鲟鱼金属硫蛋白排铅作用及对锌含量影响的研究

目的:探讨鲟鱼金属硫蛋白对铅中毒小鼠的排铅作用及其对锌含量的影响。方法:将昆明种小鼠20只随机分成正常组、铅模型组、阳性药物组(依地酸二钠钙)和金属硫蛋白组(以鲟鱼金属硫蛋白灌胃)。除正常组外,其它三组连续30 d自由饮用1.65%的醋酸铅水溶液。30 d后,测量脾脏系数,血液、股骨、睾丸中的铅和锌含量。结果:MT组小鼠血铅和股骨铅水平均明显低于铅模型组小鼠(P<0.05);MT组小鼠血锌水平均显著高于正常组和铅模型组(P<0.05),股骨锌含量低于正常组(P<0.05)。但未见MT对睾丸的铅、锌水平及氧化损伤保护有明显的影响。结论:鲟鱼MT具有促进排铅和拮抗铅中毒引起的锌含量下降的作用。     

松花粉对小鼠急性酒精性肝损伤的保护作用研究

目的:研究松花粉对小鼠急性酒精性肝损伤的保护作用。方法:通过预先给予各组小鼠松花粉,剂量分别为500、1000mg/kg,30d后各剂量组及模型对照组小鼠经口一次给予乙醇4800mg/kg,建立急性肝损伤模型,观察松花粉对急性肝损伤小鼠肝脏脂质过氧化反应、肝细胞脂肪变性等的影响。结果:12h后各剂量组小鼠肝组织MDA含量与乙醇模型组相比均降低,高剂量组具有显著差异(P<0.05);低、高剂量组肝组织GSH含量均高于乙醇模型对照组,分别具有显著和极显著差异(P<0.05,P<0.01)。肝组织苏丹Ⅲ染色显示,各剂量组肝细胞内脂滴比乙醇模型对照组明显减少。结论:实验结果表明松花粉能对抗酒精中毒引起的肝脏脂质过氧化损伤,具有有效的保肝作用。     

金属硫蛋白治疗硫酸镍致肾脏损伤的实验研究

目的 探讨金属硫蛋白（MT）对硫酸镍致小鼠肾脏损伤的治疗效果及作用机制. 方法 60只清洁级昆明（KM）种小鼠,雌雄各半,随机分为5组：对照组,硫酸镍（Ni＋2）染毒组,低、中、高剂量MT治疗组.对照组灌胃生理盐水,镍染毒组灌胃2.5 mg/kg·bw硫酸镍溶液;MT治疗组在给予Ni＋2染毒后再分别按5.0、10.0、20.0 mg/kg· bw剂量灌胃MT.各组灌胃时间均为15 d,每日一次;灌胃体积均为0.1 ml/10 g·bw.实验结束麻醉处死动物采血,取双肾脏作病理学检测;全自动生化分析仪检测血清BUN和CRE含量;试剂盒检测肾组织SOD活性和MDA含量. 结果 与对照组比较,镍染毒小鼠血清BUN和CRE增高、肾组织SOD活力下降、MDA含量增高（P＜0.05）.MT治疗后与镍染毒组比较小鼠血清BUN和CRE降低,SOD活力升高、MDA含量下降（P＜0.05）;MT治疗后肾病理损伤明显减轻,细胞管形消失,核坏死、出血等病变明显改善,其中以高剂量MT治疗肾损伤效果更佳. 结论 金属硫蛋白对镍致小鼠肾损伤有治疗作用,其机制与抗氧化损伤有关.     

金属硫蛋白排铅和肝脏保护作用的实验研究

目的探讨金属硫蛋白(metallothionein,MT)对染铅小鼠的排铅作用以及对肝脏的保护作用。方法小鼠连续30d饮用0.55g/L醋酸铅水溶液制作铅中毒模型组,以MT灌胃的小鼠作为治疗组,并以依地酸二钠钙作为阳性药物对照组。结果MT组小鼠股骨铅含量为(8.50±4.53)μg/g,明显低于铅模型组(P<0.05);MT组小鼠血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)为(27.44±3.43)U/L,明显低于铅模型组(P<0.05),但肝脏中ALT为(232.83±18.08)U/L,明显高于铅模型组(P<0.05)。MT组、正常组和铅模型组小鼠血清和肝脏中的天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);染铅小鼠肝细胞膜Na+-K+ATP酶和Ca2+-Mg2+ATP酶活力没有明显变化。结论MT具有明显的促排铅作用;但对肝脏的保护作用不明显。     

复肝肽对四氯化碳致小鼠肝损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨复肝肽对四氯化碳(CCl4)引起的小鼠化学性肝损伤的保护作用.方法 将ICR小鼠随机分为5组,1个正常对照组、1个CCl4模型对照组和高、中、低剂量复肝肽 CCl4组(复肝肽的剂量分别为2.5、5.0、10.0 ml/kg),每组10只.采用CCl4致小鼠化学性肝损伤模型,观察各组小鼠肝损伤情况.结果 与CCl4模型对照组比较,中剂量复肝肽 CCl4组小鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)活力明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);肝脏组织细胞变性、坏死程度明显减轻,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).与CCl4模型对照组比较,高剂量复肝肽 CCl4组小鼠肝脏组织细胞变性程度减轻,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 复肝肽对四氯化碳急性染毒致小鼠肝损伤的愈复有促进作用.     

金属硫蛋白对急性化学性肝损伤的保护作用研究

[目的]研究含金属硫蛋白(metallothionein,MT)蛋奶粉对CCl4致大鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用。[方法]70只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组10只、模型组20只、低和高剂量MT蛋奶粉治疗组各20只。低和高剂量MT蛋奶粉治疗组大鼠以含MT蛋奶粉灌胃1周,然后对除正常对照组以外的大鼠复制CCl4肝损伤模型,于造模当日,正常对照组和模型组大鼠用蒸馏水,治疗组用含MT蛋奶粉连续灌胃2周后,断头处死大鼠,观察各组大鼠血清酶类含量的变化和肝脏过氧化物质和抗氧化酶类(SOD、CAT)和GSH含量的变化。[结果]与正常对照组相比,模型组大鼠血清中ALT、AST、GGT和ALP含量显著升高(P<0.01),而含MT蛋奶粉治疗组大鼠血清中ALT、AST、GGT和ALP含量均显著低于模型组,尤其以高剂量组为显著(P<0.01)。含MT蛋奶粉组大鼠肝脏MDA含量显著低于模型组(P<0.01),抗氧化酶类SOD活性和抗氧化物质GSH含量显著高于模型组(P<0.05或P<0.01),对CAT活性并无显著性影响。[结论]含MT蛋奶粉对CCl4造成的大鼠急性肝损伤具有一定程度的保护作用。     

ZnCl2对二甲基甲酰胺所致小鼠急性肝毒性的保护作用研究

目的 研究ZnCl2对二甲基甲酰胺(N,N-dimethylformamide,DMF)致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用,为保护DMF接触人群提供指导.方法 将80只动物随机分为8组:正常对照组、DMF组、ZnCl2-10 DMF组、ZnCl2-20 DMF组、ZnCl2-40 DMF组、ZnCl2-10组、ZnCl2-20组和ZnCl2-40组.所有ZnCl2给药组每天皮下注射一定剂量的ZnCl2溶液.ZnCl2-10、ZnCl2-20和ZnCl2-40组在DMF染毒之前,其余组在DMF染毒后48 h处死小鼠,测定其血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的活力;制备肝匀浆,测定ZnCl2-10、ZnCl2-20和ZnCl2-40组小鼠肝金属硫蛋白(MT)含量;留取肝脏组织,常规石蜡包埋切片,HE染色,光镜观察肝脏组织病理变化.结果 与正常组比较,DMF组小鼠血清中ALT、AST和LDH活力明显升高,肝脏组织出现明显的肝细胞变性坏死;ZnCl2 DMF组的小鼠血清中ALT、AST和LDH活力与DMF组相比明显降低,肝脏组织病理损伤明显减轻.单独给予ZnCl2组小鼠MT含量升高.结论 ZnCl2对DMF引起的小鼠急性肝损伤具有明显的保护作用.     

金属硫蛋白对镍铬联合染毒小鼠肝脏损伤的拮抗作用

目的研究硫酸镍+重铬酸钾联合染毒对小鼠肝脏损伤的影响及金属硫蛋白(MT)的拮抗作用。方法将50只健康SPF级昆明小鼠按体重随机分为5组,分别为溶剂对照组(生理盐水)、镍铬(1.0 mg/kg硫酸镍+0.5 mg/kg重铬酸钾)联合染毒组和低、中、高剂量MT保护(1.0 mg/kg硫酸镍+0.5 mg/kg重铬酸+5.0、10.0、20.0 mg/kg MT)组,每组10只,雌雄各半。采取灌胃方式进行染毒,染毒容量为10 ml/kg,每天1次,连续染毒21 d。检测小鼠丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)活力及肝组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力和丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量。结果与溶剂对照组比较,镍铬联合染毒组小鼠血清AST、ALT、GGT的活力均增高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。各剂量MT保护组小鼠血清AST、ALT、GGT的活力均低于镍铬联合染毒组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);且随着MT染毒剂量的升高,MT保护组小鼠血清AST、ALT、GGT的活性均呈下降趋势。与溶剂对照组比较,镍铬联合染毒组小鼠肝组织SOD、GSH-Px活力和GSH含量均下降,而MDA含量升高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。与镍铬联合染毒组比较,各剂量MT保护组小鼠肝组织SOD、GSH-Px活力和GSH含量均升高,而MDA含量均降低,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),且随着MT染毒剂量的升高,MT保护组小鼠肝组织SOD、GSH-Px活力和GSH含量均呈上升趋势,而MDA含量呈下降趋势。结论 MT对镍铬联合染毒所致小鼠肝脏损伤有较好的拮抗作用,其作用机制可能与MT抗氧化作用有关。     

金属硫蛋白对铬染毒小鼠肝脏氧化损伤的修复作用

目的：探讨金属硫蛋白（MT）对六价铬（Cr6^＋）染毒小鼠肝脏氧化损伤的修复作用。方法：60只清洁级昆明（KM）种小鼠雌雄各半,随机分为5组：对照组,铬（Cr6^＋）染毒组（50mg／kg）,低、中、高（5．0、10．0、20．0mg／kg）剂量MT保护组。对照组灌胃生理盐水,铬染毒组按50nag／（kg·bw）灌胃重铬酸钾溶液;MT保护组在给予铬染毒的同时继续分别按5．0、10．0、20．0mg／（kg·bw）剂量灌胃MT。各组灌胃时间均为15d,每日1次;灌胃体积均为0．1ml／（10g·bw）。实验结束麻醉处死动物采血,取肝脏计算其脏器系数;全自动生化分析仪检测肝功能AST、ALT、GGT含量;试剂盒检测肝组织SOD活性和MDA含量。结果：与对照组比较,铬染毒小鼠体重降低、肝脏器系数增高、血清AST、ALT、GGT增高、SOD活力下降、MDA含量增高（P〈0．05）。经MT保护后与铬染毒组比较小鼠体重有所回升、肝脏脏器系数下降、血清AST、ALT、GGT降低、SoD活力升高、MDA含量下降,其恢复程度与MT呈剂量－效应关系（P〈0．05）。结论：铬（Cr6^＋）对小鼠肝脏有损伤作用,MT对肝脏有保护作用,其机制与抗氧化作用有关。     

蝙蝠蛾拟青霉复合胶囊对四氯化碳与酒精所致小鼠急性肝损伤保护作用

目的探讨蝙蝠蛾拟青霉复合胶囊对四氯化碳与酒精所致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用。方法分别采用四氯化碳和酒精灌胃诱导小鼠急性肝损伤模型,测定四氯化碳急性肝损伤模型小鼠血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)的含量及酒精急性肝损伤模型小鼠肝组织中丙二醛(MDA)、甘油三酯(TG)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量并观察2组肝组织切片病理形态学变化。结果蝙蝠蛾拟青霉复合胶囊675、2 025 mg/kg BW剂量组四氯化碳急性肝损伤小鼠血清的ALT、AST含量均低于模型对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05)。急性酒精性肝损伤模型中,675、2 025 mg/kg BW剂量组的MDA含量和3个剂量组的TG含量明显低于模型对照组,675、2 025 mg/kg BW剂量组的GSH含量明显高于模型对照组,差异均具有显著性(P 0.05)。小鼠肝组织形态学结果表明,四氯化碳肝损伤模型肝组织中、高剂量组的肝脏细胞坏死程度与模型对照组比较积分显著下降,差异具有显著性(P 0.05),各剂量组气球样变积分和高剂量组水样变程度积分也较模型组有显著性降低(P 0.01);蝙蝠蛾拟青霉复合胶囊能显著改善急性酒精性肝损伤小鼠肝细胞脂肪变性程度,差异具有显著性(P 0.05)。结论蝙蝠蛾拟青霉复合胶囊对小鼠急性肝损伤具有较好的辅助保护功能。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.