阿莫西林脉冲释放片在比格犬体内的药动学和生物等效性

目的研究阿莫西林脉冲释放片在比格犬体内的药动学和生物等效性。方法将10只比格犬随机分成两组,采用自身对照交叉给药设计,分别单次灌胃给予775 mg自行研制制剂(受试制剂)和国外上市的阿莫西林脉冲释放片(参比制剂),于不同时间点采集血样,采用液相色谱-二级质谱联用法测定比格犬体内阿莫西林的血药浓度,计算药动学参数并进行生物等效性评价。结果参比制剂和受试制剂的ρmax分别为(26.25±10.24)μg·mL-1和(28.06±7.37)μg·mL-1;AUC0-12 h分别为(80.21±35.41)μg·h·mL-1和(72.08±24.48)μg·h·mL-1;t1/2分别为(2.35±1.89)h和(2.75±2.23)h;tmax分别为(2.35±0.67)h和(2.40±0.50)h。受试制剂相对参比制剂的生物利用度为(96.4±15.4)%。结论以AUC0-12 h和ρmax为等效性评价指标,结果显示自行研制的阿莫西林脉冲释放片与国外上市的参比制剂在比格犬体内生物等效。     

HPLC-MS法测定人血浆中酮康唑浓度及其生物等效性研究

目的:建立人血浆中酮康唑的高效液相色谱-质谱测定方法.研究受试制剂酮康唑片在人体内的药代动力学特征,评价其相对生物利用度和生物等效性.方法:20 名男性健康受试者随机分成2组,进行双交叉试验,受试及参比制剂剂量均为200 mg.采用高效液相色谱-质谱法测定血药浓度.结果:志愿者口服受试和参比制剂后,酮康唑的药动学参数如下:峰浓度分别为(4.77±1.63)μg·mL-1和(5.09±1.64)μg·mL-1,达峰时间分别为(1.37±0.71) h和(1.19±0.61)h,消除半衰期分别为(1.89±0.80) h和(2.13±0.91)h,平均驻留时间分别为(3.02±0.81) h和(3.04±0.81)h,AUC0-24分别为(13.03±5.65)μg·h·mL-1和(13.99±6.54)μg·h·mL-1;相对生物利用度为95.6%±12.5%.结论:建立的分析方法准确、灵敏、可靠、简便,统计结果表明受试制剂和参比制剂生物等效.     

盐酸左氧氟沙星胶囊的人体生物等效性研究

目的研究2种盐酸左氧氟沙星胶囊的人体生物等效性。方法18名健康男性受试者随机交叉单剂量口服盐酸左氧氟沙星胶囊受试制剂或参比试剂,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,计算其药动学参数和相对生物利用度,评价其生物等效性。结果受试制剂和参比制剂的tm ax分别为(1.0±0.1)h和(1.0±0.1)h,Cm ax分别为(3.1±0.7)μg.mL-1和(3.3±0.9)μg.mL-1,t1/2分别为(6.8±1.4)h和(6.9±1.7)h,AUC0-t分别为(20.7±6.1)μg.h.mL-1和(20.1±5.4)μg.h.mL-1,AUC0-∞分别为(22.1±6.1)μg.h.mL-1和(21.6±5.5)μg.h.mL-1,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(103.0±8.2)%。结论盐酸左氧氟沙星2种制剂具有生物等效性。     

两种枸橼酸坦度螺酮制剂的人体生物等效性

目的研究枸橼酸坦度螺酮胶囊和片剂在健康志愿受试者中的药动学和人体生物等效性。方法 20例男性受试者交叉单剂量(10 mg)口服受试制剂枸橼酸坦度螺酮胶囊和参比制剂枸橼酸坦度螺酮片,用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度。主要药动学参数峰浓度(Cmax)、平均血药浓度-时间曲线下面积(AUC0-12、AUC0-∞)对数转换后经方差分析,双向单侧t检验和[1-2α]%置信区间评价两制剂的生物等效性。结果受试制剂和参比制剂主要药动学参数:达峰时间(tmax)分别为(0.81±0.16)与(0.87±0.10)h,Cmax分别为(1.66±0.32)与(1.71±0.29)μg·mL-1,AUC0-12分别为(14.56±3.95)与(14.82±3.66)μg·mL-1.h,AUC0-∞分别为(15.05±3.90)与(15.31±3.61)μg·mL-1.h,半衰期(t1/2)分别为(1.24±0.21)与(1.29±0.17)h。与参比制剂相比,受试制剂相对生物利用度为(102.6±5.8)%。结论两种枸橼酸坦度螺酮制剂具有生物等效性。     

复方曲尼司特片在人体内的药代动力学和相对生物利用度

目的:建立人血浆中曲尼司特的HPLC-UV法和沙丁胺醇的HPLC-MS测定方法.以复方曲尼司特胶囊为参比制剂,研究受试制剂复方曲尼司特片在人体内的药物动力学行为,评价其相对生物利用度和生物等效性.方法:20名男性健康受试者随机分组,按自身交叉对照试验设计,分别单剂量口服受试制剂1片或参比制剂1粒,剂量均为曲尼司特 80 mg 和硫酸沙丁胺醇 2.4 mg.结果:受试者口服受试制剂和参比制剂后,曲尼司特的血药浓度达峰时间分别为(3.3±0.7)h和(2.9±0.7)h,达峰浓度分别为(11.28±2.55)μg·mL-1和(11.70±2.34)μg·mL-1,消除半衰期分别为(8.5±1.6)h和(8.1±1.2)h,AUC0-36分别为(99.2±19.8)μg·h·mL-1和(101.6±19.2)μg·h·mL-1;沙丁胺醇的血药浓度达峰时间分别为(3.2±1.1)h和(2.9±1.0)h,达峰浓度分别为(4.51±1.00)μg·mL-1和(4.82±1.48)ng·mL-1,消除半衰期分别为(5.8±1.4)h和(5.9±1.0)h,AUC0-24分别为(31.7±4.5)ng·h·mL-1和(32.7±5.1)ng·h·mL-1.复方曲尼司特片中两种成分曲尼司特和沙丁胺醇的相对生物利用度分别为97.8%±10.8%和97.6%±9.5%.结论:建立的分析方法准确、灵敏、可靠,统计学分析表明两种复方制剂生物等效.     

盐酸特比萘芬片人体药动学和生物等效性研究

目的 研究盐酸特比萘芬片的人体药动学,并对试验制剂盐酸特比萘芬片和参比制剂盐酸特比萘芬片(兰美抒)的生物等效性进行评价.方法 按照两制剂两周期随机交叉设计,19名男性健康志愿者单剂量口服试验制剂盐酸特比萘芬片和参比制剂盐酸特比萘芬片(兰美抒)250 mg.采用HPLC-UV法测定血浆盐酸特比萘芬片浓度,并进行统计学分析.结果 单剂量口服250mg盐酸特比萘芬片试验和参比制剂,测定得主要药动学参数如下:Cmax分别为(1.66±0.62)μg·mL-1和(1.55±0.66)μg·mL-1,Tmax分别为(1.5±0.7)h和(1.4±0.6)h,t1/2(Kel)分别为(12.65±3.07)h和(14.24±3.65)h,MRT分别为(10.21±3.13)h和(11.56±3.62)h,AUC0-48分别为(5.98±2.45)μg·h·mL-1和(6.76±3.14)μg·h·mL-1,AUC0-∞分别为(6.32±2.58)μg·h·mL-1和(7.20±3.27)μg·h·mL-1.按AUC0-48估算,受试制剂的人体平均相对生物利用度为(95.1±22.5)%,按AUC0-∞估算,平均相对生物利用度为(93.9±21.6)%.结论 两制剂主要药动学参数经对数转换后进行方差分析及双单侧t检验,并计算90%置信区间,表明两种制剂生物等效.     

氟康唑在健康人体的药物动力学和生物等效性

目的 研究氟康唑(抗真菌药)在健康人体的药物动力学及生物等效性.方法 20名健康志愿者随机双交叉、单剂量口服受试制剂和参比制剂150 mg,用高效液相色谱-串联质谱联法测定人血浆中氟康唑的浓度.使用DAS软件拟合计算药物动力学参数和相对生物利用度,评价两制剂的生物等效性.结果 受试制剂和参比制剂药物动力学参数:Cmax分别为(3.26±0.54),(3.17±0.41)μg·mL-1;tmax分别为(1.42±0.65),(1.62±0.75)h;t1/2分别为(29.75±4.89),(30.34±4.67)h;AUC0-120h分别为(131.4 ±23.4),(135.2±20.6)μg·mL-1·h;AUC0-∞分别为(140.5±26.3),(145.0±23.6)μg·mL-1·h.受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(97.2±7.6)%.结论 2种制剂具有生物等效性.     

复方对乙酰氨基酚片在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度

目的研究复方对乙酰氨基酚片(解热镇痛药)在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度。方法24名健康受试者单剂量随机交叉口服2种国产复方对乙酰氨基酚片(试验与参比制剂)2片,用高效液相色谱法测定对乙酰氨基酚、异丙安替比林和咖啡因的血药浓度,用DAS软件拟合计算药代动力学参数,评价2种制剂生物等效性。结果药代动力学参数如下。对乙酰氨基酚:tmax分别为(0.81±0.48),(0.78±0.30)h;Cmax分别为(9.29±2.23),(8.76±1.83)μg·mL-1;AUC0-24分别为(31.49±6.83),(31.64±7.77)μg·h·mL-1。异丙安替比林:tmax分别为(0.90±0.33),(0.88±0.30)h;Cmax分别为(6.99±1.79),(7.00±1.60)μg·mL-1;AUC0-24分别为(21.92±9.43),(19.51±5.22)μg·h·mL-1。复方中2种成分相对生物利用度分别为(102.3±22.4)%,(112.8±37.4)%。结论试验与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

人血浆中罗红霉素的HPLC-MS测定及生物等效性研究

目的建立人血浆中罗红霉素的HPLC-MS测定方法,研究罗红霉素胶囊的生物等效性.方法采用双交叉实验设计,血样用乙腈沉淀后直接测定,根据血药浓度-时间数据计算药动学参数,估算相对生物利用度,采用双单侧t检验判断其生物等效性.结果两种罗红霉素制剂的t1/2分别为(13.18±2.01)h和(13.31±2.45)h,tmax分别为(1.8±1.2)h和(2.2±1.1)h,cmax分别为(6.14±1.76)μg·mL-1和(6.47±2.42)μg·mL-1,AUC0～72h分别为(71.81±28.40)μg·h·mL-1和(73.12±31.77)μg·h·mL-1,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(100.6±11.4)%.结论本实验建立的方法灵敏、准确、简便,统计学结果表明两种制剂生物等效.     

马来酸依那普利片的健康人体生物等效性

目的:研究马来酸依那普利片的人体相对生物利用度和生物等效性.方法:健康志愿者20名,随机双交叉单剂量口服马来酸依那普利片试验制剂和参比制剂,剂量分别为20 mg,用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定血浆中依那普利的浓度.用DAS药动学程序计算相对生物利用度并评价两种制剂生物等效性.结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的Cmax分别为(272.6±42.2)μg·L-1和(263.5±42.2)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(0.81±0.11)h和(0.80±0.10)h;AUC(0-∞)分别为(664.7±105.1)μg·h·L-1和(661.2±99.5)μg·h·L-1)AUC(0-inf)分别为(698.0±116.3)μg·h·L-1和(689.0±106.0)μg·h·L-1.试验制剂与参比制剂的人体相对生物利用度为(102.3±19.7)%,结论:试验制剂与参比制剂具有生物学等效性.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.