肝移植术后乙型肝炎病毒再感染的预防与诊治

目的探讨肝移植术后HBV再感染的预防与诊治。方法回顾性分析1999年8月至2004年12月98例肝移植患者临床资料。其中40例术后采用拉米夫定（lamivudine，LAM）单用方案预防HBV再感染，58例采用LAM＋乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白（HBIg）联用方案。对HBV再感染者予以阿德福韦（adefovir，ADV）抗病毒治疗。结果17例肝移植患者出现HBV再感染，其中14例明确存在YMDD变异。术前血清HBVDNA阳性者术后2年HBV再感染率显著高于阴性者（P〈0．05），前者术后采用LAM＋HBIg联合预防者其HBV再感染率显著低于单用LAM预防者（P〈0．05），而后者术后LAM单用和LAM＋HBIg联用两组之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。15例HBV再感染者改用ADV治疗后，13例（86．7％）于治疗后1～3个月HBVDNA转阴。结论术前降低血清HBVDNA水平和术后LAM＋HBIg联合预防方案能有效降低肝移植术后HBV再感染率。对术前HBVDNA阴性者，术后可选用LAM单药预防方案。ADV能够有效地治疗肝移植术后HBV再感染，抑制HBV变异株的复制。     

肝移植后采用阿德福韦二匹伏酯联合抗乙型肝炎球蛋白预防乙型肝炎复发

目的 探讨阿德福韦二匹伏酯(ADV)联合抗乙型肝炎球蛋白(HBIG)预防存在YMDD变异者肝移植后乙型肝炎复发的效果.方法 16例患者肝移植前乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)DNA阳性,其HBV DNA聚合酶发生YMDD变异,对拉米夫定产生耐受,术前患者开始口服ADV,并肌肉注射小剂量HBIG,以预防移植后乙型肝炎复发.术后监测移植肝功能以及血清和肝组织中HBV标志物.结果 术后平均随访19.4个月,除1例死于肝癌复发外,其余患者存活.15例于术后4周内、1例于术后6个月HBVDNA转阴,此后HBV DNA持续阴性.结论 采用ADV联合小剂量HBIG肌肉注射可以有效预防存在YMDD变异者肝移植后的乙型肝炎复发.     

乙型肝炎后肝硬化肝移植乙型肝炎病毒再感染检测

目的探讨乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）DNA、YMDD变异及血清标志物在乙型肝炎肝硬化患者肝移植后HBV再感染检测的临床意义。方法定量聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测HBV DNA；HBV PCR产物限制性片段长度多态性分析检测YMDD变异；酶联免疫检测HBV血清标志物；分析乙型肝炎患者肝移植后YMDD变异、HBV DNA及血清标志物检测结果。结果乙型肝炎肝硬化患者肝移植术后HBV再感染率为8．9％（17／189）；YMDD变异病例达HBV再感染病例58．8％（10／17）；HBV DNA定量检测有较高的灵敏度，能早期诊断HBV的再感染，有利于临床治疗；对HBV DNA阴性但HBsAg阳性病例，PreS1和HBeAg血清标志物可用于病毒复制的补充检测。结论乙型肝炎肝硬化患者肝移植后预防乙型肝炎复发应采用HBV DNA、YMDD变异及血清标志物联合检测。     

YMDD变异患者肝移植术后乙型肝炎病毒再感染的防治(附14例报告)

目的探讨YMDD变异受者肝移植术后乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)再感染的防治策略及效果。方法回顾性分析14例在肝移植前伴有YMDD变异的HBV感染相关疾病受者的临床资料,14例受者在接受肝移植后,使用小剂量肌内注射乙型肝炎人免疫球蛋白(HBIG)联合阿德福韦预防术后HBV再感染。结果14例YMDD变异患者平均随访43.2个月,2例死亡,均与HBV再感染无关;移植术后血清中HBsAg和HBV-DNA平均转阴时间为12 d(3～21 d);2例患者分别于术后11个月和22个月出现HBV再感染,排除停药干扰外,实际再感染率为7%(1/14),HBV再感染后经积极治疗HBV-DNA均转阴,肝功能正常,未见阿德福韦相关肾毒性。术前HBV-DNA≥1.0×106copies/ml者术后再感染率高于术前HBV-DNA1.0×106copies/ml者,但比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论小剂量HBIG联合阿德福韦可安全有效地预防YMDD变异患者肝移植术后HBV再感染。     

原位肝移植术后乙型肝炎病毒再感染的相关因素分析

目的 分析原位肝移植（OLT）术后HBV再感染的相关因素,评价联合应用乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白（HBIG）和核苷（酸）类似物预防HBV再感染的疗效.方法 收集2003年10月-2007年8月在中山大学附属第三医院行OLT治疗的160例HBV相关性终末期肝病患者,117例患者术前服用核苷（酸）类似物.所有患者术后长期肌肉注射HBIG,并联合服用核苷（酸）类似物,采用回顾性调查方法分析患者术前资料,并前瞻性长期随访OLT术后HBV再感染情况.正态分布计量资料2组间的比较采用独立样本t检验;组间率的比较采用Fisher＇s精确概率检验,P〈0.05表示差异具有统计学意义.结果 160例患者中,19例患者出现HBV再感染,再感染率为11.88%（19/160）.患者术前HBV DNA载量、HBeAg状态及抗病毒治疗时间与OLT术后HBV再感染之间无显著相关性（r值分别为0.108、0.127和0.033,P值均〉0.05）.19例HBV再感染患者中有17例是长期使用拉米夫定治疗的患者,其中8例酪氨酸-蛋氨酸-天门冬氨酸-天门冬氨酸（YMDD）变异株阳性,其HBV DNA载量为（7.0±2.0）log拷贝/mL,而YMDD变异阴性组为（3.2±2.5）log拷贝/mL,2组比较差异有统计学意义（t=3.531,P=0.003）.17例长期服用拉米夫定治疗的患者中,12例加用阿德福韦酯,3例改用恩替卡韦,均获得满意疗效.结论 OLT术后长期小剂量肌肉注射HBIG,并联合核苷（酸）类似物可有效预防HBV再感染.OLT术后使用拉米夫定易出现YMDD变异,而YMDD变异是HBV再感染的重要因素,临床上要予以重视.     

恩替卡韦预防肝移植术后HBV再感染的临床研究

目的评价恩替卡韦联合乙肝免疫球蛋白（HBIG）预防原位肝移植（OLT）术后HBV再感染的效果，探讨HBV复发高危患者的预防策略。方法对具有肝移植术后HBV再感染高危因素的患者，采用双向型的队列研究。试验组：前瞻性研究从2006年3月至2007年6月行同种异体原位肝移植术患者，术后长期使用恩替卡韦＋肌注型HBIG预防HBV再感染；对照组：回顾性分析2003年9月至2006年3月行同种异体原位肝移植术的患者，术后长期使用拉米夫定＋肌注型HBIG。两组患者观察截止~1]2008年3月，对HBVDNA定量水平、乙肝两对半、HBV再感染时间、累积再感染率进行统计学分析。结果试验组38例患者，随访时间（18．5±53）个月，未发现HBV再感染；对照组共116例患者，随访时间（20．2±9．8）个月，其中15例出现了HBV再感染，再感染率为12．9％，再感染时间为（18．9±8．7）个月，两组差异有统计学意义。对两组患者累积再感染率行Kaplan—Meier法分析提示两组患者累积再感染率曲线有统计学意义，试验组的累积再感染率低于对照组（0VS12．93％，P〈0．05）。结论对具有HBV再感染高危因素的患者，恩替卡韦联合HBIG与拉米夫定联合HBIG相比，有效地降低了肝移植术后HBV再感染率。     

拉米夫定预防肝移植术后乙型肝炎病毒再感染的研究

目的 探讨和评价拉米夫定预防原位肝移植术后乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）再感染的效果。方法 41例患者，术前诊断为肝炎后肝硬化（失代偿期）者22例，慢性重型肝炎并肝炎后肝硬化（失代偿期）者12例，慢性重型肝炎者7例，其中HBVDNA阳性16例。41例患者均采用背驮式原位肝移植，术前15例给予拉米夫定治疗，术后41例患者均服用拉米夫定。结果 10例患者术后出现HBV再感染，其中9例为YMDD变异毒株感染，术后1、2年的HBV再感染率分别为9．8％（4／41）、24．4％（10／41）。术前血清HBVDNA阴性者术后HBV再感染率（12．0％，3／25）明显低于HBVDNA阳性者（43．8％，7／16）。术前长期服用（超过6个月）拉米夫定者和未服用拉米夫定者术后HBV再感染率分别为66．7％、23．1％，均明显高于术前短期（未超过6个月）服用拉米夫定者（0，P〈0．05）。结论 术前服用拉米夫定可降低乙型肝炎患者肝移植后HBV再感染率，但服药时间不宜超过6个月；长期、单一的应用拉米夫定易导致病毒变异而出现耐药毒株感染。     

乙型肝炎病毒基因型及S、P基因变异与肝移植术后乙型肝炎病毒感染的关系

目的 探讨乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)基因型和S、P基因变异与肝移植术后HBV再感染的关系.方法 因乙型肝炎相关终末期肝病接受肝移植,术后随访1.5～3年,发生HBV再感染者14例(再感染组),移植前服用拉米夫定,移植后采用拉米夫定和抗乙型肝炎球蛋白(HBIG)预防HBV再感染.采用聚合酶链反应测定血清中HBV DNA水平,基因测序法分析HBV基因型、S基因及P基因变异,微粒子捕捉酶免法检测血清HBIG浓度.随机选取同期因乙型肝炎相关终末期肝病接受肝移植而未发生HBV再感染者20例为对照.结果 再感染组移植前血清HBV DNA≥103拷贝/ml者占71.4%,明显高于对照组的30%(P<0.05).再感染组移植前HBV基因型有B型(2例)和C型(12例),移植后基因型不变;对照组B型11例,C型9例.再感染组3例术前发生拉米夫定耐药位点变异者,9例C型者在P区拉米夫定耐药位点变异以外发生多位点氨基酸变异,且变异位点差异较大.再感染组50%的患者HBIG浓度为0,其S区"a-决定簇"的基因均发生变异.结论 乙型肝炎相关终末期肝病患者肝移植后的HBV再感染与HBV基因型有关,C基因型者更易发生HBV再感染;再感染可能与P基因区存在多位点变异及S区的"a-决定簇"基因变异密切相关.     

预防肝移植后乙型肝炎复发的治疗现状

由于缺乏有效防止移植肝脏再感染HBV的方法，HBV相关的肝脏疾病一度被认为是肝移植（OLT）的手术禁忌症。上世纪90年代．随着乙肝免疫球蛋白（HBIG）以及拉夫米啶（LAM）的广泛应用HBV相关肝脏疾病的患者接受OLT术后的效果有了显著提高。     

重建主动免疫预防肝移植术后乙肝复发的临床应用前景

乙肝相关肝病目前仍是肝移植的主要指征。在现有的小剂量乙肝免疫球蛋白（hepatitis B immune globulin,HBIG）联合拉米夫丁（lamivudine,LAM）预防方案的保护下,乙肝相关肝病肝移植术后5年乙肝病毒再感染/乙肝复发的总体发生率已能控制于5%以下。基于HBIG＋LAM的良好效果,近10年来临床已将其作为肝移植术后预防乙肝复发的＂金标准＂。但是,该方案也存在某些缺陷或不足。     

Long‐term outcome of patients with lamivudine after early cessation of hepatitis B immunoglobulin for prevention of recurrent hepatitis B following liver transplantation

Yuefeng M, Weili F, Wengxiang T, Ligang X, Guiling L, Hongwei G, Wencai L, Xiaoguang W, Wei M, Zhongyi F. Long‐term outcome of patients with lamivudine after early cessation of hepatitis B immunoglobulin for prevention of recurrent hepatitis B following liver transplantation.
Clin Transplant 2011: 25: 517–522. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract: Background: The aim of this study is to examine the efficacy of long‐term prophylaxis with lamivudine (LAM) after a course of post‐operative hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) in patients who underwent liver transplantation (LT) for hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐related disease. Result: The medical records of HBV‐infected patients who underwent a LT in our institution between July 2001 and May 2005 were reviewed. There were 15 liver transplant recipients who were administered HBIG for <18 months and used LAM as a maintenance prophylaxis regime enrolled in this study. At enrollment, all patients were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive and three patients were HBeAg positive. There were 13 patients who were HBV DNA positive with a mean viral load of 5.4 log copies/mL, and among them, 12 recipients were on antiviral therapy with LAM (100 mg/d orally) for 12–168 d, resulting in HBV DNA negative levels in nine patients prior to their transplant. HBV recurrence post‐LT was noted in two patients who had very high‐HBV DNA levels pre‐LT. Both of these patients showed LAM‐resistant mutation at the time of recurrence. The 11 patients who were HBV DNA negative before LT (low‐risk patients) had no HBV recurrence during a follow‐up at a median of 58 months post‐LT. This included five patients who had intermittent low‐level HBV DNA post‐LT (HBsAg negative), of whom two had YMDD mutation and these two were given adefovir in addition to LAM. Conclusion: Our retrospective study demonstrated excellent long‐term outcomes in the low‐risk patients treated with LAM after a short course of HBIG.     

Prophylaxis of hepatitis B virus recurrence after liver transplantation in carriers of lamivudine-resistant mutants.

The combination of lamivudine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) reduces the risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence after liver transplantation (LT). However, the efficacy of this strategy and the need for combined therapy with adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) in patients who select lamivudine-resistant strains (YMDD) before surgery is still unknown. Twenty-two patients treated with lamivudine (LAM) who underwent LT after YMDD-mutant selection were studied. In 13 patients, YMDD mutants were associated with an HBV DNA breakthrough greater than 5 log10 (group A: phenotypic resistance), and 11 were treated with ADV to decrease viral load before LT. In the remaining 9 patients who did not experience the viral breakthrough, YMDD mutants were detected only retrospectively in sera stored at the time of LT (group B: genotypic resistance). During 35 months of post-LT follow-up, none of the 11 patients of group A treated with ADV before and after surgery (in addition to HBIG and LAM) had HBV recurrence, and neither did any of the 7 subjects of group B treated with LAM before and after transplantation (in addition to HBIG). HBV recurred in 2 patients of group A (untreated with ADV before surgery and transplanted with an HBV DNA exceeding 5 log10) and in 2 subjects of group B (who spontaneously stopped HBIG after surgery). In carriers of YMDD mutants, the risk of post-LT HBV recurrence is low, provided that preemptive and prophylactic ADV (in addition to LAM and HBIG) treatment is used in highly viremic patients and prophylactic LAM (or ADV) and HBIG therapy is continued in low viremic patients.     

Prevention of hepatitis B recurrence after liver transplantation using lamivudine or lamivudine combined with hepatitis B Immunoglobulin prophylaxis.

The aim of our study was to determine the outcomes of liver transplant recipients receiving either lamivudine (LAM) monotherapy or LAM combined with low-dose intramuscular (IM) hepatitis B Immunoglobulin (HBIG) therapy. We performed a retrospective review of the medical records of patients that had had liver transplantation in a single center for HBV-related liver diseases from December 1999 to June 2004. A total of 165 patients received LAM monotherapy (51 patients) or combined prophylaxis (114 patients) post-liver transplantation (LT) with a mean follow-up of 20.13 months. Hepatitis B relapsed in 21 patients of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers who received LAM monotherapy, with a 1- and 2-yr actuarial risk of 27.4% and 39.7%. Recurrence occurred in 16 patients of 114 patients receiving the combined prophylaxis, with a 1- and 2-yr recurrence rate of 13.5% and 15.2% (P = 0.024). A total of 25 cases (67.6%) with YMDD mutants were detected in all the 37 patients, 14 cases (66.7%) in the monotherapy group and 11 cases (68.8%) in the combination group. In conclusion, LAM and low-dose intramuscular HBIG treatment demonstrates a better result than LAM monotherapy, as prophylaxis against post-LT reinfection of the graft, but the safety and efficacy as a substitution for high-dose intravenous HBIG with LAM needs to be investigated further.     

Prophylactic use of low-dose, on-demand, intramuscular hepatitis B immunoglobulin and lamivudine after liver transplantation

The combination of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and antivirals (nucleos[t]ide analogs) has extended the applicability of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related liver disease. However, HBIG administrations have an extremely high cost. Herein, we evaluated our results with low-dose, on-demand, intramuscular HBIG plus lamivudine (LAM) prophylaxis after OLT. The HBV DNA status in 40 patients at the time of OLT determined the treatment: group A (n = 22), HBV DNA (-), no antiviral pretreatment; group B (n = 11), HBV DNA (-), after LAM; group C (n = 3), HBV DNA (+) after LAM (LAM resistance/Adefovir [ADV] unavailable); group D (n = 2), HBV DNA (+), no antiviral pretreatment; and group E (n = 2), HBV DNA (-) after LAM + ADV (LAM resistance/ADV available). Five patients died within 12 months after OLT unrelated to HBV infection. The remaining 35 patients were followed for a median duration of 16 months (range, 6-93 months). Only two recipients from group C, who were transplanted despite LAM resistance + no ADV pretreatment, revealed recurrent HBV infections at 14 and 16 months posttransplantation; they were then treated successfully with ADV as it became available. The third group C recipient had undetectable HBV DNA at 18 months after OLT. The mean cumulative doses of HBIG administered within the first, second, and third years were 34,014, 5258, and 5090 IU, respectively. In conclusion, low-dose, on-demand, intramuscular HBIG plus (LAM +/- ADV) prophylaxis is a safe, efficient, and cost-effective regimen to prevent recurrent HBV infection following OLT. OLT despite untreated LAM resistance may require sustained higher serum HBsAb levels after surgery.     

Prophylactic strategies for hepatitis B patients undergoing liver transplant: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

Hepatitis B immunoglobulin with lamivudine prophylaxis (LAM/HBIG) is effective in preventing Hepatitis B (HBV) recurrence posttransplant but is expensive and inconvenient. Lamivudine-resistant HBV, which has limited the usefulness of lamivudine monoprophylaxis in transplant, can now be effectively controlled with adefovir dipivoxil. We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis on the strategies of lamivudine prophylaxis with adefovir rescue(LAM/ADV) compared to combination LAM/intravenous fixed high-dose HBIG prophylaxis(LAM/ivHBIG) or LAM/intramuscular HBIG prophylaxis(LAM/imHBIG). Markov modeling was performed with analysis from societal perspective. Probability rates were derived from systematic review of the literature and cost taken from MEDICARE database. Outcome measures were incremental cost-effectiveness ratio(ICER) and cost to prevent each HBV recurrence and death. Analysis was performed at 5 years posttransplant as well as at end of life expectancy (15 years). Combination LAM/ivHBIG cost an additional USD562,000 at 15 years, while LAM/imHBIG cost an additional USD139,000 per patient compared to LAM/ADV. Although there is an estimated increase in recurrence of 53% with LAM/ADV and 7.6% increased mortality at the end of life expectancy (15 years), the ICER of LAM/ivHBIG over LAM/ADV treatment is USD760,000 per quality-adjusted life-years and for LAM/imHBIG, USD 188,000. Cost-effectiveness is most sensitive to cost of HBIG. Lamivudine prophylaxis with adefovir dipivoxil salvage offers the more cost-effective option for HBV patients undergoing liver transplant but with higher recurrence and death rate using a model that favors LAM/HBIG. Lowering the cost of HBIG maintenance will improve cost-effectiveness of LAM/HBIG strategy. In conclusion, a tailored approach based on individual risks will optimize the cost-benefit of HBV transplant prophylaxis.     

"大三阳"乙肝病人肝移植后抗HBV治疗远期效果分析

目的 通过长期观察大三阳乙肝病人肝移植后在LAM或(和)HBIG预防下其体内HBV标志物的变化.探讨乙肝复发的可能机制,为预防复发及个体化治疗寻找切人点.方法 ELISA、HBV-DNA荧光定量、免疫组化定期检测术前术后各期血清及其供肝活检组织,回顾性观察55例大三阳病人随访中HBV标志物的变化.结果 平均随访69.14个月,共12例乙肝再感染/复发,LAM+HBIG组乙肝复发比率为4.8%(2/42),而LAM组为76.9%(10/13)(P=0.000).联合组1、2、3、4年生存率分别为100%、97.1%、92.7%、92.7%;单用组1、2、3、4年生存率分别为76.9%、69.2%、53.8%、46.2%(P=0.000);前者2年内乙肝复发率<3%,后者1、2、3、4年复发率分别为16.1%、41.3%、66.4%、66.4%(P=0.000).结论 HBIG联合核苷(酸)类似物作为当前最佳的乙肝复发预防方案明显地降低了复发率,治疗依从性差及病毒的自身状态是中国肝移植后乙肝再感染/复发的主要原因.根据治疗过程中病毒自身状态的变化及时调整用药将有助于进一步减少术后乙肝复发.     

High Genetic Barrier Nucleos(t)ide Analogue(s) for Prophylaxis From Hepatitis B Virus Recurrence After Liver Transplantation: A Systematic Review

The combination of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and nucleos(t)ide analogues [NA(s)] is considered as the standard of care for prophylaxis against HBV recurrence after liver transplantation (LT), but the optimal protocol is controversial. We evaluated the efficacy of the newer NAs with high genetic barrier (hgbNA) [i.e. entecavir (ETV) or tenofovir (TDF)] with or without HBIG as prophylaxis against HBV recurrence after LT. In total, 519 HBV liver transplant recipients from 17 studies met the inclusion criteria and they were compared to those under lamivudine (LAM) and HBIG who had been selected in our previous review. Patients under HBIG and LAM developed HBV recurrence (115/1889 or 6.1%): (a) significantly more frequently compared to patients under HBIG and a hgbNA [1.0% (3/303), p < 0.001], and (b) numerically but not significantly more frequently compared to the patients who received a newer NA after discontinuation of HBIG [3.9% (4/102), p = 0.52]. The use of a hgbNA without any HBIG offered similar antiviral prophylaxis compared to HBIG and LAM combination, if the definition of HBV recurrence was based on HBV DNA detectability [0.9% vs. 3.8%, p = 0.11]. Our findings favor the use of HBIG and a hgbNA instead of HBIG and LAM combined prophylaxis against HBV recurrence after LT.     

Efficacy of combined lamivudine and adefovir dipivoxil treatment for severe HBV graft reinfection after living donor liver transplantation

Resistance to lamivudine and hyperimmune globulin (HBIG) may cause severe graft reinfection with progression to fulminant hepatic failure in liver transplant recipients. In this report, we describe the clinical course of a patient with perinatally acquired chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and hepatocellular carcinoma who developed severe fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis after living donor liver transplantation because of the emergence of lamivudine and HBIG-resistant chronic hepatitis B. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that more than 30% of hepatocytes stained positively for hepatitis B core antigen. Hepatitis B virus sequence analysis revealed several mutations in the polymerase gene (L528M, M552I, M552V) as well as in the surface gene region encoding the immunogenic major hydrophilic loop of the small surface protein (G130N, M133T, D144G). The amino acid exchange at codon 144 has already been described to escape neutralization by HBIG. Combined treatment with lamivudine and adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) was associated with a dramatic biochemical, virological and clinical response with resolution of jaundice, ascites, peripheral edema and pleural effusions. Serum bilirubin normalized, HBV DNA levels significantly decreased and liver biopsy was remarkable for the absence of viral protein. These results indicate that ADV may provide a sustained rescue treatment for aggressive courses of HBV graft reinfection in liver transplant recipients.