居民饮用海水淡化水与心血管疾病关系的比较研究

目的研究嵊泗地区淡化海水作为饮用水水源长期饮用是否对人群健康造成潜在危害,为制定干预措施提供参考依据。方法以不同种类饮用水居民为研究对象,对居民的饮食、饮水及其他相关的生活习惯等开展调查研究。结果调查显示居民心血管系统相关疾病的患病率随着年龄的增加而呈升高趋势。在不同的饮用水来源区域心血管系统相关疾病的患病率存在差异,淡化海水自来水混合水源非淡化海水自来水区域。45岁以上居民的高血压、冠心病、血脂异常患病情况非条件Logistic回归模型分析,结果显示饮水来源对冠心病、血脂异常的关系有统计学意义。结论建立长期海水淡化水水质监测系统,继续深入开展人群健康与饮用海水淡化水关系相关调查显得十分必要。     

淡化海水对嵊泗居民消化系统健康状况的影响

目的：了解嵊泗地区淡化海水作为饮用水水源长期饮用是否对人群的消化系统健康状况造成潜在危害，为制定干预措施提供参考依据。方法：以不同种类饮用水人群为研究对象，对居民的饮水、饮食习惯和以及消化道症状疾病及其影响因素等开展流行病学调查。结果：淡水来源居民的消化道症状发生率为1．9％，混合水源居民的发生率为11．5％，淡化海水自来水居民的发生率为4．6％，差异有统计学意义（X^2=109．482，P〈0．01）；对各症状进行多因素logistic回归分析，结果显示调查人群腹泻、便秘症状发生率随着年龄的增加而呈现升高趋势，腹泻症状主要与年龄有关；便秘主要与年龄、营养保健品、畜禽肉类摄人量、动物海产品摄人量及饮水来源有关。结论：建立长期海水淡化水水质监测系统，继续加强该领域的流行病学研究，深入开展人群健康与饮用海水淡化水关系的调查十分必要。     

嵊泗县海岛海水淡化饮用水水质监测分析

目前,海水淡化技术的应用是解决许多国家和地区淡水短缺的主要途径之一[1].浙江省嵊泗县从1997年开始建立反渗透海水淡化系统,有效解决了嵊泗居民生活饮用水来源问题,促进了当地经济的发展和居民生活水平的提高.为了解淡化海水作为饮用水水源长期饮用对人群健康可能造成的潜在危害,本文于2007年对嵊泗县反渗透法处理的淡化海水进行监测和分析,为制定干预措施和相关卫生标准提供参考依据.     

2007～2008年嵊泗列岛反渗透法海水淡化出厂水水质检测分析

目的:了解淡化海水作为饮用水水源长期饮用对人群健康可能造成的潜在危害,以及为制定干预措施和相关卫生标准提供参考依据。方法:根据《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB5750-2006)要求,2007年~2008年四次对嵊泗海水淡化出厂水进行了采样和检测。按照《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)要求对检测结果进行评价和分析。结果:嵊泗本岛海水淡化出厂水感官性状指标基本符合生活饮用水卫生标准;化学指标检测发现:海水最突出的高盐高渗透的问题得到有效解决,影响海水不能饮用的主要化学指标钾、钠、总硬度、溶解性总固体、氯化物、硫酸盐等均已降至卫生标准值以下,但存在普遍硼超标以及淡化海水的典型的"软水"现象。结论:淡化海水作为长期饮用水对人体健康的潜在危害值得进一步研究和探讨。     

长期饮用海水淡化水海岛居民的慢性病监测结果分析

[目的]研究长期饮用海水淡化水的海岛居民慢性病患病现状,揭示饮用海水淡化水及其他水源与人群慢性病患病率之间的关系.[方法]根据海岛饮用水源不同,以嵊泗县枸杞乡饮用海水淡化水居民为淡化海水组,嵊山镇饮用海水淡化水和其他水源水居民为混合水源组,黄龙乡饮用水库水和其他水源水居民为淡水组,通过慢性病网络报告和居民健康档案系统进...     

海岛海水淡化水水质的卫生学调查

目的 了解淡化海水的水质特征,为制定相关饮水卫生标准提供参考.方法 于2012年10月对我国某海岛地区3家淡化水厂的淡化水出厂水进行采样和检测.并采用GB 5749-2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》对淡化水的水质检测结果进行评价.结果 淡化水的感官性状和一般化学指标均达标,淡化水总硬度＜30 mg/L,硼的浓度为0.9～1.5 mg/L,虽超标,但低于WHO《饮水水质准则》(第4版)的指导值.其他理化指标符合饮用水卫生标准.结论 淡化海水水质与传统自来水有差异,作为长期饮用水对人群健康的影响还需进一步探讨,建议制定海水淡化水的水质卫生标准.     

船舶反渗透海水淡化水的水质检测及卫生学分析

目的:分析船舶反渗透海水淡化水的水质,从卫生学探讨船舶反渗透淡化水作为饮用水长期饮用对船员健康的可能影响。方法:水质分析按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T5750-2006)进行,并比较船舶反渗透海水淡化水、港口直供水、舱贮饮用水的水质差异。结果:船舶反渗透海水淡化水中氟化物<0.01 mg/L,总硬度<1 mg/L,显著低于港口直供水和舱贮饮用水;同时硼为1.03 mg/L,超过《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)限值的两倍。结论:从卫生学分析,长期饮用船舶反渗透海水淡化水对船员的健康可能有影响,建议适度增加船舶反渗透海水淡化水中氟、钙、镁等营养元素水平,同时进一步脱除硼,从而更好地保护船员的身心健康。     

岛礁反渗透海水淡化水的水质检测及卫生学探讨

目的:分析岛礁反渗透海水淡化水的水质,从卫生学探讨长期饮用岛礁反渗透淡化水对人们健康的可能影响。方法:按照GB/T5750-2006《生活饮用水标准检验方法》进行水质分析,比较岛礁反渗透海水淡化水质与GB5749-2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》、GJB1335-92《低矿化度饮用水矿化卫生标准》的差异。结果:岛礁反渗透海水淡化水中硼0.68 mg/L,是GB5749-2006限值的1.38倍,其它水质指标符合GB5749-2006;镁6.30 mg/L、钙5.65 mg/L、硫酸盐5.52 mg/L、重碳酸盐4.0 mg/L,低于GJB1335-92的适宜浓度范围,属于典型的软水。结论:长期饮用岛礁反渗透海水淡化水对人们健康可能有影响,建议对岛礁反渗透海水淡化水进行调质处理,使其符合GB5749-2006、GJB1335-92,更好地保护人们的身心健康。     

饮用淡化海水对大鼠血清中转氨酶的影响

目的研究饮用淡化海水对大鼠血清中转氨酶的影响。方法将120只健康清洁级Wistar大鼠按体重随机分为淡化海水[仅硼含量(1.3 mg/L)超过GB 5749—2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》]组和市政自来水组,每组30只,雌雄各半。采用自由饮水方式进行染毒,连续染毒1年。分别于染毒前和第90、180天、1年时,采集血液,通过全自动生化分析仪测定天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)和丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)活力。结果与市政自来水组比较,仅饮用淡化海水1年的雌性大鼠及饮用淡化海水180 d的雄性大鼠血清ALT、AST活力均较低,仅饮用淡化海水90 d的雌性大鼠血清AST/ALT值较高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);而饮用淡化海水雄性大鼠血清的AST/ALT值无明显变化。结论饮用淡化海水不会引起受试大鼠肝实质损伤。     

海水淡化饮用水的遗传毒性研究

目的研究海水淡化饮用水遗传毒性总体水平,评估长期饮用海水淡化水的安全性。方法于2011年12月—2012年9月采集浙江嵊泗县菜园镇海水原水、海水淡化厂各工艺出水18份,地表水原水和各工艺出水5份,按照ISO-13829推荐的国际标准方法进行SOS/umu测试,检测与比较不同水样遗传毒性的相对强弱及遗传毒性生成潜势。结果经海水淡化水厂各工艺的逐步处理,水样的遗传毒性逐渐下降,反渗透出水遗传毒性最低,进一步加二氧化氯消毒后出厂,遗传毒性会有一定程度的提高,其遗传毒性生成潜势高于实际水样的遗传毒性,趋势与实际水样相同。结论海水淡化水的处理工艺对具有遗传毒性的物质有良好的去除作用,海水淡化饮用水的遗传毒性明显低于以地表水为水源的饮用水。     

Cardioprotective effects of light-moderate consumption of alcohol: a review of putative mechanisms

There is abundant epidemiological and clinical evidence showing that light-moderate drinking is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), total and ischaemic stroke and total mortality in middle-aged and elderly men and women. The epidemiological evidence suggests a J- or U-shaped relationship between alcohol and CHD. However, the apparent benefits of moderate drinking on CHD mortality are offset at higher drinking levels by increasing risk of death from other types of heart diseases (cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia etc.), neurological disorders, cancer, liver cirrhosis, and traffic accidents. The plausible mechanisms for the putative cardioprotective effects include increased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, decreased levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, prevention of clot formation, reduction in platelet aggregation, and lowering of plasma apolipoprotein(a) concentration. Thus, alcohol reduces the risk of coronary vascular diseases both by inhibiting the formation of atheroma and decreasing the rate of blood coagulation.     

Magnesium Levels in Drinking Water and Coronary Heart Disease Mortality Risk: A Meta-Analysis

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated inconsistent associations between drinking water magnesium levels and risk of mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD); thus, a meta-analysis was performed to assess the association between them. Relevant studies were searched by the databases of Cochrane, EMBASE, PubMed and Web of Knowledge. Pooled relative risks (RR) with their 95% CI were calculated to assess this association using a random-effects model. Finally, nine articles with 10 studies involving 77,821 CHD cases were used in this study. Our results revealed an inverse association between drinking water magnesium level and CHD mortality (RR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.79–0.99, I² = 70.6). Nine of the 10 studies came from Europe, and the association was significant between drinking water magnesium level and the risk of CHD mortality (RR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.69–0.98). In conclusion, drinking water magnesium level was significantly inversely associated with CHD mortality.     

围绝经期冠心病冠脉病变的特殊要点研究

目的对围绝经期女性冠心病患者冠脉病变特殊要点进行研究和探讨。方法以2011年5月²013年5月收治的疑似冠心病的221例围绝经期女性患者为研究对象,结合冠脉造影检查结果对患者进行分组,其中冠心病组100例,非冠心病组121例。将冠心病组患者分成绝经前冠心病组44例以及绝经后冠心病组56例。对各组别的冠脉病变情况进行观察和比较。结果绝经期冠心病组的高血压、糖尿病以及高血脂症发病率明显低于绝经后冠心病组,而早发冠心病家族史以及吸烟率明显高于绝经后冠心病组,不稳定心绞痛以及急性心肌梗死率明显高于绝经后冠心病组,双支、三支病变、B型病变以及C型病变的发生率明显低于绝经后冠心病组,经皮冠脉介入治疗或者实施冠状动脉搭桥术率明显较低,采取氯吡格雷、他汀类药物、血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂以及降糖药较低,差异存在统计学意义,p<0.05。结论绝经前冠心病患者的病变复杂性以及严重性较低,其不稳定心绞痛以及急性心肌梗死的发病率较高,血运重建率较低,药物治疗相比绝经后女性的积极性要低。     

冠状动脉病变与心率变异性的关系

目的　研究冠心病 (CHD)患者冠状动脉不同病变程度与心率变异性 (HRV)的关系。方法　CHD组 31例 ,行选择性冠状动脉造影 (CAG)。正常对照组 2 7例。两组均行动态心电图监测 ,取得HRV时域和频域指标。结果　CHD组HRV各项指标均低于对照组 ,具有统计学意义。不同冠脉病变范围和程度HRV具有显著性差异。结论　CHD患者HRV明显下降。HRV能敏感地、定量地反映CHD患者冠状动脉病变程度。     

Association between Lifetime Exposure to Inorganic Arsenic in Drinking Water and Coronary Heart Disease in Colorado Residents

Background: Chronic diseases, including coronary heart disease (CHD), have been associated with ingestion of drinking water with high levels of inorganic arsenic (> 1,000 μg/L). However, associations have been inconclusive in populations with lower levels (< 100 μg/L) of inorganic arsenic exposure.Objectives: We conducted a case-cohort study based on individual estimates of lifetime arsenic exposure to examine the relationship between chronic low-level arsenic exposure and risk of CHD.Methods: This study included 555 participants with 96 CHD events diagnosed between 1984 and 1998 for which individual lifetime arsenic exposure estimates were determined using data from structured interviews and secondary data sources to determine lifetime residence, which was linked to a geospatial model of arsenic concentrations in drinking water. These lifetime arsenic exposure estimates were correlated with historically collected urinary arsenic concentrations. A Cox proportional-hazards model with time-dependent CHD risk factors was used to assess the association between time-weighted average (TWA) lifetime exposure to low-level inorganic arsenic in drinking water and incident CHD.Results: We estimated a positive association between low-level inorganic arsenic exposure and CHD risk [hazard ratio (HR): = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.78] per 15 μg/L while adjusting for age, sex, first-degree family history of CHD, and serum low-density lipoprotein levels. The risk of CHD increased monotonically with increasing TWAs for inorganic arsenic exposure in water relative to < 20 μg/L (HR = 1.2, 95% CI: 0.6, 2.2 for 20–30 μg/L; HR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.2, 4.0 for 30–45 μg/L; and HR = 3, 95% CI: 1.1, 9.1 for 45–88 μg/L).Conclusions: Lifetime exposure to low-level inorganic arsenic in drinking water was associated with increased risk for CHD in this population.Citation: James KA, Byers T, Hokanson JE, Meliker JR, Zerbe GO, Marshall JA. 2015. Association between lifetime exposure to inorganic arsenic in drinking water and coronary heart disease in Colorado residents. Environ Health Perspect 123:128–134; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307839     

心电图T波峰末间期及QT间期离散程度与冠心病严重程度相关性分析及其诊断价值

目的分析12导联心电图中T波峰末间期(Tp-Te)及QT间期离散程度(QTd)与冠心病严重程度的相关性及对冠心病的诊断价值。 方法回顾性分析50例健康体检者(健康组)及50例冠心病患者(冠心病组)的临床病例资料,对比两组Tp-Te、QTd差异,分析冠心病组Tp-Te、QTd与冠心病严重程度的相关性及对冠心病的诊断价值。 结果冠心病组Tp-Te及QTd均高于健康组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。冠心病组Tp-Te、QTd与冠状动脉狭窄程度均呈显著的正向直线相关性,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在冠心病的诊断中,Tp-Te及QTd均具有较高的灵敏性、特异性及准确性,且经分析,Tp-Te及QTd对冠心病均具有显著的诊断价值(P<0.05)。 结论Tp-Te及QTd与冠心病严重程度存在显著的正向相关性,且对于冠心病具有显著的诊断价值。     

幽门螺杆菌感染对冠心病患者冠状动脉狭窄与血清同型半胱氨酸的影响

目的 研究幽门螺杆菌感染与冠心病患者,冠状动脉狭窄和血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平之间的关系.方法 收集2008年1月-2011年6月行冠状动脉造影确诊冠心病患者168例作为冠心病组,同期行冠状动脉造影排除冠心病患者200例为对照组,对所有患者的血管病变进行Gensini评分,采用14C呼气试验方法测定幽门螺杆菌感染水平,用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清同型半胱氨酸水平,分析幽门螺杆菌感染与冠状动脉狭窄、血清同型半胱氨酸之间的关系.结果 冠心病组患者Hp感染阳性率为80.4％,对照组为58.0％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);优势比OR值=2.96,P＜0.05;368例受试者按Hp感染阳性与阴性分组比较其Gensini积分分别为(35.4±28.9)、(19.5±18.3)分;Hcy水平分别为(15.85±5.79)、(10.43±2.36)μmol/L,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).结论 Hp感染能够加重冠心病患者冠状动脉狭窄,引起血浆同型半胱氨酸水平异常升高,与冠心病发病相关.     

2001-2013年金昌队列人群冠心病死亡趋势及疾病负担研究

目的 了解金昌队列人群冠心病（coronary heart disease,CHD）的死亡趋势,以及冠心病对该人群造成的疾病负担。方法 利用建立的大型随访队列人群的资料,应用死亡率、潜在减寿年数（potential years of life lost,PYLL）、潜在工作损失年数（working years of potential life lost,WYPLL）等指标,分析2001-2013年该队列人群的冠心病死亡趋势和疾病负担现状,运用平均增长速度描述疾病负担的变化趋势。结果 2001-2013年金昌队列人群冠心病粗死亡率为40.47/10万,其中男性标化死亡率随年份有增长趋势,但是70~79岁组冠心病的死亡率随年份呈下降趋势。女性因冠心病造成的人均潜在减寿年数（average potential years of life lost,APYLL）（15.33年/人）是男性（6.95年/人）的2.21倍。人均潜在工作损失年（average working years of potential life lost,AWYPLL）女性（5.59年/人）是男性（3.42年/人）的1.63倍,其中人均潜在工作损失年和男性人均潜在寿命损失年随年份呈下降趋势。结论 2001-2013年金昌队列人群的冠心病死亡率有上升趋势,并对该人群造成沉重的疾病负担,应该对该人群展开进一步的冠心病防治措施。     

泰兴市人群冠心病现患情况及危险因素研究

为了解泰兴市人群冠心病现患情况和危险因素,对35岁以上20456名居民进行基线调查。结果显示35岁以上人群冠心病患病率为1．79％,标化患病率为1．45％。非条件Logistic回归分析表明,人均收入高、高血压病史、家族史、食把肉习惯、睡眠少、肥胖是我市居民患冠心病的危险因素。表明应针对危险因素,开展综合防治。     

Type of alcoholic drink and risk of major coronary heart disease events and all-cause mortality

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the effects of beer, spirits, and wine drinking on coronary heart disease (CHD) events (fatal and nonfatal) and all-cause mortality. METHODS: Men aged 40 to 59 years (n = 7735) were drawn at random from one general practice in each of 24 British towns and followed up for an average of 16.8 years. RESULTS: Regular drinkers showed a significantly lower relative risk of CHD, but no all-cause mortality, than occasional drinkers, even after adjustment for potential confounders. The benefit for CHD of regular drinking was seen within both beer drinkers and spirit drinkers but not among men who reported wine drinking. However, all men who reported wine drinking (both occasional and regular) showed significantly lower age-adjusted risks of CHD and all-cause mortality than men drinking beer or spirits; beer and spirit drinkers showed similar risks. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that regular intake of all alcoholic drinks is associated with a lower risk of CHD, but not all-cause mortality, than occasional drinking. A large part, but not all, of the greater benefit seen in wine drinkers relative to other drinkers can be attributed to advantageous lifestyle characteristics (e.g., low rates of smoking and obesity).