基于政策工具的我国中医药传承创新政策分析

目的:了解我国中医药传承创新政策的政策工具使用情况,为后续完善中医药传承创新政策提供借鉴。方法:采用内容分析法对2020年9月前国家层面发布的中医药传承创新相关政策文本进行编码分类,从基本政策工具和中医药传承创新体系两个维度进行统计分析,并提出相关完善建议。结果:共收集到相关政策文本9份,发布于2007-2020年。基本政策工具维度方面,环境型政策工具居多(占46.47%),其次是供给型政策工具(占41.36%),需求型政策工具最少(占12.17%)。供给型政策工具包含科研与信息化支持(占25.67%)、人才培养(占7.06%)、基础设施建设(占5.6%)、公共卫生服务(占2.07%)、资金投入(使用最少,占0.97%);需求型政策工具包含国际交流与合作(占5.11%)、组织协同(占3.77%)、产业塑造(占1.82%)、试点/示范项目(占1.46%),后2项内容使用较少;环境型政策工具中法规管制使用最多(24.94%),其次为目标规划(占9.73%)、知识产权(占6.57%)、金融支持(占2.43%)、政策宣传(占1.95%)、质量评价(占0.61%)、医保支持(占0.24%)。中医药传承创新体系维度方面包括科研创新(占34.67%)、管理机制(19.59%)、中药产业(占18.37%)、服务体系(占18.00%)、队伍建设(占9.37%)等5项内容,其中队伍建设相关内容较少。结论:为更好地完善落实我国中医药传承创新政策,建议优化供给型政策工具,突出政策推动功能;增加需求型政策工具,形成有效"拉动力";调整环境型政策工具结构,改善传承创新外部环境;推进政策工具在传承创新体系全方位运用,实现规划目标。     

政策工具视角下我国中药追溯体系政策研究

目的：分析我国中药追溯体系相关政策文本,探讨现有政策现状及倾向,为我国未来中药追溯体系政策制定及优化提供参考依据。方法：选取29份中药追溯体系相关政策为研究对象,采用内容分析法,基于政策工具及利益相关者2个维度进行分析。结果：政策工具维度中,命令与规制型、激励型、 能力建设型、系统变革型、信息与劝诫型工具分别占51.7%、12.2%、22.0%、1.0%、13.2%;利益相关者维度中,政府相关部门、中药生产企业、中药经营企业、医疗机构、消费者分别占45.2%、21.5%、 21.5%、6.3%、5.6%。结论：政策工具结构失衡,内部子工具使用不协调,利益相关者分布不均,应结合中药追溯体系相关政策特征及发展趋势,多元化使用政策工具,优化其内部结构,兼顾各利益相关方,增强主体凝聚力。     

基于政策工具的我国药品集中带量采购政策文本分析研究

目的：为我国药品集中带量采购政策的制定和优化提供依据。方法：运用政策工具理论,构建“政策工具-政策目标”二维政策分析框架,并以“政策编号-具体条款/章节-具体句段”的编码规则对政策进行分类编码,以此对2015-2022年的国家层面药品集中带量采购政策文本进行分析。结果：在政策工具维度,环境性政策工具占比最多,供给型政策工具和需求型政策工具占比较少。在政策目标维度中,以优化发展路径为目标的政策占比最多,以推动采购平台功能建设为目标的政策占比最少。结论：政策工具存在分布不均衡;强制性政策使用较多,引导激励性政策不足;推动采购平台功能完善的政策工具较少。应调整政策工具组合,优化供需两条线上的框架结构;调整政策约束与激励的天平,激发内外部正向推动力;以更多政策工具推动完善平台功能,提升信息化管理水平。     

政策工具视角下仿制药替代政策文本分析

目的:分析仿制药替代政策工具的选择使用特点,探讨相关政策的侧重点及不足之处,为完善我国仿制药替代相关政策提供参考。方法:对纳入分析的政策文件进行编码和关键词提取,采用统计描述方法和社会网络分析法对政策文本进行分析。结果:仿制药替代政策发布主体的网络密度为0.686,合作网络较为稀疏;政策工具类型中,命令型、经济激励型、社会参与型政策工具占比分别为49%、31%、20%。结论:建议通过加强政策发文主体协同合作、关注仿制药临床使用、优化政策工具结构促进仿制药替代。     

政策工具视角下我国中药注射剂发展政策研究

目的 为未来我国中药注射剂相关政策的调整和优化提供参考依据.方法 收集1990年1月1日-2021年5月31日我国国家层面发布的中药注射剂相关政策文件;基于政策工具视角,采用内容分析法和定量分析方法,按照"政策序号-章节号-具体条款"方式对政策条款进行归类编码和分析.结果与结论 共纳入30份中药注射剂相关政策文件,累计...     

采用ABC库存结构分析法优化我院贵重药品管理

目的：制定贵重药品管理制度,提高医院药品管理水平和效率,实现药品的精细化管理。方法：采用ABC库存结构分析法,确定贵重药品目录,制定贵重药品管理制度,设立贵重药品专用帐卡,实时监控使用情况。结果与结论：采用ABC库存结构分析法对我院库存药品进行分类整理,有效确立了贵重药品的范围和具体目录,使我院贵重药品管理工作更加科学化、合理化、规范化。     

T型关联度分析法在正交设计优化提取工艺中的应用

目的:比较在正交设计优化提取工艺中,采用T型关联度分析法和方差分析法对主次因素分析结果的异同。方法:以白花蛇舌草多糖提取工艺为例,设计正交试验,分别用T型关联度分析法和方差分析法对各提取因素与指标间的相关性进行分析。结果:方差分析法离差平方和SS与T型关联度分析法|ri|对因素主次分析结果一致。结论:可以将T型关联度分析法用于提取工艺优化,且该法简便、可行。     

基于政策工具的我国抗肿瘤创新药物政策文件分析

目的 通过对我国抗肿瘤创新药物政策文件分析,探讨抗肿瘤创新药物相关政策的侧重点以及不足,为未来抗肿瘤创新药物领域政策制定及优化提供参考。方法 通过访问中国共产党中央委员会及国务院、国家卫生健康委员会、国家药品监督管理局等相关部委官方网站,以“癌症”“肿瘤”“肿瘤药”“创新药”等为关键词,收集2015年1月—2022年12月国家层面发布的抗肿瘤创新药物相关政策文件;基于政策工具和利益相关者二维分析框架,对收集的政策文件进行分类、编码、统计。结果 共纳入政策文件30份,政策工具视角下共产生政策编码90条,需求型政策工具、环境型政策工具、供给型政策工具分别为24、43、23条,占比26.67%、47.78%、25.56%;以政策工具为基础,利益相关者视角下共产生编码183条,政府部门、医药企业、医疗机构、患者分别为70、36、54、23条,占比38.25%、19.67%、29.51%、12.57%。结论 我国抗肿瘤创新药物政策上环境型政策工具应用占比最多,供给型与需求型政策工具应用缺位,整体存在应用不平衡现象;利益相关者分布格局不协调,政府部门与医疗机构关注度高于医药企业与患者。应合理促进抗...     

热分析法在药学领域中的应用进展

热分析法是研究物质的物理或化学变化与温度关系的方法.在药学领域中,热分析法是研究药物晶型、纯度、稳定性及其与辅料相互作用等方面的重要手段.此外,其在固体分散系统和脂质体中也有广泛应用.常用的热分析法较多,如差示扫描量热法( Differential scanning calorimetry, DSC)、差示热分析法( Differential thermal analysis, DTA)和热重法( Thermo-gravimetric analysis, TGA).     

采用ABC库存结构分析法和订货点技术优化贵重药品管理

目的：采用ABC库存结构分析法和订货点技术优化贵重药品管理,提高药品管理水平和效率。方法：使用ABC库存结构分析法科学地确定了贵重药品品种,并运用订货点技术对贵重药品管理进行优化。结果：采用ABC库存结构分析法和订货点技术管理贵重药品库存,保证了管理效率,实现了及时合理采购,合理规范药品领取。结论：运用ABC库存结构分析法和订货点技术管理贵重药品切实可行,为医院药品管理提供了理论和实践参考。     

Consensus development methods: Considerations for national and global frameworks and policy development

Backgroundkey decisions have to be made in healthcare systems and policies often under uncertain conditions or without complete objective evidence. Decisions made on the health system and policy levels affect national and global population, which requires transparency and accountability to ensure the best impact to population's health. Consensus development methods assist complex process of the decision making combining existing evidence and expert opinions. Variety of challenges affect the selection, application and use of the consensus development methods, which requires careful consideration to keep rigour, validity and transparency.ObjectiveTo identify and review studies which have used consensus development methods in order to develop national or international policy or framework in health field.MethodsA literature review was conducted searching the databases PubMed, EMBASE and PsycINFO. Studies using a consensus development approach to develop tools or frameworks for health system and policy enhancement were eligible for the review. Key elements of consensus development process were extracted and reported using content analysis and narrative synthesis.ResultsThe review included 26 studies in total either in national or international settings. Over 60% of studies extracted did not apply typical consensus development methods; however, stated as consensus meetings instead. Delphi technique was the most used method from the consensus development methods, which often combined with some face-to-face meeting features.ConclusionsThis review summarised the use of consensus development methods in health system and policy development. The review identified a wide range of variations in the selection, use and application of the methods in studies. For better utilisation and application of the consensus development methods in the field, some standardisation of the methods and reporting would be warranted.     

The potential of contribution analysis to alcohol and drug policy strategy evaluation: an applied example from Wales

Abstract

Contribution analysis (CA) is being increasingly favoured as a policy evaluation tool. This includes application to evaluate alcohol and drug policies. This paper reflects on one such example and begins by providing a brief overview of CA as an evaluative research method. It then describes the way in which CA was applied to evaluate alcohol and drug policy in Wales, one of the constituent countries of the UK. This paper reports on two issues. First, how the theory of CA was translated into practice. Second, the key learning points for us as evaluators that arose out of the utilisation of this method. The article highlights that our use of CA enabled a rich exploration of programmes within their contextual setting, and had a range of limitations and considerable challenges associated with identifying and explaining causalities. Within these methodological discussions, we also illustrate how the policy was more successful in elements closer to its nomenclature framing; i.e. harm reduction, than it was to other incorporated aims. The analysis presented in this paper will be useful across a range of jurisdictions where the need to evaluate drug and alcohol policy and practice initiatives may arise.     

Examining the construction and representation of drugs as a policy problem in Australia's National Drug Strategy documents 1985–2010

BackgroundNational drug policies are often regarded as inconsequential, rhetorical documents, however this belies the subtlety with which such documents generate discourse and produce (and re-produce) policy issues over time. Critically analysing the ways in which policy language constructs and represents policy problems is important as these discursive constructions have implications for how we are invoked to think about (and justify) possible policy responses.MethodsTaking the case of Australia's National Drug Strategies, this paper used an approach informed by critical discourse analysis theory and aspects of Bacchi's (2009) ‘What's the Problem Represented to be’ framework to critically explore how drug policy problems are constructed and represented through the language of drug policy documents over time.ResultsOur analysis demonstrated shifts in the ways that drugs have been ‘problematised’ in Australia's National Drug Strategies. Central to these evolving constructions was the increasing reliance on evidence as a way of ‘knowing the problem’. Furthermore, by analysing the stated aims of the policies, this case demonstrates how constructing drug problems in terms of ‘drug-related harms’ or alternately ‘drug use’ can affect what is perceived to be an appropriate set of policy responses. The gradual shift to constructing drug use as the policy problem altered the concept of harm minimisation and influenced the development of the concepts of demand- and harm-reduction over time.ConclusionsThese findings have implications for how we understand policy development, and challenge us to critically consider how the construction and representation of drug problems serve to justify what are perceived to be acceptable responses to policy problems. These constructions are produced subtly, and become embedded slowly over decades of policy development. National drug policies should not merely be taken at face value; appreciation of the construction and representation of drug problems, and of how these ‘problematisations’ are produced, is essential.     

Synthesis of glutathione analogues with modified ionizable groups for the study of enzyme: ligand interactions

The syntheses and analyses of GSSG analogues with modified ionizable groups are described. Using the mixed anhydride method, three symmetrical and three asymmetrical peptide analogues were obtained in moderate overall yields. The products were analyzed by HPLC, ¹H-NMR, thin-layer electrophoresis, and amino acid analysis. They were used to study enzyme: ligand interactions in glutathione reductase.     

Pharmacists' and physicians' perception of antibiotic policies in New South Wales public hospitals

Background — The potential of antibiotic policies in hospitals to improve antibiotic use depends on the compliance of practitioners with these policies. It is conceivable that the way the policies are perceived by practitioners can influence their compliance. Objective— To determine the perception and awareness of pharmacists and physicians of their current hospital antibiotic policy. Setting — Public hospitals in New South Wales, Australia. Method — Pharmacists and physicians were surveyed using a structured questionnaire seeking the extent of agreement or disagreement with a series of statements about their hospital's antibiotic policy. All hospitals had at least one antibiotic policy. A simple one-stage cluster sample of 241 pharmacists and a two-stage cluster sample of 701 physicians were obtained. Factor analysis was used to identify the dimensions of perception. General linear modelling was used to investigate the effects of predictor variables on outcome variables. Results — The response rates were 91 per cent and 77 per cent for pharmacists and physicians, respectively. The proportion of respondents who were aware of their hospital's antibiotic policy was 86 per cent (190/220) for pharmacists and 61 per cent (332/542) for the physicians. Factor analysis identified three factors related to how practitioners perceived their current hospital's antibiotic policies. These were: the usefulness of antibiotic policies (utility), how the policy was applied in the hospital (application) and the perceived problems associated with the policy (problems). Pharmacists were significantly more likely than physicians to perceive problems with antibiotic policies and how the policies were applied. Conclusion — The level of practitioners' awareness of their hospital's antibiotic policy and pharmacists' perception of problems with such policies need to be addressed if these policies are to make a significant contribution to improved antibiotic use in hospitals.