粪肠球菌Ⅱ型拓扑异构酶基因突变与耐氟喹诺酮类药物关系的研究

目的 检测粪肠球菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的敏感性,探讨Ⅱ型拓扑异构酶基因突变与耐氟喹诺酮类药物的关系.方法 用二倍琼脂稀释法检测6种氟喹诺酮类药物对60株粪肠球菌临床分离株的体外抗菌活性,随机筛选出11株对环丙沙星不同程度耐药菌,PCR扩增gyrA,gyrB,parC,parE基因的喹诺酮耐药决定区(QRDR),产物测序后分析.结果 6种药物的相对抗粪肠球菌活性(MIC50,MIC90)从强到弱为:妥舒沙星＞加替沙星,司帕沙星＞左氧氟沙星＞氧氟沙星,环丙沙星;以妥舒沙星抗菌活性最强,氧氟沙星和环丙沙星抗菌活性最差;序列比较发现,有9株耐药株Ⅱ型拓扑异构酶基因发生突变,突变发生在gyrA基因(6株)和parC基因(9株),其中编码gyrA的Ser83→Ile,Arg和编码parC的Ser80→Ile,Arg的密码子表现出高频突变,gyrB和parE编码的氨基酸序列没有改变;未发现gyrA突变单独存在,同时具gyrA和parC突变的MIC值是仅具parC突变菌株MIC值的4倍以上.结论 氟喹诺酮类抗菌药新品种妥舒沙星、加替沙星和司帕沙星的抗粪肠球菌活性较老一代药物更强;粪肠球菌对老一代氟喹诺酮类药物存在不同程度的耐药;gyrA基因83,87位突变及parC基因80,84位突变都可引起粪肠球菌对氟喹诺酮类药物产生耐药,但以parC基因80住突变为主;低耐药株往往是parC基因单位点突变,高耐药株同时合并有gyrA基因双位点突变.     

耐左氧氟沙星大肠埃希菌gyrA/gyrB/parC/parE基因突变研究

目的了解耐氟喹诺酮大肠埃希菌gyrA／gyrB／parC／parE基因突变情况。方法用Kirby—Bauer琼脂扩散法筛选耐左氧氟沙星大肠埃希菌;采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）对gyrA／gyrB／parC／parE基因进行扩增,并进行PCR扩增产物直接双向测序,分析上述基因突变情况。结果PCR扩增耐菌株gyrA／gyrB／parC／parE基因,获得目的片段,测序结果显示,氟喹诺酮耐药基因突变集中在gyrA基因83、87位ser→Leu、Asp→Asn突变;parC基因55位Ser→Leu突变,部分菌株尚存在62位Gln→Glu第二突变点;未发现gyrB、parE突变。结论靶位点gyrA和parC的改变,是本地大肠埃希菌对氟喹诺酮类耐药的主要机制。     

铜绿假单胞菌对喹诺酮类药物耐药机制的研究

目的研究30株铜绿假单胞菌对喹诺酮类药物的耐药机制。方法用PCR及测序法研究拓扑异构酶Ⅱ和Ⅳ的gyrA、gyrB、parC和parE基因;同时用琼脂稀释法测定环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星的MIC和加入羰基氢氯苯腙(CCCP)后的MIC,以确定存在外排机制。结果菌株中23株(76.7%)有gyrA突变,主要为Thr-83→Ile,第87位突变3株;10株(33.3%)parC基因突变,其中5株为Ser-87→Leu,3株第91位突变;gyrB和parE突变较少见。CCCP能显著降低环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星的MIC。结论铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性日趋严重,两类拓扑异构酶基因突变和外排泵机制是铜绿假单胞菌耐喹诺酮类药物的主要机制。     

鼠伤寒沙门菌对喹诺酮类耐药机制的研究

目的检测鼠伤寒沙门菌（STM）对喹诺酮类药物的耐药性及耐药机制的分析。方法收集2004年7月1日-10月31日武汉地区4所大型医院的门诊腹泻病人的粪便进行分离培养出鼠伤寒沙门菌33株。琼脂稀释法测其对喹诺酮类药物的MIC，并抽提此菌的基因组DNA，用PCR方法检测喹诺酮类抗菌药作用于鼠伤寒沙门菌的靶位点：Ⅱ型拓扑异构酶，即DNA促旋酶和拓扑异构酶Ⅳ上的基因片段（gyrA，gyrB，parC，parE）突变情况。结果33株鼠伤寒沙门菌中有24株对环丙沙星产生了很强的耐药性（MIC值4～16mg／L），耐药率达72．7％。24株耐药株中gyrA和parC的突变比较常见，其中gyrA位点都存在突变点，且双重突变占92％，并协同parC的点突变造成高水平的耐药；gyrB和parE的突变很少见，本研究中有少数高水平耐药株的parE和gyrB位点发现可疑的碱基插入。结论研究结果表明武汉地区社区内鼠伤寒沙门菌感染对喹诺酮类药物的耐药性严重，其主要机制是喹诺酮类耐药决定区（QRDR）的基因突变，特别是多个位点同时突变导致高水平耐药。     

212～216年广东省中山社区鼠伤寒沙门菌同源性分析及对喹诺酮类药物耐药机制研究

目的 研究广东省中山社区鼠伤寒沙门菌(STM)的同源性及对喹诺酮类药物的耐药机制。方法 收集中山大学附属中山医院2012年3月～2016年12月临床分离鼠伤寒沙门菌78株(排除同一病人重复送检菌株)。通过琼脂稀释法检测鼠伤寒沙门菌对喹诺酮类药物的敏感度; 脉冲电场凝胶电泳(PFGE)方法分析耐药菌株的同源性; 使用PCR和DNA测序法分析gyrA,gyrB,parC和parE基因喹诺酮耐药决定区(QRDRs)的突变; PCR检测质粒介导喹诺酮类药物耐药基因qnr(qnrA,qnrB,qnrS,qnrD)和aac(6')-Ib-cr。结果 33株鼠伤寒沙门菌对环丙沙星产生耐药。33株鼠伤寒沙门菌共产生33种不同的PFGE图谱,相似度小于90%。29株耐药株gyrA位点发生单突变导致在第83或87位存在唯一氨基酸替代,其中第83位突变率占93.1%(27/29)。4株喹诺酮高耐药菌株的gyrA同时存在83和87号位双突变导致两个氨基酸发生替代,其中2株菌额外出现parC基因单碱基突变导致第80号位出现氨基酸替代。所有菌株中均未检测到qnr基因,但有15株鼠伤寒沙门菌检出aac-(6')-Ib-cr基因。结论 中山社区鼠伤寒沙门菌对喹诺酮类药物耐药性较高,主要机制是gyrA基因的单突变和携带aac-(6')-Ib-cr耐药基因。     

志贺菌gyrA、parC基因突变与喹诺酮类耐药

目的探讨DNA旋转酶A亚单位(gyrA)和拓扑异构酶ⅣC亚单位(parC)基因突变与志贺菌耐喹诺酮类药物的相关性。方法用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测志贺菌喹诺酮耐药决定区(QRDR)相关gyrA、parC基因并挑选11株菌扩增片段进行DNA测序,分析突变位点与药敏结果的关系。结果11株扩增片段测序结果显示,9株耐萘啶酸菌均在gyrA 83位发生有意义突变TCG(Ser)→TTG(Leu),宋内志贺菌未发生parC基因突变,5株耐萘啶酸、诺氟沙星和/或环丙沙星中介敏感福氏志贺菌在parC 80位发生有意义突变AGC(Ser)→ATC(Ile)。结论志贺菌对喹诺酮类药物耐药严重,福氏志贺菌比宋内志贺菌更耐此类药物,靶酶基因突变是其耐喹诺酮类药物的主要机制之一,gyrA Ser83→Leu突变是导致志贺菌临床株对萘啶酸耐药的关键突变。parC基因突变在gyrA基因突变的基础上才会发生,parC突变可能引起诺氟沙星和/或环丙沙星不敏感。     

志贺菌gyrA、parC基因突变与喹诺酮类耐药

目的探讨DNA旋转酶A亚单位（gyrA）和拓扑异构酶Ⅳ C亚单位（parC）基因突变与志贺菌耐喹诺酮类药物的相关性。方法用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测志贺菌喹诺酮耐药决定区（QRDR）相关gyrA、parC基因并挑选11株菌扩增片段进行DNA测序，分析突变位点与药敏结果的关系。结果11株扩增片段测序结果显示，9株耐萘啶酸菌均在gyrA83位发生有意义突变TCG（Ser）→TTG（Leu），宋内志贺菌未发生parC基因突变，5株耐萘啶酸、诺氟沙星和／或环丙沙星中介敏感福氏志贺菌在parC80位发生有意义突变AGC（Ser）→ATc（Ile）。结论志贺菌对喹诺酮类药物耐药严重，福氏志贺菌比宋内志贺菌更耐此类药物，靶酶基因突变是其耐喹诺酮类药物的主要机制之一，gyrA Ser83→Leu突变是导致志贺菌临床株对萘啶酸耐药的关键突变。parC基因突变在gyrA基因突变的基础上才会发生，parC突变可能引起诺氟沙星和／或环丙沙星不敏感。     

耐喹诺酮铜绿假单胞菌药物作用靶位改变的研究

目的：探讨铜绿假单胞菌对喹诺酮类药物的耐药机制。方法30株对环丙沙星耐药的铜绿假单胞菌,采用 PCR方法扩增DNA解旋酶和拓扑异构酶Ⅳ的基因 gyrA,gyrB,parC和 parE,再测序查找是否存在位点突变,同时用脉冲场电泳（pulsed-field gel electrophoresis,PFGE）对菌株进行同源性分析。结果30株菌中,28株菌出现 gyrA基因扩增片段的137位点均有C→T突变,导致T83I改变;17株菌gyrB基因扩增片段的351位出现G→C突变,导致G466A改变;21株菌的 parC基因扩增片段的277位点有 C→U 突变导致 S87L 改变;2株菌 parE 基因在不同位点出现 C→U 突变,导致A425V和 A473V改变。30株菌可分为6个克隆,其中 A克隆4株,仅有 gyrA突变;B克隆7株,有 gyrA和 parC两种基因发生突变;C克隆3株,有gyrA和gyrB两种基因发生突变;D克隆14株,同时有 gyrA,gyrB和 parC三种基因发生突变;其他克隆2株,仅在 parE位点发生突变。结论该组菌株的靶位突变型与流行克隆型密切相关,同一流行型的菌株药物作用靶位的改变相同,并与环丙沙星的 MICs值的高低呈正比,突变基因数越多,MICs 值越高。4种基因中 gyrA基因突变频率最高,且该突变比其他靶位的突变对药物与靶位结合的影响更大,是需要关注的重点。     

解脲支原体药敏及对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药机制研究

目的:了解泌尿生殖道解脲支原体对抗菌药物的敏感性,以指导临床合理用药;探讨解脲脲原体对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药状况与gyrA基因突变之间的关系。方法:采用药敏试剂盒对解脲支原体进行药敏分析,随机抽取4株耐喹诺酮菌株,PCR扩增gyrA基因并测序,采用Blast比对法分析临床菌株与标准菌株的序列差异。结果:在4株解脲支原体菌株中,经测序分析发现gyrA基因1种突变形式(302位碱基C-T)。结论:解脲支原体对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药可能是由于gyrA基因突变导致相应氨基酸改变所介导。     

淋病奈瑟球菌耐氟喹诺酮类药物与gyrA和parC基因突变的相关性研究

目的研究淋病奈瑟球菌耐氟喹诺酮类药物与gyrA和parC基因突变的相关性。方法采用E试验测定30株临床分离的淋病奈瑟球菌对环丙沙星的MIC。PCR法检测30株淋病奈瑟球菌喹诺酮耐药决定区（QRDR）相关gyrA和parC基因并测序分析。结果淋病奈瑟球菌对环丙沙星的耐药率达到100％，所有耐氟喹诺酮菌均存在gyrA基因双位点突变，20株高水平耐氟喹诺酮菌（MIC≥mg／L）均存在gyrA基因双位点突变和parC单（或双）位点突变。结论gyrA和parC基因突变在淋病奈瑟菌对氟喹诺酮类药物耐药中起着重要作用，gyrA和parC基因同时突变会导致耐药性增强。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.