燃汽油机动车尾气致核酸分子氧化损伤效应研究

目的：通过研究燃汽油机动车尾气成分，及其对DNA分子的氧化损伤，在分子生物学水平上探讨燃汽油机动车尾气污染物的遗传毒性效应与机制。方法：以DNA加合物8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHdG)作为DNA氧化损伤的生物学标志物，用高压液相色谱-电化学检测(HPLC-EC)法对污染物染毒后的DNA中8-OHdG进行定量检测，通过气质联用法(GC-MS)进行有机成分分析和原子吸收法(AAS)对其进行无机元素分析，并从化学组成成分的角度探讨DNA氧化损伤的分子机理。结果：在燃汽油机动车尾气的颗粒物和挥发性有机物中分别检出有机污染物85种和46种，无机元素7种和5种。燃汽油机动车尾气颗粒物和挥发性有机物均可在体外直接诱导DNA氧化损伤，尾气颗粒物还可诱导大鼠肺组织DNA氧化损伤，并呈现一定的剂量—反应关系。结论：污染物直接以及间接的氧化作用，源于含有醌类、多酚等具有自氧化作用的化合物，不需要任何生物活化系统，在体外就可产生大量的活性氧自由基，并在金属离子的催化作用下进攻DNA的碱基形成8-OHdG，产生遗传毒性效应，而8-OHdG是DNA氧化损伤的较好的效应标志物。     

烹调油烟雾诱导核酸氧化损伤及其标志物8-羟基脱氧鸟苷的形成机制

目的 了解烹调油烟雾的遗传毒性效应。方法 以核酸加合物8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHdG)作为DNA氧化损伤的生物学标志物,用高效液相色谱-电化学检测法(HPLC-EC)对烹调油烟雾染毒的小牛胸腺DNA及Wistar大鼠气管灌注染毒的肺组织DNA中8-OHdG进行定量检测,通过气质联用法(GC-MS)进行有机成分和原子吸收法(AAS)进行无机元素分析,并从混合污染物化学组成成分的角度推断了烹调油烟雾造成DNA氧化损伤的分子机理。结果体外试验表明烹调油烟雾的各组分,包括油烟冷凝物、残留油、油烟颗粒物、油烟挥发性有机物均能能诱导DNA氧化产生8-OHdG,产生量的顺序为残留油>冷凝物>油烟颗粒物>油烟挥发性有机物。体内实验结果表明油烟冷凝物可诱导大鼠肺组织DNA的氧化且具有剂量一反应关系和时间一效应关系。结论烹调油烟雾具有明确的遗传毒性,可诱导核酸氧化产生加合物8-OHdG,其机制可能是烹调油混合污染物中存在痕量金属离子如Fe2+、Cu2+等,介导Fenton反应生成羟自由基,直接进攻DNA造成氧化损伤。     

香烟烟雾成分分析及其对DNA生物氧化能力研究

目的 从分子生物学水平上探讨香烟烟雾对DNA的生物氧化能力。方法 以DNA加合物8－羟基脱氧鸟苷（8－OHdG）作为DNA氧化损伤的生物学标志物,用高压液相色谱－电化学检测法对香烟烟雾染毒后的DNA中8－OHdG进行定量。通过气质联用法（GC－MS）对香烟烟雾进行有机分成分析,用原子吸收法（AAS）对其进行无机元素分析。结果 香烟烟雾颗粒物和挥发性有机物可不同程度地引起DNA基损伤产生8－OHdG,并分别检出有机污染物157种和78种,无机元素5种。香烟烟雾对DNA的生物氧化能力主要是由于存在大量有机污染物,其中的醌类、多酚等化合物具有自氧化作用,在体外可产生大量的活性氧自由基,并在金属的催化作用下进攻DNA的碱基,形成加合物8－OHdG。结论 香烟烟雾对DNA具有氧化能力,香烟烟雾具有直接的遗传毒性效应。     

香烟侧流烟雾引起的DNA分子氧化损伤

目的：通过研究环境烟草烟雾的侧流烟雾（ETSS）对DNA分子的氧化损伤，探讨环境烟草烟雾（ETS）的遗传毒性效应及其分子机制。方法：以DNA加合物8－羟基脱氧鸟苷（8－OHdG)作为DNA氧化损伤的生物学标志物，用高压液相色谱－电化学检测（HPLC－EC）法对ETSS染毒后的DNA中8－OHdG进行定量检测，通过气质联用法（GC－MS）对香烟烟雾进行有机成分分析和原子吸收法（AAS）对其进行无机元素分析，并从化学组成成分的角度探讨DNA氧化损伤的分子机理。结果：ETSS的颗粒物和挥发性有机物污染物123种和84种，有机元素7种，其中醌类，多酚等化合物具有自氧化作用，不需要任何生物活性系统，在体外就可产生大量的活性氧自由基，并在金属的催化作用下进攻DNA的碱基，形成加合物8－OHdC ,结论：ETSS对DNA具有氧化能力，体现了直接的遗传毒性效应，8－OHdG是DNA氧化损伤较好的效应标志物。     

高效液相色谱-电化学检测法测定尿中8-羟基脱氧鸟苷含量

活性氧引起的DNA氧化损伤与衰老和一些疾病有关。DNA中碱基鸟嘌呤C8位易受羟自由基攻击，形成碱基修饰产物8-羟基脱氧鸟嘌呤核苷(8-OHdG)。8-OHdG是DNA氧化损伤的特异产物，是公认的内源性及外源性因素对DNA氧化损伤的生物标志物。当机体修复机制正常时，8-OHdG可在酶的作用下从DNA链上切除并重新掺人正常的鸟嘌呤碱基，而切下的8-OHdG则经尿液排出体外。     

8-羟基脱氧鸟苷在污染物遗传毒性研究中的应用分析

遗传毒性是环境毒理学研究的一项重要内容。遗传毒性可以由多种环境因素,经过多种生物学机制引起。外源性氧化性环境污染物进入体内所致的生物大分子的氧化损伤,是遗传毒性最为常见的生物学机制之一。主要表现为生物大分子（如DNA、蛋白质、脂类等）氧化损伤,以及随之发生的结构和功能改变,并最终导致基因突变、细胞癌变及生成肿瘤等现象。8-羟基脱氧鸟苷（8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine,8-OHdG）是活性氧自由基（如羟自由基、单线态氧等）攻击DNA分子中的鸟嘌呤第8位碳原子而产生的一种氧化性加合物,它是活性氧基团引起的DNA氧化损伤修饰产物之一。     

室内生源性多环芳烃对DNA的氧化损伤

目的 了解室内生活污染来源-吸烟和烹调产生的多环芳烃(PAHs)种类与含量，及其对DNA的氧化损伤作用。方法 采集室内烹调油烟和环境烟草烟雾颗粒物，应用气相色谱-质谱-选择性离子监测技术(GC-MS-SIM)定量检测10种PAHs，并用10种混合PAHs经气管灌注染毒大鼠，用液相色谱结合电化学检测技术测定肺组织DNA中产生的氧化损伤标志物8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHdG)。结果 PAHs广泛存在于烹调油烟冷凝物、油烟颗粒物以及环境烟草烟雾的主、侧流烟雾颗粒物之中。其标准混合物可诱导大鼠肺组织DNA氧化损伤形成8-OHdG，并呈现明确的剂量一反应关系。结论 PAHs的遗传毒性效应和潜在的致癌效应存在着一条氧化代谢产生羟基自由基进攻核酸的途径。     

大气可吸入颗粒物致HepG2细胞DNA损伤

目的 研究大气可吸人颗粒物(PM10)致人肝细胞瘤细胞(HepG2)DNA损伤及其可能机制.方法 单细胞凝胶电泳(SCGE)试验检测细胞DNA链断裂;2',7'-二氢二氯荧光素(DCFH)法测定细胞内活性氧水平;免疫组化方法测定8-羟脱氧鸟苷(8-OHdG)在细胞内的表达水平;免疫细胞化学法检测细胞内核转录因子NF-kB p65蛋白表达水平.结果 大连市4个监测点PM10有机提取物致HepG2细胞DNA链断裂作用存在地点和季节差异;7.5～30 μg/mL PM10有机提取物作用HepG2细胞1 h后,尾DNA%增大,呈剂量依赖关系.HepG2细胞与7.5～30μg/mL的PM10有机提取物接触1 h后,可引起细胞内ROS水平表达的明显增加;7.5～30μg/mL的PM10有机提取物作用于HepG2细胞3 h后,细胞内8-OHdG水平的表达增强;HepG2细胞与30 0.μg/mL的PM10有机提取物接触24 h后,NF-KB p65蛋白表达水平明显增高.结论 PM10有机提取物可引起体外HepG2细胞DNA链断裂;DNA链断裂水平随不同季节和不同监测点而异;PM10引起DNA损伤的机制可能是细胞内ROS生成增多,8-OHdG表达增高及NF-kB p65蛋白表达水平升高而导致的氧化性DNA损伤.     

丙烯醛对DNA分子的损伤作用

目的 通过研究丙烯醛对DNA分子的损伤,探讨丙烯醛的遗传毒性效应及其分子机制。方法 应用单细胞凝胶电泳技术检测丙烯醛引起的DNA断裂、DNA交联以及DNA．蛋白质交联;应用液相色谱．电化学法研究丙烯醛致DNA分子产生氧化损伤标志物8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHdG)。结果 丙烯醛可诱导人外周血淋巴细胞DNA发生链断裂,但不引起DNA-DNA、DNA-蛋白质交联;丙烯醛与小牛胸腺DNA的体外作用较弱,但在铁离子介导下对DNA的氧化能力增强。可产生一定量的8-OHdG加合物;动物实验表明丙烯醛诱导大鼠肺组织DNA氧化损伤生成少量8-OHdG。结论 丙烯醛具有直接的遗传毒性效应,产生自由基造成DNA氧化损伤是其遗传毒性效应的主要途径。     

太原市采暖期和非采暖期农村和城市居民尿中8-羟基脱氧鸟苷水平的比较研究

目的比较采暖期和非采暖期农村与城市居民体内DNA氧化损伤标志物8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHdG)的水平。方法分别于2009年10月(非采暖期)和2010年3月(采暖期),选择年龄在45～65周岁,在太原市居住时间≥5年的农村居民(傅山医院附近)79人和城市居民143人为研究对象,排除焦炉工等多环芳烃职业暴露者和癌症患者。采用ELISA试剂盒测定尿中8-OHdG的浓度。结果非采暖期农村居民尿中8-OHdG的浓度高于城市居民;采暖期农村居民尿中8-OHdG的浓度与城市居民无差别;在同一人群中,采暖期尿中8-OHdG的浓度高于非采暖期。结论太原市农村居民DNA氧化损伤水平高于城市居民,采暖期居民的DNA氧化损伤水平高于非采暖期。     

上海市居民区大气细颗粒物污染水平及时空分布特征研究

目的观察上海市居民区大气细颗粒物污染水平及时空变化趋势,同时,了解机动车尾气污染对居民区大气细颗粒物污染状况的影响。方法选取上海市区内A、B两个居民区,A居民区为普通居住区,B居民区为交通繁忙区。在交通主干道侧向距离0、50、100和200m设4个监测点,于2010年4月、7月和10月及2011年1月使用AM510细颗粒物监测仪对两个居民区的大气细颗粒物污染水平进行监测,每个月份连续监测10天。每天7:30～10:30同步监测,分析同一居民区大气细颗粒物浓度随道路侧向距离的变化,并比较A,B两个小区大气细颗粒物污染水平。结果上海市大气细颗粒物污染水平的季节变化为:春季>冬季>秋季>夏季。细颗粒物浓度的日变化趋势都呈双峰型,一个峰在上午8:00,另一个峰在晚间19:00,与居民上下班高峰呈一致性。随距离交通主干道侧向距离的增加,居民区内细颗粒物水平呈降低趋势。交通状况不同的居民区细颗粒物污染有明显差异,B居民区由于地处交通繁忙区,大气细颗粒物污染水平也较高。结论上海市居民区大气细颗粒物污染处于较高水平,机动车尾气污染对细颗粒物污染有明显影响。     

A follow-up study on the mortality of truck drivers

The aim of this study was to investigate a possible relationship between occupational exposure to vehicle exhaust and cancer risk. For this purpose, a cohort of 14,225 truck drivers was followed throughout a ten-year period with regard to cause-specific mortality. Comparisons were made with another cohort of unskilled male laborers. Both of the occupational groups compared were identified at a census and no supplementary data on individual exposure history were available. The study showed an increased mortality for lung cancer (standardized mortality ratio (SMR) 160, 95% confidence interval (CI) 126–200) and multiple myeloma (SMR 439, 95% CI 142–1,024). It seems likely that exposure to diesel exhaust has contributed to the increased lung cancer risk observed. The possible relationship between multiple myeloma and certain constituents of vehicle exhaust may be worth attention in future investigations. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

A health survey of toll booth workers.

The prevalence of respiratory and other health problems in a cohort of highway toll booth workers was surveyed by mailed questionnaire. In a low proportion of respondents (43.2%), a high prevalence of central nervous system complaints (headaches, irritability, or anxiety, and unusual tiredness), mucous membrane irritation (eye irritation, nasal congestion, and dry throat), and musculoskeletal problems (joint and back pains) was found. We believe these symptoms are reflective of the acute irritant and central nervous system effects of exposure to motor vehicle exhaust. The musculoskeletal complaints are likely the result of bending, reaching, and leaning out of the toll booth. The need for in-depth evaluation of the ventilation systems and the ergonomic and job stressors of work at toll booths is suggested by these results.     

Prevalence of respiratory and hyperreactivity symptoms in relation to levels of criteria air pollutants in Sweden

Our knowledge of the adverse health effects from exposure tolow levels of air pollution is still Insufficient. Early indicators,such as respiratory symptoms, need more attention. We made useof the fact that possible weak effects can be detected moreeasily when the relevant exposure and other determinants arewell controlled. A postal questionnaire was sent to random samplesof inhabitants registered as residing in the vicinity of 55centrally located air quality monitoring stations in Swedishtowns. There were 6, 109 questionnaires (76%) returned. Multivariateanalyses with confounding control were used to examine the effectsof different levels of criteria pollutants on the prevalenceof symptoms. The ranges of the half year values were 9–32and 2–16 ug/m3 for nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxiderespectively. Logistic regression analyses showed higher risksfor respiratory problems such as coughs, throat irritation andnose irritation among the persons most exposed. The associationswere most obvious for nitrogen dioxide exposure among women.The suggested effects of air pollution exposure cannot be medicallyevaluated today but they are nevertheless interesting sincethey are found within common levels usually considered to besafe.     

Exposure to particles and nitrogen dioxide among taxi, bus and lorry drivers

Aim: The aims of this study have been to investigate the occurrence of systematic differences in the personal exposure to motor exhaust between different groups of taxi, bus and lorry drivers, and to study if these are influenced by the choice of exposure indicator. Methods: We used one indicator of the gaseous phase, nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and one of the particle phase (measured by DataRAM), of the exhausts. A total of 121 drivers were included in the study: 39 taxi drivers, 42 bus drivers and 40 lorry drivers. Personal measurements were performed during one working day. Nitrogen dioxide was measured with passive diffusive samplers and particles with Data-RAM, a logging instrument using nephelometric monitoring. The instrument measures particles between 0.1 and 10 μm in size. Results: The average exposure to NO₂ for lorry drivers was 68 μg/m³; for bus drivers 60 μg/m³ and for taxi drivers 48 μg/m³. For particles the exposure was 57 μg/m³ for lorry drivers, 44 μg/m³ for bus drivers and 26 μg/m³ for taxi drivers. The result remained unchanged when exposures were adjusted for variation in urban background levels of NO₂ and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <10 μm (PM₁₀). Conclusion: Lorry drivers experienced the highest exposure and taxi drivers the lowest with bus drivers in an intermediate position, regardless of whether NO₂ or particles were used as exposure indicator. The levels of both NO₂ and particles were higher for bus drivers in the city than for them driving in the suburbs. Using diesel or petrol as a fuel for taxis had no influence on the exposure for the drivers, indicating that the taxi drivers’ exposure mainly depends on exhaust from surrounding traffic.     

Occupational exposure to diesel and gasoline engine exhausts and risk of lung cancer among Finnish workers

BACKGROUND: Studies on engine exhausts and lung cancer have given inconsistent results. METHODS: Economically active Finns were followed-up for lung cancer during 1971-95 (33,664 cases). Their Census occupations in 1970 were converted to exposures to diesel and gasoline engine exhausts with a job-exposure matrix. The relative risks (RRs) for cumulative exposure (CE) were defined by Poisson regression, adjusted for smoking, asbestos, and quartz dust exposure, and socioeconomic status. RESULTS: RR for engine exhausts among men did not increase with increasing CE. In women, RR for gasoline engine exhaust was 1.58 (95% CI 1.10-2.26) in the CE-category of 1-99 mg/m(3)-y and 1.66 (1.11-2.50) among those with > or =100 mg/m(3)-y (lag 20 years). With a lag of 10 years RR for the middle/highest diesel exhaust category in women was 1.42 (0.94-2.13). CONCLUSIONS: Occupational exposure to engine exhausts was not consistently associated with lung cancer in this study, possibly due to low exposure levels.     

HPLC法测定阿莫西林制剂生产尾气中的残留含量

目的建立生产尾气中阿莫西林含量的HPLC测定方法。方法用真空泵抽取尾气;以磷酸盐缓冲液（pH5．0）为吸收液;采用Shim—Pack VP—ODS色谱柱（150mm×4．6mm,5μm）,以磷酸盐缓冲液（pH5．0）-乙腈（96：4）为流动相,流速为1．0mL·min^-1,检测波长为254nm。结果阿莫西林在0．215-1．07μg·mL^-1浓度范围内线性关系良好（r=0．99998）;最低检测限为：0．05μg·mL^-1;平均回收率为97．81％。结论方法准确性好、简单、灵敏度高,可用于阿莫西林制剂生产排放尾气的监控。     

快速排气输液器的研制

目的：设计一种能够在输液治疗中快速排气的输液器.方法：在普通输液器下端增设一个扩容膨胀管,配合断流开关,通过挤压此管,排除输液器上端的气体.结果：经过临床试用,该快速排气输液器可以方便、快捷地排除输液器中的空气.结论：该快速输液器结构简捷、使用方便、效果可靠,可保证输液治疗连续、安全、快捷地进行,提高战伤医疗救治效率.