Correlation between serum fructosamine and hyperglycemia in patients with acute cerebrovascular disease

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus is one of the risk factors in patients with acute cerebral disease, and always leads to stroke or get it worse. There is often a high level of blood glucose in those patients with diabetes mellitus and cerebral disease, but it is hard to distinguish from both kinds of hyperglycemia. Serum fructosamine is said to be correlated with blood glucose. OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between serum fructosamine and blood glucose in patients with acute cerebrovascular disease. DESIGN: A case-controlled study. SETTINGS: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Health Department for Cadres and Department of Neurology of Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao University Medical College. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-eight inpatients and outpatients with cerebrovascular diseases were selected from the Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College from December 2004 to April 2005. All the patients were confirmed with CT and MRI. There were 25 patients with diabetes mellitus secondary cerebrovascular diseases, who met the diagnostic standards of diabetes mellitus set by WHO, including 12 males and 13 females with an average of (60±8) years old, the course of diabetes mellitus ranged from 1 to 21 years.. The other 23 patients had no diabetes mellitus (without diabetes mellitus group), including 14 males and 9 females with an average of (62±6) years old. Meanwhile, another 50 healthy physical examinees in the hospital were selected as control group, including 26 males and 24 females with the average age of (62±5) years old. Informed content was obtained from all the participants. METHODS: Venous blood was drawn from all the participants, and content of blood glucose was assayed by means of glucose oxidase, and the concentration of serum fructosamine was determined by nitroblue tetrazolium colorimetric method. Comparison between groups was performed by the analysis of variance and q test, and the correlation was tested by linear regression analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Comparison of blood glucose and serum fructosamine among the groups; ② Correlation between serum fructosamine and blood glucose in patients with diabetes mellitus secondary cerebrovascular diseases and those without diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: All the 48 patients with cerebrovascular disease and 50 healthy subjects were involved in the analysis of results. ① Contents of blood glucose and serum fructosamine: There were obvious differences in the contents of blood glucose and serum fructosamine among the diabetes mellitus group, without diabetes mellitus group and control group (F =577.7, 115.1, P < 0. 01). The content of serum fructosamine in the diabetes mellitus group [(4.25±1.35) mmol/ L] was obviously higher than those in the control group and without diabetes mellitus group [(1.65±0.27), (1.96±0.25) mmol/ L, q =1.47, 1.30, P < 0.01], whereas there was no significant difference between the without diabetes mellitus group and control group (P > 0.05). The content of blood glucose was obviously higher in the patients with and without diabetes mellitus groups [(15.80±2.13), (9.50 ±1.78) mmol/L] than in the control group [(4.56 ±0.77) mmol/L, q =1.86, 2.46, P < 0.01], also markedly higher in the with diabetes mellitus group than in the without diabetes mellitus group (q =1.42, P < 0.01). ② Results of correlation analysis: The content of serum fructosamine was positively correlated with the level of fasting blood glucose in the patients with diabetes mellitus secondary cerebrovascular diseases (r = 0.603, P < 0.01). But there was no relationship between serum fructosamine and fasting blood glucose in the patients without diabetes mellitus (r =0.357, P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The contents of blood glucose and serum fructosamine were obviously different among the diabetes mellitus group, without diabetes mellitus group and control group. There are closer relations between serum fructosamine and blood glucose in patients with diabetes mellitus secondary cerebral disorders, which are not observed in the patients without diabetes mellitus. Fructosamine is significant in differentiating the reasons for the increased blood glucose in patients with acute cerebrovascular disease.     

Whether chronic bronchitis is an independent risk factor for cerebral infarction in the elderly

BACKGROUND: The inflammatory reaction already becomes an important risk factor of causing acute cerebral infarction; however, the correlation between chronic bronchitis and senile cerebral infarction is still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To study whether the chronic bronchitis is the risk factor for senile cerebral infarction. DESIGN: 1∶1 pair, case contrast, and risk factor study. SETTINGS: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Third Hospital of Tangshan; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North China Coal Medical College. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 147 patients with acute cerebral infarction who were regarded as case group were selected from Department of Neurology, the Third Hospital of Tangshan from January 2004 to December 2006. All patients met the diagnostic criteria of the Fourth National Cerebrovascular Diseases Meeting. There were 87 males and 60 females, and their ages ranged from 65 to 83 years. Based on 1∶1 pair study, another 147 subjects without cerebrovascular disease were regarded as control group. Except the diseases about infection, there were 73 males and 74 females, and their ages ranged from 62 to 81 years. All subjects provided the confirm consent and agreed with the coordinate experiment. METHODS: ① Questionnaire of risk factor of cerebral infarction was designed to measure the following items: chronic bronchitis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipemia, coronary heart disease, primary cerebral infarction/transient ischemic attack and history of smoking. ② Cerebral infarction was regarded as the dependent variance, while chronic bronchitis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipemia, primary cerebral infarction/transient ischemic attack, coronary heart disease and smoking were regarded as the independent variance for multiple regression analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Risk factors of senile cerebral infarction. RESULTS: All 147 patients with acute cerebral infarction and 147 subjects without cerebrovascular diseases were involved in the final analysis. ① Risk factor analysis of senile cerebral infarction: There were no significant differences in age, hyperlipemia and history of smoking between the two groups (P > 0.05). But, chronic bronchitis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cerebral infarction/transient ischemic attack and history of coronary heart disease were higher in the case group than those in the control group (33.6% vs. 19.0%, 38.8% vs. 23.3%, 54.3% vs. 36.2%, 29.3% vs. 17.2%, 44.0% vs. 29.3%, P < 0.05–0.01). ② Multiple Logistic regression analysis of risk factor of senile cerebral infarction: Hyperlipemia, smoking and coronary heart disease were not correlated with cerebral infarction (P >0.05), but chronic bronchitis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and cerebral infarction/transient ischemic attack were risk factors for senile cerebral infarction (OR =2.47, 2.28, 2.18, 2.01, P < 0.05–0.01). CONCLUSION: The chronic bronchitis may become an independent risk factor senile cerebral infarction.     

Use of various CT imaging methods for diagnosis of acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease

Thirty-four patients with cerebral infarction and 18 patients with transient ischemic attack were examined by multi-slice spiral CT scan, CT perfusion imaging, and CT angiography within 6 hours after onset. By CT perfusion imaging, 29 cases in the cerebral infarction group and 10 cases in the transient ischemic attack group presented with abnormal blood flow perfusion, which corresponded to the clinical symptoms. By CT angiography, various degrees of vascular stenosis could be detected in 41 patients, including 33 in the cerebral infarction group and eight in the transient ischemic attack group. The incidence of intracranial artery stenosis was higher than that of extracranial artery stenosis. The intracranial artery stenosis was located predominantly in the middle cerebral artery and carotid artery siphon, while the extracranial artery stenosis occurred mainly in the bifurcation of the common carotid artery and the opening of the vertebral artery. There were 34 cases (83%) with convict vascular stenosis and perfusion abnormalities, and five cases (45%) with perfusion abnormalities but without convict vascular stenosis. The incidence of cerebral infarction in patients with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores ≥ 5 points during onset was significantly higher than that in patients with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores < 5 points. These experimental findings indicate that the combined application of various CT imaging methods allows early diagnosis of acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease, which can comprehensively analyze the pathogenesis and severity of acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease at the morphological and functional levels.     

Xenon-enhanced CT assessment of cerebral blood flow in stroke-in-progress patients with unilateral internal carotid artery or middle cerebral artery stenosis

Carotid or cerebral artery stenosis resulting in low perfusion is a major cause of ischemic stroke.Understanding the unique hemodynamic features in each patient undergoing a stroke-in-progress（SIP） and the correlation between progression and cerebral blood flow（CBF） status would help in the diagnosis and treatment of individual patients.We used xenonenhanced CT（Xe-CT） to examine cerebral perfusion in patients with or without SIP（30 patients/group）,recruited from October 2009 to October 2010.Only SIP patients with unilateral stenosis in the internal or middle cerebral artery were recruited.The occurrence of watershed infarction was higher in the SIP group than in the non-SIP group（P ＆lt;0.05）.In the SIP group,larger hypoperfused areas were found around the lesions than in the non-SIP group.In the SIP group,the CBF values in the ipsilateral areas were significantly lower than those in corresponding regions on the contralateral side.CBF values in the contralateral hemisphere were significantly lower in the SIP group than in the non-SIP group.In SIP patients,infarctions were surrounded by larger hypoperfused areas than in non-SIP patients.These larger hypoperfused areas may result in pathological damage to the brain that is responsible for the progression of stroke.     

Stellate ganglion block reduces inflammation and improves neurological function in diabetic rats during ischemic stroke

Diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke.Both diabetes mellitus and stroke are linked to systemic inflammation that aggravates patient outcomes.Stellate ganglion block can effectively regulate the inflammatory response.Therefore,it is hypothesized that stellate ganglion block could be a potential therapy for ischemic stroke in diabetic subjects.In this study,we induced diabetes mellitus in rats by feeding them a high-fat diet for 4 successive weeks.The left middle cerebral artery was occluded to establish models of ischemic stroke in diabetic rats.Subsequently,we performed left stellate ganglion block with 1%lidocaine using the percutaneous posterior approach 15 minutes before reperfusion and again 20 and 44 hours after reperfusion.Our results showed that stellate ganglion block did not decrease the blood glucose level in diabetic rats with diabetes mellitus but did reduce the cerebral infarct volume and the cerebral water content.It also improved the recovery of neurological function,increased 28-day survival rate,inhibited Toll like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway and reduced inflammatory response in the plasma of rats.However,injection of Toll like receptor 4 agonist lipopolysaccharide 5 minutes before stellate ganglion block inhibited the effect of stellate ganglion block,whereas injection of Toll like receptor 4 inhibitor TAK242 had no such effect.We also found that stellate ganglion block performed at night had no positive effect on diabetic ischemic stroke.These findings suggest that stellate ganglion block is a potential therapy for diabetic ischemic stroke and that it may be mediated through the Toll like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway.We also found that the therapeutic effect of stellate ganglion block is affected by circadian rhythm.     

A more consistent intraluminal rhesus monkey model of ischemic stroke

Endovascular surgery is advantageous in experimentally induced ischemic stroke because it causes fewer cranial traumatic lesions than invasive surgery and can closely mimic the pathophysiology in stroke patients. However, the outcomes are highly variable, which limits the accuracy of evaluations of ischemic stroke studies. In this study, eight healthy adult rhesus monkeys were randomized into two groups with four monkeys in each group: middle cerebral artery occlusion at origin segment(M1) and middle cerebral artery occlusion at M2 segment. The blood flow in the middle cerebral artery was blocked completely for 2 hours using the endovascular microcoil placement technique(1 mm × 10 cm)(undetachable), to establish a model of cerebral ischemia. The microcoil was withdrawn and the middle cerebral artery blood flow was restored. A reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion model was identified by hematoxylin-eosin staining, digital subtraction angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and neurological evaluation. The results showed that the middle cerebral artery occlusion model was successfully established in eight adult healthy rhesus monkeys, and ischemic lesions were apparent in the brain tissue of rhesus monkeys at 24 hours after occlusion. The rhesus monkeys had symptoms of neurological deficits. Compared with the M1 occlusion group, the M2 occlusion group had lower infarction volume and higher neurological scores. These experimental findings indicate that reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion can be produced with the endovascular microcoil technique in rhesus monkeys. The M2 occluded model had less infarction and less neurological impairment, which offers the potential for application in the field of brain injury research.     

Study on the Prevalence and Corelation of Carotid Atherosclerosis in Stroke Patients

Objective To assess the prevalence and severity of carotid atherosclerosis in stroke patients and the risk factors of carotid atherosclerosis. Methods Two hundred fifty-one ischemic stroke patients,46 ccrcbral hemorrhagc patients and 96 control subjects were entercd into this study. Sonographic assessment of the extracranial carotid arteries was performed in all patients. Diametcr. IMT, plaques and percentage ratio of lumen stenosis were observcd. Results (1)The prevalence of carotid plaqucs was prominent in stroke patients than the control subjects(63.0%vs 36.5%). (2)The prevalencc of lumen stenosis＞50% in ischemic stroke patients was higher than the cerebral hemorrhage patients and control subjects (15.6% vs 4.3%. 2.1%).(3) The prevalence of severe carotid artery stcnosis(＞75%) was promincnt in aged 61～70 years old patients.(4)Our data revealed 30% of the cortical infarction subgroup, 17.5%of the subcortical infarction subgroup, 17% of the lacunar infarction subgroup,8% of the vcrtibral-basilar artery infarction subgroup.2.8% of thc CT normal subgroup possessed carotid stcnosis ＞50%. (5)Age, diabetes mellitus and ApoAl(inversely) were independent predictors of the extracranial carotid atherosclcrosis. Discusssion (Ⅰ)There is close relation between extracraniai carotid atherosclerosis and ischemic cerebrovascular disease.(2)The extent of serious carotid artery stcnosis in aged patients was lower.(3)Thc severity of extracranial carotid artery atherosclerosis was prominent in patients with conical infarction. Conclusion There is a high prevalence of extracranial carotid atherosclerosis in Chinese stroke patients.     

Logistic regression analysis on risk factors for vascular dementia following cerebral infarction in 403 patients from Chongqing City——Hospital and family follow-up studies

BACKGROUND: Studies have demonstrated that the risk factors of vascular dementia following stroke are greatly different in region, race and other aspects. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the conditions and incidental risk factors of vascular dementia in patients with acute cerebral infarction from Chongqing City. DESIGN: Case analysis. SETTING: Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA. PARTICIPANTS: Altogether 546 inpatients with acute ischemic stroke admitted to Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA between May 1999 and December 2002 were involved in this study. The involved patients, including 295 males and 251 females, aged 55–94 years, dwelled in Chongqing over 5 years. They were admitted to hospital within 48 hours of attack of acute ischemic stroke, and survived for over 3 months. Informed consents were obtained from all the involved subjects. METHODS: ① Following the same standard, cognitive and social function evaluations were conducted by one physician on admission and 3 months after admission. Unified questionnaire, consisting of general characteristics, vascular risk factors, stroke characteristics, neurological physical sign, and other 28 factors of involved subjects, was used in all the patients. According to the investigation results, the patients were assigned into 2 groups: dementia group and non-dementia group. ②Ischemic stroke was diagnosed according to acute ischemic brain disorder > 24 hours and CT or MRI imageology. ③ Neurophysiological examination was conducted in all the patients at 7 to 10 days after stroke (score was two SD less than or equaled to normal level was considered as abnormal). ④Diagnosis and statistics of dementia were carried out with Mini-Mental State Examination and The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Ⅳ (published by American Psychiatric Association) on admission and 3 months after admission. Neurologic deficit scoring was carried out with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. ⑤ Chi-square test was used for categorical variable, and t test for quantitative variable between dementia group and non-dementia group. Dementia-related factors were performed multiple-factor Logistic regression model analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of dementia and dementia-related risk factors of patients. RESULTS: Altogether 546 patients with stroke were involved in this study, 403 of them participated in the final analysis, and 143 dropped out. A total of 342 were followed-up in the hospital and 61 at home. At 3 months after cerebral infarction, vascular dementia occurred in 87 (21.6%) of 403 patients. The main risk factors were age (OR 1.179; 95%CI 1.130–1.230), low education level (OR 1.806; 95%CI 1.024–3.186), daily alcohol drinking (OR 3.447; 95%CI 1.591–7.468), stroke history (OR 2.531; 95%CI 1.419–4.512), atrial fibrilation(OR 3.475; 95%CI 1.712–7.057), dysphonia (OR 5.873; 95%CI 2.620–13.163) and left carotid artery infarction (OR 1.975; 95%CI 1.152–3.388). CONCLUSION: The incidence of vascular dementia is determined by synthetic action of multiple risk factors. Dysphonia is the most important influencing factor.     

Relationship of cerebral arterial stenosis to cognitive and memory disorders

BACKGROUND: Cerebral arterial stenosis can cause cerebral hypoperfusion, and than result in the decline of cognitive function, whereas the cognitive dysfunction induced by different cerebral arterial stenosis have different manifestations and types. OBJECTIVE: To observe the differences of cognitive and memory dysfunctions in patients with cerebral arterial stenosis of different types. DESIGN: A comparative observation. SETTING: Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-two outpatients or inpatients with cerebral arterial stenosis were selected from the Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College from February 2005 to January 2006, including 25 males and 17 females. There were 18 cases of internal carotid arterial stenosis, 14 cases of vertebrobasilar arterial stenosis and 10 cases of whole cerebral arterial stenosis. The diagnostic standards for cerebral arterial stenosis were identified according to North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET). Meanwhile, 18 healthy physical examinees were enrolled as the control group, including 10 males and 8 females, aged 58-80 years old. All the enrolled subjects were informed and agreed with the detection and evaluation. METHODS: ① The memory function was evaluated using revised Wechsler memory scale for adults, including long-term memory (experience, orientation and counting), short-term memory (visual recognition, picture memory, visual regeneration, association and thigmesthesia) and sensory memory (forward and backward recitation of numbers). The scale scores were turned to memory quotients. The higher the scores, the better the memory function. ② The cognitive function was evaluated using revised Wechsler adult intelligence scale: It consisted of eleven subtests, including six language scales (information, digit span, vocabulary, arithmetics, apprehension, similarity) and five operation scales (picture completion, picture arrangement, block design, geometric design, digit-symbol test). The intelligence quotients were obtained. The higher the scores, the better the cognitive function. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Results of memory and cognitive function test in patients with cerebral arterial stenosis of different types. RESULTS: All the 42 patients with cerebral artery stenosis and 11 healthy subjects were involved in the final analysis of results. ① Results of memory function test: The memory function was worse in the arterial stensis groups than in the control group (P < 0.05-0.01). There were very significant differences in the scores of orientation, association and picture memory between the internal carotid arterial stenosis group and control group (P < 0.01). There were also very significant differences in the scores of counting, logic memory, forward and backward recitation of numbers, visual regeneration, visual recognition and thigmesthesia between the vertebrobasilar arterial stenosis group and control group (P < 0.01). Except experience and visual regeneration, there were significant very differences in the scores of the other tests between the whole cerebral arterial stenosis group and control group (P < 0.01). The memory quotient was obviously lower in the vertebrobasilar arterial stenosis group than in the internal carotid arterial stenosis group [(72.31±26.46), (87.38±21.86) points, P < 0.05], and it was the lowest in the whole cerebral arterial stenosis group [(63.74±25.25) points]. ② Results of cognitive function test: The cognitive function was worse in the arterial stensis groups than in the control group (P < 0.05-0.01). There were very significant differences in the scores of apprehension, arithmetics, similarity, digit-symbol test, picture completion and block design between the internal carotid arterial stenosis group and control group (P < 0.01). There were also very significant differences in the scores of backward recitation of numbers, vocabulary and geometric design between the vertebrobasilar arterial stenosis group and control group (P < 0.01). Except information, there were significant very differences in the scores of the other tests between the whole cerebral arterial stenosis group and control group (P < 0.01). The intelligence quotient was obviously lower in the internal carotid arterial stenosis group than in the vertebrobasilar arterial stenosis group [(72.65±23.39), (81.34±25.46) points, P < 0.05], and it was the lowest in the whole cerebral arterial stenosis group [(65.98±27.34) points]. CONCLUSION: Different cerebral arterial stenosis can induce different cognitive dysfunctions. The main manifestation of the patients with internal carotid arterial stenosis was the declined cognitive function, and that in patients with vertebrobasilar arterial stenosis was the declined memory, and the decrease of total intelligence was more obvious in the formers than in the latters, whereas the decrease of total memory quotient was more obvious in the patients with vertebrobasilar arterial stenosis; The cognitive and memory dysfunction were the most serious in patients with whole cerebral arterial stenosis.     

Rethinking the necessity of low glucose intervention for cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

Glucose is the essential and almost exclusive metabolic fuel for the brain.Ischemic stroke caused by a blockage in one or more cerebral arteries quickly leads to a lack of regional cerebral blood supply resulting in severe glucose deprivation with subsequent induction of cellular homeostasis disturbance and eventual neuronal death.To make up ischemiamediated adenosine 5′-triphosphate depletion,glucose in the ischemic penumbra area rapidly enters anaerobic metabolism to produce glycolytic adenosine 5′-triphosphate for cell survival.It appears that an increase in glucose in the ischemic brain would exert favorable effects.This notion is supported by in vitro studies,but generally denied by most in vivo studies.Clinical studies to manage increased blood glucose levels after stroke also failed to show any benefits or even brought out harmful effects while elevated admission blood glucose concentrations frequently correlated with poor outcomes.Surprisingly,strict glycaemic control in clinical practice also failed to yield any beneficial outcome.These controversial results from glucose management studies during the past three decades remain a challenging question of whether glucose intervention is needed for ischemic stroke care.This review provides a brief overview of the roles of cerebral glucose under normal and ischemic conditions and the results of managing glucose levels in non-diabetic patients.Moreover,the relationship between blood glucose and cerebral glucose during the ischemia/reperfusion processes and the potential benefits of low glucose supplements for non-diabetic patients are discussed.     

进展性脑梗死相关危险因素分析

目的探寻引起脑梗死进展的相关危险因素。方法对我院2008年5月-2011年5月住院的急性脑梗死患者246例,根据入院后病情演变分为进展性脑梗死组(PCI)和非进展性脑梗死组(NPCI)。观察项目包括年龄、高血压史、糖尿病史、冠心病史、脑卒中病史、高脂血症史、吸烟史及饮酒史,入院时神经功能评分、入院时高血压、入院后血压降低、发热、血脂、血糖、红细胞压积、颈动脉狭窄及颅内动脉狭窄进行分析。结果 PCI组的糖尿病史、早期不适当降压治疗、颅内动脉狭窄、颈动脉狭窄、入院后24小时内最高体温、白细胞计数、空腹血糖及侧脑室旁梗死差异有显著统计学意义。结论糖尿病病史、早期不适当降压治疗、发热、白细胞计数增高、空腹血糖增高、劲内动脉和颅内动脉狭窄及侧脑室旁梗死是引起脑梗死进展的主要危险因素。     

缺血性卒中患者颅内动脉狭窄的相关危险因素分析

目的 探讨颅内动脉狭窄的狭窄程度、相关危险因素与缺血性脑卒中的关系,为缺血性卒中的防治提供重要依据.方法 90例缺血性卒中患者根据全DSA检查结果分为非狭窄组(狭窄<30%)与颅内动脉狭窄组(狭窄≥30%或闭塞),分析颅内动脉狭窄程度与年龄、性别、高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、冠心病、家族史、总胆固醇(CHO)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆同醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、载脂蛋白 A1(ApoA1)、载脂蛋白B(ApoB)、血清脂蛋白(Lpa)等相关危险因素的关系.结果 (1)本组患者颅内动脉狭窄发生率为67.78%,发生率最高为大脑巾动脉,其次颈内动脉颅内段和椎基底动脉颅内段,发生率最低为大脑后动脉.(2)有高血压、糖尿病的缺血性卒中患者容易发生颅内动脉狭窄,其同归系数、OR值、P值分别为1.659、5.256、0.002,1.657、5.241、0.046.(3)颅内动脉狭窄组HDL-C含量[(0.99±0.30)mmol/L]比非狭窄组[(1.30±0.50)mmol/L]明显降低,差异有统计学意义(t=3.603,P=0.001).(4)年龄、性别、吸烟、既往卒中史、脑血管病家族史、TC、TG、LDL-C、ApoA1、ApoB、Lpa在两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 缺血性卒中患者颅内血管狭窄的主要危险因素有高血压、糖尿病,保护因素有HDL-C.     

High blood pressure in acute ischemic stroke and underlying disorders

BACKGROUND: The Acute Candesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Stroke Survivors (ACCESS) study indicated that early treatment with an angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker in acute stroke patients who had relatively high blood pressure improved cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the chronic stage. To better interpret the findings of this study, we determined whether stroke patients with high acute blood pressure had specific underlying conditions. METHODS: We divided 712 consecutive patients who were hospitalized within 48 h after the onset of brain infarction into two groups: 77 patients with high acute blood pressure that met the criteria of the ACCESS study and the 635 remaining patients. Underlying risk factors and comorbidities, stroke characteristics, as well as mortality, vascular events, and disability at 3 weeks were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Patients with high acute blood pressure more frequently had diabetes mellitus (p < 0.01), intracranial arterial stenosis (p < 0.02), higher levels of hemoglobin A1c (p < 0.005), higher creatinine levels (p < 0.005), and tended to more frequently have ischemic heart disease (p < 0.09) and infarcts <1.5 cm in diameter (p < 0.09) than the other patients. On multivariate analysis, high levels of hemoglobin A1c, high creatinine levels, and intracranial arterial stenosis were independently predictive of high acute blood pressure. At 3 weeks after the stroke onset, patients with high acute blood pressure were more dependent in their daily living activities (p < 0.02) and more frequently developed vascular events or death (p < 0.005) than the other patients. CONCLUSIONS: Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus and advanced renal damage appeared to correlate with acute hypertension after stroke. Since intracranial arterial stenosis also seemed to contribute to high acute blood pressure, one should be careful not to induce cerebral hypoperfusion by the early use of antihypertensives.     

Factors affecting haemorrhagic transformation in middle cerebral artery infarctions.

OBJECTIVE: Haemorrhagic transformation (HT) affects treatment and prognosis in patients with acute ischaemic stroke. The factors affecting haemorrhagic transformation in infarcts due to occlusion of middle cerebral artery (MCA) stem or branch were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of 412 patients who were followed in our clinic between January 2001 and December 2001 with acute ischaemic stroke, 86 patients with occlusion in MCA stem or branch were enrolled in this study. These patients were divided into 2 groups, those with HT (n = 35) and without HT (n = 51). Age, sex, systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, blood glucose level in the acute period, renal and liver function tests, systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure in the acute period, previous cerebrovascular disease, leukoaraiosis, modified Rankin Disability Score (mRDS) and stroke subtype were evaluated. RESULTS: High blood glucose level in the acute period and presence of leukoaraiosis on cranial computerized (CCT) tomography were detected as risk factors in development of HT. HT was seen more frequently in MCA stem infarction than branch infarction. mRDS were worse in the group with HT. In multivariate analysis, there were independent relationships between mean blood glucose level on admission, mRDS, presence of diabetes mellitus, and MCA stem infarction and development of haemorrhagic transformation in patients with MCA territorial infarction.     

老年2型糖尿病合并脑梗死患者的血脂分析

目的 对老年2型糖尿病合并脑梗死患者的血脂特点进行分析.方法 收集2型糖尿病合并脑梗死患者与无糖尿病的脑梗死患者,通过统计学分析比较两组间的血脂特点.结果 2型糖尿病合并脑梗死组患者的TG、LDL-C和apoB较无糖尿病的脑梗死患者显著升高,而HLD-C和apoA1较对照组显著下降.结论 糖尿病患者的高血糖状态对患者的血脂代谢具有重要影响,可能是促使糖尿病患者动脉粥样硬化、引起脑梗死的重要原因.     

经颅多普勒超声和颈动脉超声检测无脑缺血症状的2型糖尿病患者颅内外动脉粥样硬化病变

目的 分析无脑缺血症状的2型糖尿病患者颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄和颅外颈动脉粥样硬化病变的发生频率及分布特征,并探讨其危险因素.方法 对94例无脑缺血症状的2型糖尿病住院患者用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)和颈动脉超声判断颅内外动脉粥样硬化病变,颅内动脉只分析狭窄,颅外动脉病变包括颈动脉斑块及狭窄.分析各危险因素的影响.结果 55例(58.5%)有颅内外动脉粥样硬化病变.22例(23.4%)发现有颅内动脉狭窄,明显高于颅外颈动脉狭窄或闭塞(3/94,3.2%,χ~2=16.66,P＜0.01).大脑中动脉是颅内最常受累的动脉(狭窄率17.0%),占狭窄动脉数的58.5%.48例(51.0%)有颅外颈动脉粥样斑块或狭窄.Logistic多元回归分析显示糖尿病病程和合并高血压是颅内外动脉粥样硬化病变的独立危险因素.结论 无脑缺血症状的2型糖尿病住院患者,半数以上有颅内外动脉粥样硬化改变,且与糖尿病病程及合并高血压有关,提示对上述高危患者应常规进行超声检测.     

进展性脑梗死与稳定性脑梗死危险因素的对比分析

目的探讨进展性脑梗死(PCI)的危险因素,为其防治提供依据。方法对91例PCI患者与170例稳定性脑梗死(SCI)患者的临床资料中24个因素先行单因素对比分析,后对有显著差异的因素行Logistic回归分析。结果 PCI组的糖尿病史、早期不适当降压治疗、入院后24h内最高体温、白细胞计数(WBC)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、空腹血糖(FBG)、CT早期梗死征象、侧脑室体旁梗死明显高于SCI组(P均<0.05);多元Logistic回归分析显示:早期不适当降压治疗、WBC、CRP及FBG增高、CT早期梗死征象、侧脑室体旁梗死是PCI的危险因素。结论早期不适当降压治疗、WBC增高、CRP及FBG增高、CT早期梗死征象、侧脑室体旁梗死是PCI的主要危险因素与征象。     

进展性脑梗死与完全性脑梗死危险因素对照分析

目的对照分析进展性脑梗死与完全性脑梗死的危险因素。方法选取进展性脑梗死与完全性脑梗死患者各100例,分组比较患者的血压、血糖、血管评价结果、血脂、凝血状态等指标,所得数据经统计学分别处理。结果进展性脑梗死患者血压、血糖、血管评价结果、血脂、凝血状态等指标均较完全性脑梗死组患者平均水平差,其中颈动脉与脑部大血管狭窄与斑块检出率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论进展性脑梗死与完全性脑梗死患者有较多相同的临床危险因素,进展性脑梗死患者各项指标的平均值均较完全性脑梗死患者表现差。     

急性脑梗死合并2型糖尿病患者血清Caveolin-1的水平变化及其与早期神经功能恶化的关系

目的 探讨急性脑梗死合并2型糖尿病患者血清陷窝蛋白-1(Caveolin-1)的水平变化及其与早期神经功能恶化(END)的关系。方法 选择2018年1月-2019年12月本院收治的急性脑梗死合并2型糖尿病患者、急性脑梗死患者、2型糖尿病患者、健康志愿者,检测血清Caveolin-1的水平,评价急性脑梗死合并2型糖尿病患者的END,采用Logistic回归分析END的影响因素,采用ROC曲线分析Caveolin-1水平对END的预测价值。结果 急性脑梗死合并2型糖尿病组患者的血清Caveolin-1水平高于急性脑梗死组、2型糖尿病组、对照组(P<0.05); 急性脑梗死合并2型糖尿病组END患者的Caveolin-1水平、女性比例、入院时NIHSS评分、起病至入院时间、糖化血红蛋白、随机血糖、hs-CRP水平均高于非END患者(P<0.05); logistics回归分析显示,Caveolin-1水平增高、女性、糖化血红蛋白水平增高及入院时NIHSS评分增加是急性脑梗死合并2型糖尿病组患者END的危险因素(P<0.05); ROC曲线分析显示,血清Caveolin-1对急性脑梗死合并2型糖尿病患者的END具有预测价值,最佳截点为34.95 ng/mL。结论 血清Caveolin-1水平升高是急性脑梗死合并2型糖尿病患者END的危险因素,且对END具有预测价值。     

急性脑梗死后出血转化的危险因素分析

目的 探讨急性脑梗死后出血转化的相关危险因素。方法 选取2016年12月-2017年12月入住本院的140例急性脑梗死患者,其中急性脑梗死后出现出血转化者70例,其余为无出血转化者70例,分析2组患者在入院时首次空腹血糖、总胆固醇、同型半胱氨酸、尿酸水平、高血压病病史、糖尿病病史、房颤病史、饮酒史及既往脑卒中病史的差异,先进行单因素分析,对差异有统计学意义的指标进一步行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果 急性脑梗死后出血转化组患者在入院时首次空腹血糖水平、心房颤动病史、高血压病史的例数均高于非出血转化组(P<0.05),而非出血转化组中总胆固醇水平高于出血转化组(P<0.05),2组同型半胱氨酸、尿酸水平、糖尿病病史、饮酒史、既往脑卒中病史无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论 急性脑梗死患者入院时高空腹血糖水平(>6.1 mmol/l)、房颤病史、高血压病史是急性脑梗死发生出血转化的独立危险因素,而总胆固醇(TC)是防止出血转化的一个保护因素。