椎弓根钉内固定结合经椎弓根植骨治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的临床疗效分析

【目的】分析采用椎弓根钉内固定结合经椎弓根植骨治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的临床疗效。【方法】对36例胸腰椎爆裂性骨折患者均行手术治疗，应用椎弓根钉内固定、自制圆棒透视下经伤椎椎弓根撬拔复位结合经椎弓根植骨治疗。【结果】采用Frankel标准评定神经功能恢复情况。通过术前、术后1周伤椎影像学检查，伤椎椎体前缘高度、Cobb角及伤椎椎体前缘高度与伤椎上下椎体平均高度的比值均明显改善。椎管狭窄受堵情况按wolter分类评估。Cobb角由术前的平均29．2°矫正至平均4．2°；伤椎椎体前缘高度，由术前的平均19mm矫正至平均36mm，伤椎椎体前缘高度与伤椎上下椎体平均高度的比值由术前的平均35．8％矫正至95．5％，术后随访测量伤椎X线片的Cobb角、椎体前缘高度与术后1周比较无明显变化，无一例发生内固定失败。【结论】椎弓根钉内固定结合经椎弓根植骨治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折，植骨融合率高，有效防止内固定失败和骨折复位丢失，是治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折较理想的方法。     

后路椎弓根内固定系统治疗胸腰椎骨折46例分析

目的:探讨短节段椎弓根内固定系统治疗胸腰椎不稳定性骨折的适应证、技术要点及其疗效。方法:对胸椎不稳定性骨折46例做短节段椎弓根复位固定,其中29例行部分或全椎板切除减压,关节突间植骨融合。结果:随访6个月～2 a,椎体前高度由术前平均45%恢复至术后92%,cobb角由术前25°恢复至术后6.5;°合并脊髓损伤患者A S IA神经功能评分平均升高一级;无断钉、松动、椎弓根骨折及感染发生。结论:短节段椎弓根内固定系统具有骨折复位满意、固定牢固、操作简单、手术时间短及患者早期离床活动等优点,是治疗胸腰椎骨折的可靠内固定器材。     

急诊后路椎弓根钉棒系统间接复位治疗胸腰椎压缩及爆裂骨折

目的观察急诊后路椎弓根钉棒系统间接复位治疗胸腰椎压缩及爆裂骨折的疗效。方法选择外伤后4d内胸腰椎压缩或爆裂骨折急诊患者53例(男性34例,女性19例),经后路行椎弓根钉棒系统复位、椎管间接减压及植骨内固定术。对患者术前、术后伤椎高度、后突角、椎管矢状径变化率、神经功能Frankel分级变化进行随访。结果所有病例获得2周内随访,其中47例获得1年以上随访。术后伤椎平均高度由术前的42.28%恢复到93.46%;平均后突角由术前的26.44°恢复到17.73°;平均椎管矢状径由63.14%恢复到78.55%。术后各随访期除5例完全性脊髓损伤患者无恢复外,其余脊髓、马尾损伤患者神经功能均获得Frankel分级1级以上恢复。随访患者中无1例出现晚发性脊髓损伤及腰背痛;3例出现部分螺钉松动或断裂,但均无特殊不适,亦无椎体高度丢失。结论对胸腰椎压缩、爆裂骨折在严格掌握手术适应证的前提下,急诊经后路行椎弓根钉棒系统间接复位、减压及内固定术,具有创伤小、手术时间短、手术操作简单等优点,且骨折复位及脊髓、神经功能恢复疗效肯定。     

新型可灌注骨水泥椎弓根螺钉联合普通椎弓根螺钉撑开复位治疗胸腰椎椎体爆裂骨折

目的探讨利用椎弓根螺钉短节段撑开复位联合伤椎新型可灌注骨水泥螺钉灌注骨水泥治疗胸腰椎椎体爆裂骨折的疗效。方法选择32例采用椎弓根螺钉短节段撑开复位联合伤椎新型可灌注骨水泥螺钉灌注骨水泥治疗的胸腰椎椎体爆裂骨折患者;平均随访(11.0±1.5)个月;评估手术前后椎体缘压缩比、椎管侵占率、Cobb角、视觉疼痛评分及Oswestry功能障碍评分等指标。结果平均手术时间(120±10)min,术中出血量平均(350±10)ml。与术前相比,术后椎体缘压缩比、椎管侵占率、Cobb角度、视觉疼痛评分及Oswestry功能障碍评分差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),且随访中各项指标无显著性改变,末次随访时,影像学复查无螺钉松动、内固定物断裂发生。结论椎弓根螺钉短节段撑开复位联合伤椎新型可灌注骨水泥螺钉灌注骨水泥能够有效治疗胸腰椎椎体爆裂骨折。     

新型短节段椎弓根螺钉内固定系统治疗胸腰椎骨折临床分析

目的 探讨新型短节段椎弓根螺钉内固定系统治疗胸腰椎骨折临床疗效。方法选取胸腰椎骨折88例,运用新型短节段椎弓根螺钉内固定系统治疗,观察其临床治疗效果。结果5～24个月的随访,平均13个月,摄X线片测定椎体高度,椎体前缘术前平均高度45％,术后93％。后缘术前平均高度92％,术后96％,骨折脱位的椎体完全复位。Cobb角术前平均23。,本组88例经短节段椎弓根螺钉内固定系统内固定后效果较好,20例早期手术效果尤为满意,78例神经功能障碍中除5例无恢复外均有不同程度的恢复。结论胸腰椎骨折应早期手术治疗,使用新型短节段椎弓根螺钉内固定系统效果较好,但应强调如进钉点定位准确、把握好进钉的方向和深度、必要时进行植骨融合。     

椎弓根钉内固定结合骨水泥灌注伤椎成形治疗胸腰椎骨折40例

目的:探讨椎弓根钉内固定结合伤椎椎体成形治疗胸腰椎骨折的临床效果。方法:对40例胸腰椎骨折在椎弓根钉复位固定的同时,经伤椎椎弓根注入骨水泥或钙磷骨水泥。结果:本组患者手术均成功,术后切口无感染,脊髓神经症状无恶化。随访12～66个月,除2例神经功能A级症状无改善外,其余均有Ⅰ～Ⅲ级的恢复。3个月后腰背疼痛VAS评分2～5分(平均3.5分),术后X线摄片显示后凸Cobb角0°～12°(平均5.0°,矫正18.2°),椎体前缘高度恢复至92%～100%,平均97.5%。随访12个月后X线摄片显示后凸Cobb角0°～18°(平均7.0°,丢失2.0°),动力位X线片显示固定段无异常活动,未发现椎弓根钉松动、断裂,椎体高度较术后平均改变0.5%,12个月后的Franke1分级较术前平均上升2级。结论:椎弓根钉内固定系统对胸腰椎骨折具有良好的复位和固定作用,经椎弓根注入骨水泥或钙磷骨水泥能即时增加椎体的骨容量和脊柱前柱的抗压稳定性。椎弓根钉内固定结合伤椎椎体成形是治疗胸腰椎骨折的一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

AF系统内固定器治疗胸腰椎骨折98例体会

【目的】综合评价AF椎弓根螺钉内固定器治疗胸腰椎骨折和(或)合并脊髓神经损伤的效果。【方法】回顾分析98例应用AF椎弓根内固定系统治疗的胸腰椎骨折患者手术前后的临床体征、X线片和脊髓神经功能恢复情况。【结果】平均随诊23个月,98例患者椎体高度均基本恢复,脊髓神经功能明显改善(术前、后比较P值<0.01)。Cobb角由术前平均40°恢复到术后平均7°。【结论】AF椎弓根内固定器能达到精确复位固定及椎管有效减压,是一种治疗胸腰椎骨折的有效方法。     

短节段椎弓根内固定治疗屈曲牵张型胸腰椎骨折的护理

目的探讨短节段椎弓根螺钉内固定系统治疗屈曲牵张型胸腰椎骨折的护理要点。方法采取短节段椎弓根螺钉内固定系统治疗27例屈曲牵张型胸腰椎骨折患者,行术前护理、术后护理,并指导出院后的康复训练。术后通过放射学测量和Oswestry功能障碍指数功能评估综合评价其疗效。结果随访时间10个月~3.1年,平均2.8年,无手术并发症。伤椎前缘高度由术前平均70.6%±13.9%恢复至术后96.8%±5.4%(差异有统计学意义,P<0.05),随访时95.2%±3.1%(与术后相比差异无统计学意义,P>0.05);Cobb角由术前平均(12.7±9.5)°恢复至术后(-1.9±8.1)°(差异有统计学意义,P<0.05),随访时(-0.9±10.9)°(与术后相比差异无统计学意义,P>0.05)。随访时患者Oswestry功能障碍指数平均为11.5(0~32)。结论屈曲牵张型胸腰椎骨折是一种不稳定性脊柱骨折,短节段椎弓根螺钉内固定系统治疗屈曲牵张型胸腰椎骨折可获得满意疗效,正确有效的护理措施是手术取得良好效果的保证。     

连续与跨节段椎弓根螺钉固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的临床疗效分析

目的探讨连续与跨节段椎弓根螺钉固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的临床疗效。方法我院采用连续与跨节段椎弓根螺钉固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折患者39例。观察患者术前术后的AMS评分情况,患者骨折恢复情况:椎体高度、Cobb角等。结果 39例患者平均手术时间为(145.46±53.46)min,术中平均透视时间(14.34±4.46)min,术中平均出血量(630.58±72.46)mL。术后所有患者脊神经压迫症状减轻,手术前后患者AMS评分有明显改善,患者椎体高度及Cobb角术后较术前恢复效果明显(P<0.05)。结论连续与跨节段椎弓根螺钉固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折疗效十分显著,可以有效的恢复患者的脊柱功能,值得在临床上推广。     

椎弓根螺钉内固定系统矫正青少年特发性脊柱侧凸疗效观察——附18例报告

目的探讨椎弓根螺钉内固定系统对青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的矫形疗效。方法采用椎弓根螺钉内固定系统对18例青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者行手术矫形,并观察术后脊柱侧凸角矫正情况、有否出现并发症、植骨融合情况及身高增加程度。结果全组病例脊柱侧凸角由术前平均56°改善为术后7°,矫正成功率100%。无发生脊髓损伤、血气胸、断钉、松棒、感染等并发症,全部病例随访半年,均达到骨性融合,平均身高增加(1～5)cm。结论采用椎弓根螺钉内固定系统矫正青少年特发性脊柱侧凸效果良好、安全。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."