APA微囊化BCCs移植逆转神经性疼痛大鼠背根神经节Navl.8 mRNA表达下调

目的观察APA微囊化牛肾上腺嗜铬细胞(BCCs)移植对坐骨神经慢性挤压伤(CCI)大鼠背根神经节(DRG)Nav1.8 mRNA表达的影响.方法 SD大鼠分为4组,每组5只,即对照组(C组),正常大鼠;CCI组,右侧坐骨神经结扎;APA组,CCI模型后7 d,蛛网膜下腔移植500～600个APA空囊;APA-BCCs组,CCI模型后7 d蛛网膜下腔移植5×106个APA微囊化BCCs.测定各组移植前和移植后7d的触诱发痛阈值(g)和CO2激光刺激痛阈值(ms).移植后7 d行为学测定后取DRG冰冻切片,按照原位杂交法检测各组DRG中Nav1.8 mRNA表达的变化.结果 CCI组和APA组大鼠L4和L5 DRG Nav1.8杂交信号较C组明显降低(P＜0.01),两组间差异无显著性(P＞0.05).APA-BCCs组扎侧触诱发痛阈值和CO2痛阈值高于CCI组和APA组结扎侧(P＜0.01),同时DRG中Nav1.8杂交信号较CCI组和APA组明显升高(P＜0.01),于C组差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 APA微囊化BCCs蛛网膜下腔移植可使CCI大鼠DRG中表达量下降的Nav1.8 mRNA恢复正常表达,APA微囊化BCCs蛛网膜下腔移植的镇痛作用和促进DRG中Nav1.8 mRNA表达恢复有关.     

APA微囊化BCCs移植逆转神经性疼痛大鼠背根神经节Nav1．8mRNA表达下调

目的观察APA微囊化牛肾上腺嗜铬细胞(BCCs)移植对坐骨神经慢性挤压伤(CCI)大鼠背根神经节(DRG)Nav1.8 mRNA表达的影响.方法 SD大鼠分为4组,每组5只,即对照组(C组),正常大鼠;CCI组,右侧坐骨神经结扎;APA组,CCI模型后7 d,蛛网膜下腔移植500～600个APA空囊;APA-BCCs组,CCI模型后7 d蛛网膜下腔移植5×106个APA微囊化BCCs.测定各组移植前和移植后7d的触诱发痛阈值(g)和CO2激光刺激痛阈值(ms).移植后7 d行为学测定后取DRG冰冻切片,按照原位杂交法检测各组DRG中Nav1.8 mRNA表达的变化.结果 CCI组和APA组大鼠L4和L5 DRG Nav1.8杂交信号较C组明显降低(P＜0.01),两组间差异无显著性(P＞0.05).APA-BCCs组扎侧触诱发痛阈值和CO2痛阈值高于CCI组和APA组结扎侧(P＜0.01),同时DRG中Nav1.8杂交信号较CCI组和APA组明显升高(P＜0.01),于C组差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 APA微囊化BCCs蛛网膜下腔移植可使CCI大鼠DRG中表达量下降的Nav1.8 mRNA恢复正常表达,APA微囊化BCCs蛛网膜下腔移植的镇痛作用和促进DRG中Nav1.8 mRNA表达恢复有关.     

红景天苷衍生物对苯甲酰红景天苷对MCAO大鼠的神经保护作用

目的研究红景天苷衍生物对苯甲酰红景天苷(p-benzoyl salidroside, pOBz)对大脑中动脉闭塞模型(MCAO)大鼠的神经保护作用。方法 (1)30只健康成年♂SD大鼠,随机分为Sham组、MCAO组、MCAO+pOBz低中高剂量组(25、50、100 mg·kg^-1),线栓法造模,进行神经功能损伤评分,连续给药2 d。采用核磁共振成像检测MCAO大鼠脑梗死体积。(2)24只健康成年♂SD大鼠,随机分为Sham组、MCAO组、MCAO+pOBz组(50 mg·kg^-1)和MCAO+Sal组(50 mg·kg^-1),线栓法造模,给药1 d。Western blot检测NeuN、EGR1、Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达。(3)18只健康成年♂SD大鼠,随机分成Sham组、MCAO组和MCAO+pOBz组(50 mg·kg^-1),连续给药2 d。免疫荧光染色观察NeuN的表达。结果 pOBz给药2 d可以降低MCAO大鼠的脑梗死体积,改善神经功能损伤,且升高NeuN和EGR1表达程度优于Sal, pOBz对MCAO大鼠脑组织Bcl-2/Bax比值的改善程度与Sal相当。结论 pOBz可改善MCAO大鼠脑梗死体积,具有优于红景天苷的神经保护作用。     

咪达唑仑对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤时细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨咪达唑仑对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注时细胞凋亡的影响及其保护作用。方法成年健康SD大鼠54只,随机分为3组:假手术组(Sham组)、缺血再灌注组(IR组)、咪达唑仑组(M组),每组18只。制作70%肝脏缺血再灌注模型,实验结束后即刻取肝左叶做标本。用免疫组织化学法检测Bcl-2与Bax蛋白表达量,TUNEL法检测肝细胞凋亡指数(AI)。结果与Sham组比较,各组肝组织Bcl-2、Bax蛋白含量、凋亡指数差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与IR组比较,M组Bcl-2蛋白表达增加、Bax蛋白表达和AI减少(P<0.05)。IR、M组各组内各时相以再灌注6h最高。结论咪达唑仑可以通过调节Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达,使肝细胞凋亡减轻,从而对大鼠缺血再灌注肝脏有一定的保护作用。     

臭氧氧化预处理对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注细胞凋亡的影响

【】目的：观察臭氧氧化预处理对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注后细胞凋亡的影响,探讨臭氧对肝脏的保护作用及其可能的作用机制。方法：将18只SD大鼠(雄性,6～8周龄,250～280g)随机分为3组：臭氧预处理组(OP+IR组,n=6)、单纯缺血再灌注组(IR组,n=6)和假手术组(S组,n=6)。臭氧预处理组每天同一时间点行腹腔注射O₃/O₂混合气体(臭氧浓度为50ug/ml,1mg/kg/d),连续注射5天。假手术组和单纯缺血再灌注组则注射相等容积(ml)的氧气。缺血45min后恢复灌注3小时建立70%肝脏缺血再灌注模型(S组仅开腹不阻断肝血流),取左肝叶组织, HE染色观察肝组织形态学变化,TUNEL法测定肝细胞凋亡指数(AI),免疫组化法测定凋亡相关基因Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达量的变化,并计算Bcl-2/Bax比值。结果：(1)与S组比较,(OP+IR)组与IR组的肝组织超微结构皆有损伤,(OP+IR)组的损伤程度较IR组减轻。(2)与S组相比,(OP+IR)组和IR组的肝细胞凋亡指数增加,Bcl-2蛋白表达下降,Bax蛋白表达增加,Bcl-2/Bax比值下降(均P＜0.05)。(3)与IR组相比,(OP+IR)组的肝细胞凋亡指数降低,Bcl-2蛋白表达增加,Bax蛋白减少,Bcl-2/Bax比值增加(均P＜0.05)。结论：臭氧氧化预处理可以减轻大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注后肝细胞的凋亡,其机制可能与Bcl-2蛋白表达增加、Bax蛋白表达减少和Bcl-2/Bax比例上调有关。     

硫化氢对脂多糖诱导的大鼠肺组织细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨硫化氢(H2S)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的内毒素性急性肺损伤(ALI)大鼠肺组织细胞凋亡的影响。方法♂SD大鼠48只,随机分为6组,每组8只:空白对照组、LPS组、LPS+NaHS低剂量组、LPS+NaHS中剂量组、LPS+NaHS高低剂量组和LPS+PPG组。LPS组、LPS+NaHS低、中、高剂量组和LPS+PPG组舌下静脉注射LPS(5 mg.kg-1),空白对照组注射等容量的生理盐水。LPS+NaHS低、中、高剂量组和LPS+PPG组在注射LPS 3 h时腹腔分别注射低、中、高剂量的氢硫化钠(NaHS)或炔丙基甘氨酸(PPG),空白对照组和LPS组腹腔注射等容量生理盐水。各组大鼠均在舌下静脉注射LPS或生理盐水6 h后处死,取肺组织。应用流式细胞学技术检测各组大鼠肺组织细胞凋亡情况,免疫组化法检测肺组织Bcl-2和Bax的表达,Westernblot检测肺组织天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶3和9(Caspase-3、9)的蛋白表达。结果 LPS组与空白对照组比较肺组织细胞凋亡率明显升高,Bcl-2蛋白表达明显减弱,Bax蛋白表达明显增强,Bcl-2/Bax比值明显降低,Caspase-3和Caspase-9蛋白表达明显增强(P<0.05或P<0.01)。与LPS组比较,LPS+NaHS中、高剂量组肺组织细胞凋亡率明显降低,LPS+NaHS高剂量组Bcl-2阳性细胞表达明显增强,LPS+NaHS中、高剂量组Bax阳性细胞表达明显减弱,LPS+NaHS低、中、高剂量组Bcl-2/Bax比值明显增加,LPS+NaHS高剂量组Caspase-3和Caspase-9蛋白表达明显减弱(P<0.05或P<0.01)。与LPS组比较,LPS+PPG组肺组织细胞凋亡率明显升高,Bcl-2阳性细胞表达明显减弱,Bax阳性细胞表达明显增强,Bcl-2/Bax比值明显降低,Caspase-3和Caspase-9蛋白表达明显增强(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论 LPS诱导的ALI早期肺组织细胞凋亡增加,给予外源性H2S可减少肺组织细胞凋亡,可能与通过下调Bax、Caspase-3、9蛋白表达和上调Bcl-2蛋白表达有关。     

去窦弓神经大鼠心肌细胞凋亡及其相关基因蛋白表达的时程

目的:研究去窦弓神经（SAD）大鼠心肌细胞凋亡及其相关基因蛋白表达的时程。方法:10周龄SD大鼠行SAD术或假手术（Sham）,术后4、8、16和32周对SAD及相应Sham组大鼠的心肌连续切片,采用末端标记TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡;采用ABC法检测Bcl-2、Bax、Fas和Fas-L蛋白的表达,并用计算机图像分析技术进行观察和比较。结果:与Sham组相比,SAD大鼠心肌细胞凋亡率增加,Bcl-2表达减少,Bax、Fas、Fas-L表达增高,Bcl-2/Bax比率降低。结论:心肌细胞凋亡及其相关基因表达失调可能参与SAD大鼠的心肌重构,且具有一定的时间窗。     

藏红花素预处理减轻大鼠胃缺血再灌注损伤作用 与PI3K/Akt信号通路的关系

目的 探讨藏红花素预处理对大鼠胃缺血再灌注(GI-R)损伤的保护作用及其与PI3K/Akt信号通路的关系。方法 采用分离并夹闭大鼠腹腔动脉30 min,去除动脉夹恢复血流1 h的方法制备GI-R模型。健康雄性SD大鼠30只,采用随机数字表法分为5组,每组6只:假手术组(Sham组)、胃缺血再灌注组(GI-R组)、溶剂对照组(Vehicle组)、藏红花素预处理组(crocin组)、藏红花素预处理联合PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制剂LY294002组(crocin+LY组)。记录各组大鼠胃黏膜损伤指数,并采用TUNEL法和免疫组化方法检测胃黏膜上皮细胞凋亡和增殖情况。测算大鼠胃黏膜组织中丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。蛋白质印迹法(Western Blot)法检测胃黏膜组织Bcl-2,Bax,p-Akt蛋白的表达。结果 成功制备大鼠GI-R损伤模型。与GI-R组相比,crocin组大鼠胃黏膜损伤指数、胃黏膜细胞凋亡率降低;胃黏膜组织MDA含量降低,SOD活性增强;p-Akt的蛋白表达水平增强,且Bcl-2蛋白表达增强,Bax蛋白表达减弱(P＜0.05)。而LY294002可减弱crocin的以上作用(P＜0.05)。结论 crocin对抗大鼠胃缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用机制可能与其上调PI3K/Akt信号通路活性,上调Bcl-2蛋白表达,下调Bax蛋白表达等作用有关。     

Caspase抑制剂对大鼠缺血再灌注心肌细胞凋亡及Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达的影响

目的 探讨Caspase抑制剂z-VAD-fmk对缺血-再灌注(I-R)心肌细胞凋亡及Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达的影响.方法 24只大鼠随机分为假手术(C)组、I-R对照(B)组和z-VAD-fmk治疗(A)组,以穿线结扎或松扎左冠状动脉制备大鼠心肌I-R模型,TUNEL法检测心肌细胞凋亡指数(AI),免疫组化法检测Bcl-2、Pax蛋白表达,并分析心肌组织病理学损害程度.结果 B组和A组Bcl-2、Bax基因蛋白表达水平均明显高于C组(P<0.05).A组凋亡指数显著低于B组;与B组比较,A组Bax蛋白表达水平有所下降,而Bcl-2蛋白表达水平显著升高(P<0.05),Bcl-2/Bax比值较对照组明显增加.结论 Caspase抑制剂可抑制I-R后心肌细胞凋亡,其机制可能与上调Bcl-2和下调Bax蛋白表达有关.     

银杏叶提取物对急性脑梗死大鼠凋亡基因的影响

目的:探讨了银杏叶提取物对急性脑梗死大鼠凋亡基因的影响。方法:运用线栓法构建66只大鼠急性脑梗死模型,并随机分为假手术组、模型组和治疗组,每组22只,其中假手术组只分离血管不插线。治疗组大鼠给予尾静脉注射银杏叶提取物2.5 mg·kg^-1,假手术组和模型组均给予尾静脉注射等体积的PBS溶液。治疗72 h后处死大鼠,取脑组织,采用实时荧光定量PCR分析3组大鼠脑组织中Bcl-2、Bax和caspase-3 mRNA水平;采用免疫组化法测定脑组织凋亡基因相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax和caspase-3的表达;采用TUNEL染色法分析脑细胞凋亡指数。并分析10 d内3组大鼠的生存曲线。结果:与假手术组比较,建模后模型组和治疗组大鼠脑组织中Bcl-2 mRNA Bax和caspase-3 mRNA和蛋白质水平显著升高(P<0.05)。经治疗后,治疗组大鼠脑组织中caspase-3和Bax mRNA和蛋白质水平较模型组明显下降(P<0.05),而Bcl-2 mRNA和蛋白质水平较模型组显著升高(P<0.05)。建模后,模型组和治疗组大鼠脑组织细胞凋亡指数较假手术组显著升高加(P<0.05),治疗组大鼠治疗后脑组织中细胞凋亡指数较模型组显著下调(P<0.05)。与假手术组比较,模型组和治疗组大鼠10 d内存活率明显下降,但治疗组存活率明显高于模型组(P<0.05)。结论:银杏叶提取物能够有效调节急性脑梗死大鼠凋亡基因及其相关蛋白的表达,从而降低脑组织细胞的凋亡,对脑组织具有一定的保护作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.