颈动脉支架置入术围手术期并发症的治疗

目的降低颈动脉支架置入术围手术期并发症的发生率,提高手术疗效。方法分析我科60例颈动脉支架置入术患者的临床资料、总结围手术期并发症、并对并发症的处理和结果进行分析。结果 60例患者中12例围手术期并发症分别为:术中支架内急性血栓形成1例,术中球囊预扩时一过性意识障碍2例,预扩时突然坐起并大喊1例,术中保护伞取出困难2例,术中术后血压持续偏低1例,伴心率慢1例,术后头痛2例,术后腹股沟血肿1例,上述并发症经过及时处理后,无死亡及手术相关致残病例。术后高灌注脑出血1例,经外科手术清除血肿后遗留中度残疾。结论颈动脉支架置入术按规范操作,并发症发生率低,严重并发症少,是一种安全有效的方法。     

颈动脉支架成形术的并发症及处理

颈动脉支架成形术是治疗血管狭窄和预防卒中的可选择方法,临床应用越来越多。但其围手术期危险因素也较多,容易造成如血液动力学异常、血管痉挛、脑梗死、支架内血栓形成、动脉闭塞、高灌注综合征、支架变形、再狭窄等多种并发症。本文将介绍颈动脉支架成形术的主要并发症及其防治方法。     

支架成形术治疗颈动脉狭窄探讨

目的总结颈动脉狭窄支架成形术的经验,评价其疗效。方法对21例颈动脉狭窄患者在脑保护装置下使用自膨胀支架行颈动脉支架成形术,观察其疗效、近期及远期并发症。结果支架释放成功率100%,术后残余狭窄<20%,无死亡病例;3例术中出现心动过缓,8例术后出现低血压、心动过缓。无脑栓塞及脑出血事件发生,1例支架内出现明显斑块。结论颈动脉支架成形术治疗颈动脉狭窄,相对安全、有效,严重并发症少。     

支架成形术治疗颈动脉狭窄48例临床观察

目的 探讨支架成形术在治疗颈动脉狭窄中的价值及并发症的防治.方法 对48例颈动脉狭窄患者50侧颈动脉狭窄进行支架成形治疗.对比患者手术前后临床症状的改变及脑血流值的变化.结果 48例患者中50支颈动脉接受支架成形术治疗,颈动脉狭窄均成功解除,技术成功率100%, 48例患者术后脑血流值均有明显改善,其中39例(81.2%)临床症状症状消失或好转,术中栓子脱落1例,治疗后恢复.术后30 d随访42例,再狭窄2例,死亡2例.结论 支架成形术可明显改善患者的血流动力学障碍,改善临床症状,是治疗颈动脉狭窄安全有效的方法.     

前后循环动脉重度狭窄Ⅰ期支架成形术体会

目的探讨前后循环动脉狭窄同期行血管内支架成形术的手术方法、疗效及安全性。方法对2006-06—2011-02我院16例症状性颈内动脉狭窄同时合并椎基底动脉系统狭窄的患者Ⅰ期行颈动脉及椎基底动脉血管内支架成形术,总结手术经验,观察围手术期并发症,分析临床效果。结果 16例患者共置入34枚支架(其中1例患者同时合并锁骨下动脉狭窄,Ⅰ期行颈动脉、锁骨下动脉、椎动脉支架植入术),术后即刻造影残余狭窄<18%,颈动脉支架置入后9例出现心率下降,11例出现心率、血压同时下降,围手术期未出现动脉夹层、支架内血栓形成以及术后过度灌注脑出血等并发症。术后9例临床症状完全消失,7例明显改善,随访5～24个月,1例术后1a复出现缺血症状,复查DSA提示椎动脉支架内再狭窄,再次给予支架内成形术,症状消失。结论前后循环动脉狭窄同期行血管内支架成形术是一种安全有效的方法,能够降低医疗费用,避免二次手术创伤,但远期效果尚需进一步探讨。     

自膨式颈动脉支架置入术围手术期低血流动力学的改变及治疗

目的 探讨自膨式颈动脉支架置入术围手术期低血流动力学的发生情况及药物治疗效果.方法 回顾东莞市人民医院近1年多来自膨式颈动脉支架置入术13例患者的临床资料,血流动力学损害者定义为:收缩压<90mmHg和(或)平均动脉压<50mmHg,或心率<60次/min.结果 术中、术后出现低血流动力学状况并需要使用阿托品的患者分别...     

支架血管成形术治疗颅外颈动脉极重度狭窄

目的探讨应用支架血管成形术治疗颅外颈动脉极重度狭窄的效果和安全性。方法回顾性分析2002年10月至2009年10月应用支架血管成形术治疗颅外颈动脉极重度狭窄的28例患者的临床资料。结果 28例患者全部成功接受支架血管成形术,狭窄程度由术前90%～99%,降至术后0%～20%。术后无缺血性并发症发生;3例患者术后6h内发生再灌注出血死亡。死亡率10.7%。术后随访1～71个月,均无缺血性症状发生。结论应用支架血管成形术治疗颅外颈动脉极重度狭窄可以有效预防缺血性事件的发生,但是出现再灌注出血的几率较高,应该探求更有效的办法预防再灌注出血。     

缺血性脑血管病腔内成形术围手术期并发症的预防及处理

目的:探讨缺血性脑血管病腔内成形术围手术期并发症的预防及处理。方法:采用血管腔内成形术治疗52例缺血性脑血管病患者,其中症状性颅内动脉狭窄29例,颈动脉狭窄患者23例。结果:52例患者中共有51例成功置入56枚支架,技术成功率达98.1%。48例患者术后均未再发生脑缺血发作,1例因支架置入困难仅行PTA术,术后症状明显改善;基底动脉支架成形术后1例出现动眼神经麻痹;1例出现再灌注损伤;1例出现颅内出血;7例患者出现血压下降。结论:缺血性脑血管病腔内成形术围手术期可能发生严重的并发症,正确预防和处理这些并发症,是避免患者致残、致死的关键。     

血管内支架成形术治疗颈动脉狭窄的36例临床观察

目的观察血管内支架成形术治疗颈动脉狭窄的安全性和短期疗效。方法回顾性分析行血管内支架成形术的36例症状性颈动脉狭窄患者的临床资料，重点对手术方法、并发症、疗效进行总结。结果所有患者均有不同程度的反复短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）或脑梗死，均经DSA证实有颈动脉狭窄；所有患者都顺利完成支架置入，治疗前责任病变血管平均狭窄率为（78．8±10．7）％，治疗后病变血管平均狭窄率为（11．6±7．8）％，两者比较差异有显著性（P〈0．01）；有9例患者出现术后低血压、心动过缓，有3例出现高灌注综合征，无1例发生脑梗死；术后随访6～12月，无颈动脉支架置入后的再狭窄的发生，未见TIA及症状性脑梗死发生。结论血管内支架成形术是治疗颈动脉狭窄有效、安全的方法。     

脑过度灌注综合征研究进展

脑过度灌注综合征是颈动脉血管内治疗后发生的一种罕见但病死率极高的并发症,可发生于颈动脉内膜切除术、颈动脉支架成形术或颅内动脉支架成形术后。本文拟对脑过度灌注综合征的临床特征、危险因素、发生机制、诊断标准、预防和治疗等方面的进展进行概述。     

Characteristics of cerebral microembolism during carotid stenting and angioplasty alone

BACKGROUND: Cerebral microembolism has often been documented by transcranial Doppler imaging during carotid angioplasty and stenting. However, few data are available about its characteristics during the 2 different kinds of procedure. OBJECTIVES: To compare the incidence of microemboli occurring during angioplasty alone with that during stenting in the different phases of the procedures and to relate it to periprocedural cerebrovascular complications. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-eight patients underwent 41 procedures (15 angioplasty alone and 26 stenting) for symptomatic carotid stenoses of 70% or more. Transcranial Doppler monitoring was performed to detect microemboli in the middle cerebral artery during 3 phases of the procedure: (1) guidewire crossing, (2) first dilatation in case of angioplasty alone or stent release with predilatation if performed, and (3) further dilatation. RESULTS: Microemboli occurred in all cases in phase 1 of the procedure but less frequently in the arteries treated with stenting when compared with those treated with angioplasty alone in phase 2 and particularly (P<.02) in phase 3. The mean number of microemboli was highest in phase 2, predominant (P<.05) during angioplasty alone, and particularly reduced (P<.02) in phase 3 during the stenting procedures. During 2 (5%) of the 41 procedures, cerebrovascular complications occurred in phase 1, with the number of microemboli being higher than mean values. CONCLUSIONS: Cerebral microembolism is a very common event, especially during guidewire crossing and angioplasty alone compared with stenting. Further studies concerning the prognostic significance of this are advisable.     

Predictors of hemodynamic instability during and persistent after carotid artery stenting

ObjectivesThe risk factors for post-carotid artery stenting severe hemodynamic instability remain elusive. This study aimed to identify the predictors of severe hemodynamic instability during and persisted after carotid artery stenting.Materials and methodsConsecutive patients who underwent carotid artery stenting for extracranial carotid artery stenosis at a single-center between September 2018 and July 2021 were retrospectively assessed. The predictive factors of severe hemodynamic instability intraoperation and post-operation were analyzed.ResultsAmong the 139 patients included, 63 experienced severe hemodynamic instability, with 45 and 18 cases occurring intra and postoperatively, respectively. Persistent was observed in 21 patients. Smoke exposure (odds ratio [OR], 2.38; p=0.039), carotid bifurcation stenosis (OR, 0.91; p=0.018), and large-diameter balloon (>4 mm) dilatation (OR, 11.95; p<0.001) were identified as independent risk factors for hemodynamic instability at any stage of carotid artery stenting. Intraoperatively, large-diameter balloon (>4 mm) dilatation was associated with an increased risk of hemodynamic instability occurrence (OR, 4.67; p=0.01), whereas general anesthesia (OR, 0.19; p=0.001) and a longer distance from the stenosis to the carotid bifurcation (OR, 0.89; p=0.01) were negatively associated with hemodynamic instability. Furthermore, smoking exposure (OR, 3.73; p=0.03), large diameter balloon dilatation (OR, 6.12; p=0.032), distance from stenosis to bifurcation (OR, 0.85; p=0.047) and long-stent (40 mm) implantation (OR, 0.84 [95% confidence interval, 0.74–0.95]; p=0.007) could independently predict persistent hemodynamic instability.ConclusionPatients with a smoking history, lesions near the carotid bulb, or dilatation using a large-diameter balloon were most likely to suffer severe hemodynamic instability. General anesthesia can protect against severe hemodynamic instability only intraoperatively. Long-term stent implantation may reduce persistent hemodynamic instability.     

Carotid stenting without angioplasty

BACKGROUND: Carotid angioplasty and stenting is gaining popularity as an alternative to carotid endarterectomy for the treatment of carotid bifurcation stenosis. The major concern with the procedure is the risk of embolic stroke which may be initiated by balloon angioplasty of friable atherosclerotic plaque. Elimination of angioplasty may result in a lower incidence of embolic complications. METHOD: We describe a case in which a self-expanding stent alone, without balloon angioplasty, was used to successfully dilate an atherosclerotic stenosis of the carotid bifurcation. RESULTS: A moderate increase in vessel diameter, from 75% to 50%, was immediately observed after stent placement alone. No embolic complications were observed and follow-up plain film and ultrasound examinations showed progressive stent enlargement with excellent anatomic and hemodynamic results. CONCLUSIONS: In this case of severe carotid stenosis, the use of a self-expanding stent alone, without balloon angioplasty, resulted in excellent anatomic and hemodynamic improvement.     

Frequency and determinants of postprocedural hemodynamic instability after carotid angioplasty and stenting.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Hemodynamic instability can occur acutely after carotid angioplasty and stent placement (CAS). We performed this study to determine the frequency of hemodynamic instability in a series of patients who underwent CAS and to analyze factors associated with development of postprocedural hemodynamic events. METHODS: We reviewed medical records and angiograms in a series of 51 patients (mean age 68.3+/-8.9 years) who underwent CAS for symptomatic (n=29) or asymptomatic (n=22) carotid artery stenosis. Any episodes of hypotension (systolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg), hypertension (systolic blood pressure >160 mm Hg), or bradycardia (heart rate <60 bpm) that occurred in the acute postprocedural period were recorded. The effect of demographic, clinical, intraprocedural, and angiographic factors on subsequent development of hemodynamic instability was analyzed by logistic regression. RESULTS: The frequency of postprocedural hemodynamic complications in our patient series was as follows: hypotension, 22.4%; hypertension, 38.8%; and bradycardia, 27.5%. Intraprocedural hypotension (odds ratio [OR] 14.6, P=0.024) and history of myocardial infarction (OR 14.1, P=0.04) independently predicted postprocedural hypotension. Postprocedural hypertension was predicted by intraprocedural hypertension (OR 7.6, P=0.01) and previous ipsilateral carotid endarterectomy (OR 7.6, P=0.02). Postprocedural bradycardia was associated with intraprocedural hypotension (OR 74, P=0.001) and intraprocedural bradycardia (OR 12, P=0.008). All events had resolved at the conclusion of the intensive care unit monitoring period (mean 25.7 hours, range 18 to 43 hours). CONCLUSIONS: Postprocedural hemodynamic instability is frequent after CAS and supports the need for monitoring in settings suited to expeditious management of cardiovascular emergencies. Patients who have evidence of hemodynamic instability during the procedure are at highest risk.     

Unilateral leptomeningeal enhancement after carotid stent insertion detected by magnetic resonance imaging

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty combined with vascular stenting is currently being assessed in the treatment of patients with symptomatic, severe carotid stenosis. The immediate cerebral hemodynamic effects resulting from stenting are not fully understood. This article describes a novel finding: abnormal leptomeningeal enhancement after stenting shown by MRI. METHODS: Fourteen patients with symptomatic severe carotid bifurcation stenosis underwent MRI within 4 hours before and within 3 hours after attempted carotid stenting. Twelve patients were successfully stented. Part of the MR investigation consisted of the acquisition of T1-weighted images before and after administration of the contrast agent Gd-DTPA, both before and after the procedure. RESULTS: All 12 patients who underwent successful stenting did not have abnormal enhancement of the leptomeninges before stenting but developed unilateral enhancement following intervention but before the second injection of contrast agent. No contrast enhancement was detected in the 2 patients who had the angiographic procedure but were not stented. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that abnormal changes to the leptomeningeal vasculature occur during carotid stenting which are not associated with sudden development of neurological symptoms. The anatomic distribution of the enhancement suggests that it is a consequence of the sudden change in brain hemodynamics secondary to the improvement in carotid flow after stenting.     

Intracarotid abciximab injection to abort impending ischemic stroke during carotid angioplasty

BACKGROUND: Abciximab, a platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist, prevents ischemic complications during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and was recently shown to open occluded vessels in patients with acute myocardial infarction when used alone or in combination with other thrombolytic agents. In an animal model of arterial thrombosis, abciximab was found to be safe and effective for the prevention of carotid artery thrombosis. However, the safety and efficacy of abciximab in the treatment of acute ischemic cerebrovascular events is unknown at present. CASE DESCRIPTION: We describe 3 patients who experienced ischemic cerebrovascular events with symptoms involving the middle cerebral artery territory while undergoing percutaneous angioplasty and stenting to their internal carotid arteries. Abciximab was administered to each patient within 10 min of symptom onset as a bolus (0.25 mg/kg) into the ipsilateral common carotid artery followed by continuous intravenous infusion (9 microg/min) for 12 h. All patients' symptoms resolved completely (by 25 min, 40 min and 5 h, respectively) with no further neurological complications. CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary observation suggests that abciximab may improve neurological outcome following middle cerebral artery ischemic events associated with carotid angioplasty and stenting. Large prospective studies are warranted to establish the safety and efficacy of abciximab in acute ischemic stroke, either as a primary treatment modality or an adjunct to carotid angioplasty and stenting.     

Carotid dissection: technical factors affecting endovascular therapy

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To delineate factors associated with the successful endovascular treatment of extracranial carotid dissections, the authors review their management of 13 cases. METHODS: The records of 12 patients with 13 dissections were assessed with reference to mechanism of dissection, preoperative symptoms, presence of a pseudoaneurysm, treatment success, and etiology of treatment failure. Patients were followed prospectively and included six men and six women, ranging in age from 27 to 62 years. RESULTS: Angioplasty and stenting were performed successfully in 11 of 13 procedures (10 of 12 patients). Follow-up in these 10 patients demonstrated excellent patency through the stented segment in nine of the 11 treated vessels. Two patients, both of whom suffered their original dissection as a result of endarterectomy, required further angioplasty and stenting for stenosis outside the previously treated arterial segment. Regarding the treatment failures, a stent deployment device could not navigate a tortuous loop in one, while a microwire could not be advanced beyond a pseudoaneurysm in the second. Six patients had pseudoaneurysms, four of which were treated only with stenting across the dissected arterial segment. All pseudoaneurysms treated in this fashion resolved. No permanent complications occurred as a result of endovascular therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Angioplasty and stenting can be performed safely to manage carotid dissection. A pseudoaneurysm or tortuous anatomy can preclude therapy although the former typically resolves if angioplasty and stenting are feasible. Dissections secondary to endarterectomy may be associated with a higher rate of restenosis after stenting and may require further treatment.     

Vertebral artery origin angioplasty and primary stenting: safety and restenosis rates in a prospective series

OBJECTIVES: To report a single centre ongoing experience of endovascular treatment for atherosclerotic vertebral artery origin stenosis in a series of symptomatic patients, with follow up imaging to determine the incidence of restenosis. METHODS: 14 patients with vertebral artery origin stenosis on catheter angiography were treated. Angioplasty without stenting was undertaken in the first four patients, all of whom had follow up catheter angiography at one year. Subsequently, patients were treated by primary stenting and followed up with colour Doppler ultrasound examination. RESULTS: The procedure was technically successful in all treated arteries, with no immediate complications. The degree of stenosis was reduced from (mean (SD)) 73 (18)% before treatment to 21 (26)% immediately after treatment in the angioplasty alone group (p = 0.059). In the primary stenting patients, the severity of stenosis was reduced from 82 (8)% to 13 (13)% immediately after treatment (p < 0.001). Restenosis to 70% or greater occurred at one year in all four patients initially treated by angioplasty without stenting. One patient subsequently developed further symptoms and was retreated by stenting. One of the 10 patients treated by primary stenting developed restenosis. None of the remaining patients had further posterior circulation ischaemic symptoms during a mean follow up period of 33.6 months (range 1 to 72 months). CONCLUSIONS: Restenosis occurs often after vertebral artery origin balloon angioplasty without stenting but is uncommon after stenting. Primary stenting is therefore recommended to maintain patency at this site, and had a low complication rate in this series.     

颈动脉血管成形支架置入术对脑血管储备能力的影响

目的探讨颈动脉血管成形支架置入术对脑血管储备能力的影响。方法60例颈内动脉狭窄≥70％的患者接受颈动脉血管成形支架置入术,在术前、术后30d进行经颅多普勒检查,通过屏气试验测定脑血管储备能力。结果所有患者均成功置入支架,围手术期无手术相关的并发症,术后30d手术侧脑血管储备能力从术前18．3％提高至30．3oA（P〈0．05）,对侧从手术前28．6％提高至31．6％（P〉0．05）。结论颈动脉狭窄是导致脑血管储备能力下降的原因之一,颈动脉血管成形支架置入术显著提高脑血管储备能力。     

Carotid angioplasty and stenting: are they therapeutic alternatives?

Clinical trials have shown that carotid surgery prevents stroke, but also has a significant risk of morbidity. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting (endovascular treatment) can also be used to treat carotid stenosis and have the advantage of avoiding general anaesthesia, cranial nerve injury and the discomforts of surgery. However, there are several potential complications of endovascular treatment, including intimal dissection and plaque rupture, and the long-term consequences of restenosis. More embolic signals are detected during and immediately after carotid angioplasty than during carotid surgery, although a randomised comparison showed no difference in neuropsychological outcomes. The large published case series of carotid endovascular treatment suggest a similar major morbidity rate to surgery, but a small single centre randomised trial reported very poor results in stented patients. Trial data from the much larger Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study (CAVATAS) has been more encouraging. Results are available from 504 patients with carotid stenosis randomised to surgery or endovascular treatment. Endovascular treatment was carried out by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty using balloon catheters with the adjunct use of stents in 22%. Audited safety analysis by intention to treat showed no difference in the outcome measure of disabling stroke or death within 30 days of treatment, but the rate of treatment related death or stroke lasting more than seven days was relatively high in both groups (endovascular treatment 10%, surgery 9.9%). Minor complications, particularly cranial nerve palsy and haematoma were significantly less frequent in the endovascular group, but restenosis was significantly more common. Both treatments appeared equally effective at preventing stroke recurrence with no difference in the rates of stroke during follow-up for up to 3 years. Techniques of carotid angioplasty and stenting improved over the course of CAVATAS, and new designs of stents, filters and protection devices are being developed. Further large, multicentre randomised trials are therefore being started which will evaluate primary stenting of carotid artery stenosis in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Until the results are available, it will remain uncertain whether angioplasty and stenting are safe and effective therapeutic alternatives to surgery.