因素.结果 (1)肝硬化患者医院感染发生率为22.22％,感染组的病死率与正常组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05); (2)感染部位主要包括肠道感染、肺部感染、泌尿系统感染以及皮肤软组织感染等; (3)老年肝硬化患者医院内感染与性别无关,与住院时间≥30 d、肝功能差、有并发症、接受侵入性操作有关(P＜0.05).结论 老年肝硬化患者医院感染是多种危险因素共同作用的结果,因此,应尽量缩短患者住院时间,改善患者的肝功能,合理使用抗生素,减少肝硬化患者医院感染的发生率.     

肝硬化患者医院感染的危险因素分析与预防

目的探讨肝硬化患者发生医院感染的相关危险因素并制定相应的预防对策,为预防和控制肝硬化患者发生医院感染提供参考。方法选取2010年1月-2014年3月住院治疗的580例肝硬化患者发生医院感染的临床资料进行回顾性分析,探讨肝硬化发生医院感染的危险因素,并总结预防对策。结果 580例肝硬化患者发生医院感染63例,感染率10.86%;医院感染部位以呼吸系统、腹腔、消化系统为主,分别占41.27%、30.16%、17.46%;高龄、有肝炎并发症、肝功能差、预防性应用抗菌药物、侵入性操作、住院时间长是医院感染的危险因素。结论加强医院各项管理措施,严格执行无菌操作、改善患者肝功能、合理使用抗菌药物、尽量缩短患者住院时间、减少侵入性操作,可有效降低肝硬化患者医院感染的发生率。     

肝硬化肺部合并症69例临床分析

目的 探讨失代偿肝炎后肝硬化患者肺部合并症的主要原因、临床特点及对肝硬化预后的影响.方法 对住院的268例肝硬化患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究.结果 268例患者中69例有肺部合并症,其中肺部感染43例(16.0%),肺水肿13例(4.9%),肺不张6例(2.2%),浸润性肺结核及肺转移癌各3例(1.1%),肺脓肿1例(0.4%).结论 失代偿肝炎后肝硬化患者免疫力低下,易合并肺部病变,主要为肺部感染和肺水肿,可使原发病恶化、病死率增加,应尽早做出诊断并给予积极治疗.     

血浆置换术后医院深部真菌感染临床分析

目的探讨人工肝血浆置换术后重型肝炎患者并发深部真菌感染的危险因素及防治. 方法 回顾分析我院69例人工肝血浆置换术后深部真菌感染的临床资料. 结果真菌感染占同期血浆置换术后医院感染病例的60.52%,感染部位以口腔、肠道为主,其次为肺部;感染真菌类型主要为白色念珠菌、热带念珠菌、曲霉菌、毛霉菌等;感染发生与患者原发病、人工肝术后机体抵抗力降低、抗生素应用等有关;肺部真菌感染占28.98%,病死率为70.0%,其中肺曲霉病4例、毛霉病6例,无一例存活. 结论血浆置换术后真菌感染发病率较高,肺部真菌感染是更危险的因素,预后极差;重视预防措施、早期诊断治疗是减少真菌感染、降低病死率的关健.     

重型肝炎、活动性肝硬化医院感染预后因素分析

目的：探讨影响重型肝炎、活动性肝硬化患者医院感染预后的危险因素及其防治措施，方法：前瞻性调查1996年4月至2000年12月住院的重型肝炎，活动性肝硬化患者医院感染情况并进行统计分析，结果：重型肝炎、活动肝硬化医院感染病死率为37．36％（34／91），单因素分析表明血清胆红素、PT、补体C3、血清胆固醇、血钠、白细胞总数、中性粒细胞比例、感染类型，并发症种类，侵袭性操作与预后有相关性，多因素分析表明低补体C3及低胆固醇预后严重不良。结论：医院感染是导致重型肝炎，活动性肝硬化患者死亡的重要因素，血清低补体C3及低胆固醇是影响预后的高危因素。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.