经皮椎间孔镜下BEIS技术治疗老年腰椎管狭窄症

目的评价经皮椎间孔镜下BEIS技术治疗老年腰椎管狭窄症的临床效果。方法对40例老年腰椎管狭窄症患者实施经皮椎间孔镜下BEIS技术治疗,采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS法)和改良Mac Nab疗效评定标准评定治疗效果。结果术后当日、术后3 d、1周、1个月及3个月VAS评分分均显著低于术前,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。根据改良疗效评定Mac Nab标准,本组优30例,良5例,可5例,优良率87.5%(35/40)。结论经皮椎间孔镜下BEIS技术对治疗老年腰椎管狭窄症,近期效果确切且安全。     

经皮椎间孔镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症的疗效分析及临床体会

目的探讨经皮椎间孔镜手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效并总结经验。方法对205例椎间盘突出症行经皮椎间孔镜手术,并采用疼痛视觉模拟评分法(VAS)及改良Mac Nab标准评估手术疗效。结果其中203例顺利完成手术,共189例获得随访。术前VAS评分为(6.18±0.97)分,术后3个月为(1.82±1.09)分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(t=9.13,P0.01)。术后3个月疗效按改良Mac Nab标准:优76例,良95例,可15例,差3例,优良率90.5%。结论采用经皮椎间孔镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症疗效显著,但该技术学习曲线陡峭,需严格把握适应证及禁忌证。     

经皮椎间孔镜TESSYS-ISEE技术治疗老年腰椎侧隐窝狭窄症

[目的]探讨经皮椎间孔镜TESSYS-ISEE技术治疗老年腰椎侧隐窝狭窄症的安全性及有效性。[方法]回顾性分析了本院2017年1月～2018年5月采用经皮椎间孔镜TESSYS-ISEE技术治疗并获得随访的29例老年腰椎侧隐窝狭窄症患者的临床资料,采用VAS评分和ODI评分评价临床疗效。末次随访时,采用改良MacNab标准评定优良率。[结果]所有患者均顺利完成手术,1例术中发生硬膜撕裂,无神经血管损伤、椎间隙感染、症状性髓核残留等并发症发生。手术时间55～95 min,平均(72.29±11.52) min;术后住院时间2～6 d,平均(3.75±1.04) d;29例患者获得13～25个月随访,平均(18.76±3.92)个月。随访期间,1例患者腰椎间盘突出复发。术后各时间点腰痛VAS评分、腿痛VAS评分及ODI评分均较术前改善(P0.05)。末次随访时,根据改良MacNab评分标准评定优良率为89.66%。[结论]经皮椎间孔镜TESSYS-ISEE技术能安全、有效地治疗老年腰椎侧隐窝狭窄症,可在临床推广应用。     

经皮椎间孔镜治疗腰椎间盘突出伴后纵韧带骨化的临床研究

[目的]探讨经皮椎间孔镜治疗腰椎间盘突出伴后纵韧带骨化的临床效果及手术技巧。[方法]收集本院2014年12月~2016年11月收治的腰椎间盘突出伴后纵韧带骨化患者共计10例,均行经皮侧方椎间孔镜技术进行治疗。平均病程26.5个月,平均随访时间10.2个月。分别于术前及术后1 d、3个月和末次随访时行视觉疼痛模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)、Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)和改良Mac Nab疗效评定对临床疗效进行分析评估,对患者术前和末次随访时X线片、CT和MRI影像学资料进行比较,并统计手术时间、术中出血量、术后并发症、住院时间等资料。[结果]腰痛VAS评分从术前的(8.46±0.23)降至末次随访的(1.12±0.19)分;腿痛VAS评分从术前的(8.68±0.22)分降至末次随访的(1.05±0.25)分;ODI评分分别从术前(81.25±2.86)分降至末次随访的(13.25±1.38)分。末次随访时,依据改良的Mac Nab标准评估,优良率达90%。[结论]经皮椎间孔镜技术可有效治疗腰椎椎间盘突出伴后纵韧带骨化,使神经根得到及时彻底减压及松解,临床效果显著。     

经皮椎间孔镜技术治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症

目的探讨经皮椎间孔镜技术治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的手术技巧及临床疗效。方法2013-08-2015-01,共有21例极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症患者在我院行经皮穿刺椎间孔镜下髓核摘除、神经根减压术。采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)对腰腿疼痛缓解情况进行评价,采用ODI功能评分及改良Mac Nab标准进行临床疗效评价。结果 21例患者均顺利完成,手术时间55~125 min,平均85 min,住院时间3~6 d,平均4 d,手术切口均一期愈合。平均随访18个月,手术前腰腿痛VAS评分术前为(8.6±2.5)分,术后当天为(2.0±1.1)分,末次随访(1.8±0.8)分,手术前后差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。术前ODI为(65.4±21.8),末次随访为(12.6±4.3),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后3例患者出现感觉异常;1例出现髓核残留,另有1例术后9个月复发,均行经椎间孔入路椎间融合术翻修后症状缓解。按照Macnab标准评定,其优良率为90.5%。结论经皮椎间孔镜技术是一种治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症安全有效的微创手术方式。     

经皮椎间孔镜技术翻修腰椎融合术后椎间隙感染

[目的]评价椎间孔镜技术翻修腰椎融合术后椎间隙感染的临床疗效;[方法]应用椎间孔镜技术翻修腰椎融合术后椎间隙感染患者10例,术后1 d、1个月、3个月时进行视觉模拟评分,检测血沉、C反应蛋白(CRP)及白细胞计数。末次随访时以Oswestry功能障碍指数评估腰椎功能改善情况;采用改良Mac Nab标准判定疗效。[结果]术后VAS评分较术前显著降低(P<0.01);白细胞计数、中性粒细胞、血沉、CRP均较术前降低(P<0.05);末次随访的ODI指数低于术前(P<0.05)。末次随访改良Mac Nab标准疗效评价优良率为90.00%。[结论]经皮椎间孔镜技术翻修腰椎融合术后腰椎间隙感染临床疗效肯定,值得推广。     

椎间孔镜微创治疗腰椎间盘突出症近期疗效观察

目的：应用经皮椎间孔镜技术微创治疗腰椎间盘突出症,观察其临床治疗效果。方法;应用经皮椎间孔镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症患者28例,康复策略采用早期功能锻炼与腰椎稳定的原则进行,手术效果按照视疼痛模拟评分（VAS）和改良MacNab标准进行评定。结果：所有患者均成功实施手术,术后随访时间3个月,腰腿痛VAS评分较术前明显改善;根据改良MacNab标准优良率89.3％。结论：经皮椎间孔镜技术是治疗腰椎间盘突出症安全、有效的微创治疗办法：采用有效的康复手段,可以最大限度的减少复发,取得最大的治疗效果。     

经皮椎间孔镜治疗腰椎管狭窄症的体会

目的探讨经皮椎间孔镜技术治疗腰椎管狭窄症的重要性和有效性。方法采用经皮椎间孔镜技术治疗35例腰椎管狭窄症。结果随访4~9个月,腿痛VAS评分:术前(8.7±1.0)分,术后7 d(2.6±1.2)分,末次随访(2.0±1.0)分,手术前后差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。根据Macnab疗效评定标准:优20例,良11例,可4例,优良率88.6%。结论采用系列环锯行经皮行椎间孔扩大成形是治疗腰椎管狭窄症简单,安全和有效的微创手术。     

椎间孔镜技术治疗腰椎融合后临近节段病变的临床疗效

[目的]探讨经皮椎间孔镜技术治疗腰椎融合术后相邻节段退变的临床疗效。[方法]回顾性分析2010年8月~2015年8月于本院应用经皮椎间孔镜治疗并获得随访的23例腰椎融合术后相邻节段退变患者的临床资料,采用视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale/score,VAS)评估手术疗效,应用日本骨科协会(Japanese Orthopaedic Association Scores,JOA)评分对腰椎功能进行评估,并计算JOA改善率,术后1年改良Mac Nab标准评估临床疗效。[结果]手术时间40~85 min,平均55 min;出血量5~25 ml,平均10 ml;住院时间3~14 d,平均7 d。所有患者随访6~24个月,平均13.5个月。术前VAS评分为(7.13±0.54)分,术后3 d为(2.05±0.34)分,末次随访为(1.41±0.28)分。术前与术后3 d、末次随访比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);术前JOA评分为(9.89±0.53)分,出院当天评分为(18.23±2.25)分,末次随访评分为(28.41±2.34)分,术前与出院时、末次随访比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。根据JOA评分标准计算改善率,优18例,良3例,可1例,差1例;术后1年优良率为91.3%。[结论]应用经皮椎间孔镜治疗腰椎融合术后相邻节段退变性疾病疗效确切,具有创伤小、手术时间短、恢复快、术后并发症少等优点。     

经皮椎间孔镜技术治疗老年腰椎间盘突出症

目的探讨经皮椎间孔镜技术治疗老年腰椎间盘突出症的手术技巧及疗效。方法回顾性分析自2012-05—2015-08经皮椎间孔镜技术治疗的36例老年椎间盘突出症,其中30例行椎间孔扩大成形术。比较手术前后VAS评分及ODI指数,末次随访时采用Mac Nab标准评定疗效。结果本组手术时间平均68.6(52~93)min,无神经根损伤、硬膜囊撕裂及脑脊液漏发生。36例均获得随访,随访时间平均24.6(14~53)个月。术后VAS评分、ODI指数较术前明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);且术后1年VAS评分、ODI指数与术后3个月比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。末次随访时疗效采用Mac Nab标准评定:优22例,良11例,可3例(其中2例未行椎间孔扩大成形术)。结论经皮椎间孔镜技术治疗老年腰椎间盘突出症创伤小、出血少、术后恢复快,通过镜下精准减压、椎间孔扩大成形确保了手术效果。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.