美国出生证明的内容形式与发展

目的通过回顾美国生命资料统计的发展历程,梳理美国出生证明内容和形式的变化,分析美国出生证明档案管理中存在的问题,以期为进一步完善我国出生证明的管理提供借鉴。方法回顾相关文献及资料,查询相关美国出生证明管理系统网页,梳理、分析美国出生证明管理相关情况。结果美国出生证明内容丰富形式统一,管理系统整体完善,但也存在安全性等的问题。结论应该进一步完善出生证明管理体系,加强监管力度,加大电子出生证明系统建设,进一步提高数据质量,标准化管理及安全性。     

基于支持决策与管理的人口健康数据库现状分析

目的本文系统收集、梳理人口健康相关数据库的内容、收集方式及频率、管理及应用情况,分析现有数据库的成绩与不足,提出构建满足科学决策和管理的数据资源的建议,更好地服务于决策制定和管理。方法采用定量分析与定性分析相结合的方法。结果已经构建了较为完善的数据收集渠道,建立了涵盖基础信息、公共卫生、医疗服务、医疗保障、药品管理、计划生育、综合管理等领域的国家级数据库78个,为开展科学决策和管理奠定了良好的基础,但是仍需加强顶层规划,推进数据共享,提高数据质量与分析利用,并在现有基础上增加部分重要信息的收集。     

EPI Info 2000在急性弛缓性麻痹病例监测系统中的应用研究

目的为解决计划免疫工作中急性弛缓性麻痹 (AFP)病例监测系统流行病学监测和实验室监测的数据库统一和完善变量设置 ,以便快速地进行AFP病例的录入、分析和统计。方法用EPI2000软件建立了计划免疫的急性弛缓性麻痹 (AFP)病例监测系统数据库 ,开发并完善了EPI2000软件在AFP监测系统中的应用研究。结果通过两年的应用和不断完善 ,解决了AFP监测中流行病学监测和实验室监测数据库统一并解决实际问题如麻痹部位、发病年龄、高危病例和聚集性高危病例在AFP监测系统数据库中的变量设置问题 ;完善了AFP监测系统的数据库及调查表视图中各种变量的分析统计及数据管理。结论EPI2000以其功能强大且容易与其他数据库进行数据转换 ,亲切的Windows界面和语言功能支持中文录入而方便中文信息的录入和分析应用 ,成功地应用于计划免疫急性弛缓性麻痹 (AFP)病例监测系统。     

美国突发公共卫生事件应急管理体系的启示

完善的突发应急处理体系可有效应对突发公共卫生事件、从而确保人民群众生命健康安全、国家安全和社会稳定。美国在突发公共卫生事件应急管理体系上已经建成了完善的三级管理体系。基于此,本文通过对相关文献和规章制度的总结归纳,从监测系统、应急队伍建设、应急物资和应急资金储备、公众危机意识和能力培养4个方面来介绍美国突发公共卫生事件应急管理体系,以期对我国相关体系的建设提供参考。     

我国药品标准管理研究现状分析

目的：分析我国药品标准研究现状，并提出适当的建议。方法：通过阅读数据库中的相关文献了解我国药品标准管理研究的现状，再对中蔓两国的药品标准的发展历程、法律地位、药品的管理机构进行比较，从而分析出我国药品标准管理现状存在的问题，并对此提出合理适当的建议。结果：对比发现我国药品标准管理研究虽然发展迅速，但整体缺乏系统性，且有部分领域尚未发展完全，在管理水平上与《美国药典》存在较大差距，希望通过完善我国药品标准管理体系，进而提高我国药品标准水平。结论：我国药品管理体系还需完善，而美国较完善的药品标准审评机制可以成为我国药品标准管理体系完善的过程中借鉴的对象。     

试论江苏卫生信息网的人力资源策略

1 江苏卫生信息网的概况 1.1 目标①构建覆盖各级卫生行政部门、疾病预防控制中心、卫生监督所、各级各类医疗卫生机构的高效、快速、通畅的信息网络系统;②建立统一的应用系统平台,实现统一管理、简单维护、高效运行和灵活配置;③建立统一的业务运行平台,实现各种业务功能的定制开发和灵活配置管理,并保证系统稳定、高效运行;④建立完善的安全管理体系,保证系统和数据的安全.     

我国罕见病健康数据监测平台的建设现状及展望

我国罕见病研究起步较晚,研究资源分散,流行病学、诊疗、用药等相关数据基础薄弱,阻碍了其研究进展。现阶段,我国已初步建成两个国家级罕见病数据库,作为疾病诊治和数据产生的有效载体,医院有责任建立完善的院端罕见病数据收集平台和病例上报系统,保证罕见病登记上报数据的准确性及完整性。通过阐述现阶段我国罕见病病例登记发展现状,总结医院在罕见病病例登记上报过程中的问题,从制度建设、指标体系建设、信息系统建设等方面对建立院端罕见病登记上报系统进行展望,旨在为建立完善的国家罕见病健康数据监测平台提供借鉴。     

对我国药品突发事件应急管理体系的探讨

目的促进我国药品突发事件应急体系的建立和完善。方法对国内公共卫生突发事件应急体系的相关文献进行分析。结果与结论我国药品突发事件应急管理体系应按照综合化要求建立应急管理体制机制、构建和完善突发事件预警系统以及突发事件应急系统。     

趋势预测系统(网络版)在传染病疫情管理与预测分析中的作用

[目的]应用流行病学、网络数据库技术和图形的表现方式,建立了河北省近50年法定传染病分析、趋势预测信息数据库。[方法]将建国50年以来散乱、格式不一的数据进行统一整理、归纳、分析;根据工作需要进行调研,做详细的业务需求分析,建立一个完整、规范的数据库;应用流行病学和统计学方法建立数学模型,开发具有查询、统计、分析、预测等功能的网络版信息系统。[结果]利用了图形表示方法,将枯燥的不容易对比的数据直观的表现出来,使结果更清晰,更容易被疾病预防控制人员分析使用。[结论]该系统具有各种类型的图表,方便查询、统计、分析,系统还具有导入、导出功能。     

作业场所职业危害因素调查与检测数据库的建立

目的建立作业场所职业危害因素检测数据库,实现数据化和信息化管理。方法以某电子企业生产车间为研究对象开展现场调查。采用Microsoft Access 2013数据库软件建立作业场所职业病危害因素调查与检测数据库。依据GBZ2.1—2007、GBZ2.2—2007、GBZ160—2004、GBZ 159—2004等职业病危害因素检测的标准规范进行数据库编程,进行调查数据的查询、检测结果的自动计算等,生成职业病危害因素检测方案。采用Microsoft Excel 2013软件数据透视表进行数据的导出、汇总、报表。结果通过Access 2013数据库实现了便捷的调查数据录入界面,数据之间的联动,自动生成检测方案,检测结果的自动计算。通过Excel 2013数据透视表实现了检测方案、检测结果等数据的自动汇总报表,可以直接导入到评价报告或检测报告等Word文档中。结论采用数据库可以使作业场所职业病危害因素调查及检测数据更加规范、统一,数据的录入、修改和分析更加便捷、高效,尚需在程序的流程、界面的便捷方面进一步优化,不断补充和完善系统的功能。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.