陈旧性与新鲜性压缩骨折行椎体成形术的临床对比研究

目的回顾性对比研究陈旧性与新鲜性椎体压缩性骨折行经经皮椎体成形术（percutaneouss vertebra plasty,PVP）后的临床效果。方法对24例老年骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩性骨折患者行PVP治疗,将研究对象按陈旧性骨折和新鲜性骨折分为2组,分别拍摄2组术前、术后标准正侧位X线片,从而对骨折椎体高度的恢复、后凸畸形的矫正及疼痛视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale,VAS）评分进行研究对比。结果所有患者术后平均随访6个月,无严重并发症发生。2组患者术后疼痛缓解且恢复良好,均恢复日常活动能力。但陈旧性压缩性骨折患者术后椎体高度恢复和后凸畸形的矫正程度均不如新鲜性骨折患者。结论 PVP术操作简单、创伤小,对于骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的治疗效果明显,尤其对新鲜骨折效果显著,且对于缓解陈旧性骨折疼痛症状也有良好效果。     

陈旧性与新鲜性压缩骨折行椎体成形术的临床对比研究

【摘要】 目的 回顾性对比研究陈旧性与新鲜性椎体压缩性骨折行经经皮椎体成形术(percutaneouss vertebra plasty,PVP)后的临床效果。 方法 对24例老年骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩性骨折患者行PVP治疗,将研究对象按陈旧性骨折和新鲜性骨折分为2组,分别拍摄2组术前、术后标准正侧位X线片,从而对骨折椎体高度的恢复、后凸畸形的矫正及疼痛视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale, VAS）评分进行研究对比。 结果 所有患者术后平均随访6个月,无严重并发症发生。2组患者术后疼痛缓解且恢复良好,均恢复日常活动能力。但陈旧性压缩性骨折患者术后椎体高度恢复和后凸畸形的矫正程度均不如新鲜性骨折患者。 结论 PVP术操作简单、创伤小,对于骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的治疗效果明显,尤其对新鲜骨折效果显著,且对于缓解陈旧性骨折疼痛症状也有良好效果。     

椎体强化治疗脊柱骨质疏松性隐匿骨折

目的探讨椎体强化在脊柱骨质疏松性隐匿骨折中的治疗作用。方法自2010-06—2013-12诊治18例(18椎)X线阴性椎体骨折,MRI显示椎体骨折,10椎接受PVP术,另外8椎复查X线发现椎体高度压缩后行PKP术,对所有患者行疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)。结果 18例获得3~36个月,平均20个月的随访,患者术后疼痛均缓解,VAS评分:X线阴性组术前(8.5±1.6)分,术后(2.3±0.5)分(t=3.1,P0.01),压缩组术前(9.0±1.5)分,术后(2.4±0.6)分(t=3.5,P0.01),随访PVP组椎体高度均无压缩。结论PVP和PKP均能有效缓解疼痛,椎体强化不但能缓解X线阴性骨折患者的疼痛,还可有效保护椎体高度。     

PKP联合PVP治疗胸腰椎多节段骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的临床研究

目的探讨经皮椎体后凸成形术(PKP)联合椎体成形术(PVP)治疗胸腰椎多节段骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的临床疗效。方法自2008-01-2011-02采用PVP+PKP术治疗胸腰椎多节段骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折30例(108椎)均为新鲜骨折,选择椎体压缩程度≥1/3且≤2/3采用PKP技术,椎体压缩程度<1/3及>2/3采用PVP技术,Cobb’s角观察术后椎体后凸畸形矫正情况及视觉模拟疼痛评分(VAS)对患者疼痛进行评价。结果平均随访14个月(6～24个月),术后骨折后凸畸形Cobb’s角平均矫正20.6°,术后胸腰背部疼痛VAS评分明显改善。结论 PKP联合PVP治疗胸腰椎多节段骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折具有创伤小,用时短,止痛效果好,恢复椎体高度,矫正脊柱后凸畸形,能增强脊柱稳定性,是一种简单、安全有效的方法。     

经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性脊柱压缩性骨折

目的探讨经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性脊柱压缩性骨折的临床疗效及并发症。方法随访老年骨质疏松脊柱压缩性骨折患者21例,男5例,女16例,年龄61~82岁,平均72岁,21例36椎行经皮椎体成形术(PVP),术前及术后3 d进行疼痛视觉类比评分(VAS)和活动能力评分;随访期间观察患者疼痛缓解及生活能力状况,并分析骨水泥渗漏、邻椎骨折、临近器官损伤等并发症。结果手术全部成功,术后早期疼痛明显缓解,VAS评分术后3 d(2.5±0.6)较术前(7.5±0.7)明显下降(P<0.01);活动能力评分术后3 d(1.2±0.4)较术前(2.4±0.6)明显改善(P<0.01)。随访6~26个月(平均16个月);4例发生周围椎体骨折;3例发生骨水泥渗漏。患者对治疗效果满意。结论经皮椎体成形术是一种治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的微创手术,能够有效缓解骨质疏松性椎体骨折引起的疼痛,维持椎体稳定性,恢复椎体的高度,是一种简单、安全、有效的新方法。     

骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折经皮椎体成形术后再发骨折的治疗

目的 探讨骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折经皮椎体成形术(PVP)术后再发骨折的治疗方法.方法 2010年1月至2012年12月,收治骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折PVP术后再发骨折患者43例,再次行PVP治疗,术前及术后进行视觉模拟疼痛评分(VAS)及自理生活能力评估(ADL).结果 所有患者采用PVP治疗均获成功,影像学并发症包括骨水泥漏入椎间盘、周围软组织、椎体周围静脉引流,但上述患者均无明显的临床症状,术后24h、3个月VAS评分分别为(3.2±1.1)、(1.7±0.9)分,ADL评分分别为(72.0±10.0)分、(95.0±15.0)分,较术前(7.7±1.4)、(33.0±13.0)分均显著改善(P＜0.01).结论 PVP手术对于骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折已行PVP治疗而再发骨折患者仍是可行和有效的,可以获得较好的疼痛缓解和功能恢复的效果,临床并发症较少.     

经皮椎体成形术治疗老年椎体压缩骨折

目的探讨经皮椎体成形术(percutaneous vertebroplasty,PVP)治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的临床效果。方法对2006年1月-2008年12月间行PVP的20例患者进行随访,手术前后疼痛程度应用疼痛视觉模拟评分(Visual analogue scale,VAS)和MiGill-Melzack疼痛分级法,并在X线侧位片上测量后凸畸形Cobb角。结果平均随访时间为12月;相对于术前,术后及随访时VAS评分、MiGill-Melzack评分及Cobb角均有改善(P0.05)。结论PVP能迅速缓解疼痛,增加椎体强度和脊柱稳定性,适用于骨质疏松性脊柱骨折。     

应用经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折的研究

目的 探讨椎体成形术（PVP）在治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折（OVCF）中的作用.方法 31例骨质疏松性压缩性骨折患者接受了椎体成形术,患者均有背部疼痛.在X线透视引导下,经单侧或双侧椎弓根入路行PVP,每个椎体注入骨水泥量为3～8 ml,平均6.0 ml,完成46个椎体成形术.术后患者随访1～18个月.结果 31例中绝大多数患者术后6 h～2 d疼痛明显缓解或消失.结论 椎体成形术为骨质疏松压缩性骨折经保守治疗无效患者提供了一种安全、微创、有效的治疗方法.     

小剂量骨水泥PVP联合药物治疗骨质疏松伴椎体压缩性骨折

目的 探讨小剂量骨水泥PVP联合药物治疗骨质疏松伴椎体压缩性骨折的疗效.方法 回顾性研究采用小剂量骨水泥PVP联合药物治疗26例骨质疏松伴椎体压缩性骨折.记录术前、术后VAS评分,并术后12个月复查BMD,观察疗效及骨密度的改善情况.结果 采用配对t检验对术前、术后VAS评分及BMD值进行统计学分析,均有统计学意义.结论 小剂量PVP联合药物治疗骨质疏松伴椎体压缩性骨折能有效的缓解疼痛症状,可提高骨密度,减少并发症的发生.     

老年骨质疏松性椎体骨折患者经皮椎体成形术(PVP)围术期系统护理效果观察

目的观察老年骨质疏松性椎体骨折患者经皮椎体成形术(PVP)围术期系统护理的效果。方法对52例老年骨质疏松性骨折患者实施PVP治疗期间,积极开展心理干预、体位护理、康复锻炼、出院教育等系统护理措施。结果 52例患者均顺利完成手术。术后X线复查示:骨水泥填充好,无泄漏,骨折复位满意。术后腰背疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)明显低于术前,差异具有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。治疗期间未出现肺栓塞和脊髓、神经根受压等并发症,患者均痊愈出院。术后均进行6个月的随访,末次随访,脊柱稳定性恢复良好。结论对接受PVP治疗的老年骨质疏松性椎体骨折患者,围术期给予系统护理干预,有助于缓解患者疼痛,降低并发症发生风险,提高患者术后生活质量。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.