牡荆素鼠李糖苷在Caco-2细胞模型中的跨膜转运研究

目的 研究牡荆素鼠李糖苷(RHV)在Caco-2细胞模型中的跨膜转运机理.方法 采用Caco-2细胞模型,考察不同浓度、不同吸收促进剂(十二烷基硫酸钠、牛胆盐)对RHV跨膜转运的影响.结果 RHV从肠腔侧到基底侧的转运与从基底侧到肠腔侧的转运相似,前者表观渗透系数随浓度的增大逐渐降低,但差异不具有统计学意义(P>0.05).与对照组比较,加入吸收促进剂后,其表观渗透系数增大.结论 RHV在Caco-2细胞模型中主要表现为被动转运,十二烷基硫酸钠和牛胆盐都能增大RHV从肠腔侧到基底膜侧的转运量.     

左旋紫草素肠道转运及Caco-2细胞转运特性

目的研究左旋紫草素肠道及Caco-2细胞转运特征及其机制。方法应用翻转肠囊法和Caco-2细胞模型考察时间、浓度对左旋紫草素转运吸收特性的影响,应用P-糖蛋白抑制剂维拉帕米对左旋紫草素转运吸收机制进行研究,采用HPLC法测定左旋紫草素的浓度,计算其表观渗透系数(Papp)。结果在Caco-2细胞模型,随浓度增加和时间延长,左旋紫草素的累积转运量逐渐增加;加用维拉帕米后,使AP侧到BL侧的表观渗透系数Papp(AP→BL)显著增加,而从BL侧到AP侧的表观渗透系数Papp(BL→AP)显著降低。在翻转肠囊模型,100μmol·L-1左旋紫草素中加入维拉帕米后Papp显著增加。结论左旋紫草素的转运存在被动转运和主动转运2种形式,P糖蛋白参与主动转运过程;该药经肠道吸收中等,加入维拉帕米可能促进吸收。     

千层纸素A在Caco-2细胞模型中的吸收机制研究

目的研究千层纸素A在Caco-2细胞模型中的吸收机制。方法 MTT实验考察千层纸素A在Caco-2细胞中的安全浓度范围,再利用Caco-2细胞单层模型研究千层纸素A的双向转运机制,以转运量及表观渗透系数(Papp)为指标,考察时间、浓度、pH和P-gp抑制药维拉帕米对其吸收的影响。结果千层纸素A在Caco-2细胞模型中的转运与时间和浓度呈正相关;并受pH值影响,P-gp抑制药维拉帕米对其转运无影响,从单层细胞层顶端(AP)到基底端(BL)的转运与基底端到顶端的转运大致相同。结论千层纸素A在Caco-2细胞模型中的吸收是被动转运。     

白花前胡丁素在人结肠腺癌细胞系细胞模型上的吸收转运特征研究

目的研究白花前胡丁素在人结肠腺癌细胞系(Caco-2)细胞模型上的转运特征。方法利用Caco-2单层细胞模型研究白花前胡丁素的双向转运,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定药物的转运量,计算其表观渗透系数(Papp),并考察时间和药物质量浓度对其转运的影响。结果白花前胡丁素在Caco-2细胞模型上的双向转运量在120min内均随时间与浓度的增加而增大,其从肠腔侧(AP)向基底侧(BL)和从BL向AP的Papp介于2.0×10-6cm/s～5.0×10-6cm/s,Papp(BL-AP)/Papp(AP-BL)<1.5。结论白花前胡丁素为吸收较差的药物,主要以被动扩散方式经肠道吸收。     

矢车菊黄素在Caco-2细胞模型中的吸收机制研究

目的 研究矢车菊黄素（centaureidin）在Caco-2细胞单层模型中的吸收机制。方法 以HPLC分析矢车菊黄素浓度,用Caco-2 细胞单层模型评价吸收时间、药物浓度、介质pH值、抑制剂等对矢车菊黄素吸收的影响,研究矢车菊黄素的吸收机制,计算表观渗透系数（apparent permeability coefficient, Papp）。结果 药物的吸收与药物浓度和吸收时间正相关;弱酸性介质条件下有利于药物的吸收;2,4-二硝基酚（DNP）对药物吸收无影响,但异博定（verapamil）可增加药物的吸收;从肠腔侧到基底侧的转运小于基底侧到肠腔侧的转运。结论 矢车菊黄素在Caco-2细胞模型中的吸收主要是被动转运,受P-糖蛋白的外排作用。     

隐丹参酮在Caco-2细胞模型中的吸收机制

目的 研究隐丹参酮在Caco-2细胞模型中的吸收机制。方法 用Caco-2细胞单层模型研究隐丹参酮的双向转运，并考察时间、药物浓度及抑制剂对隐丹参酮吸收的影响。用高效液相色谱法检测药物浓度，计算其表观渗透系数。结果 隐丹参酮在Caco-2细胞模型中，从单层细胞层顶端到基底端的转运大于基底端到顶端的转运，随时间和浓度的增加，药物吸收呈饱和趋势，且可被其结构类似物丹参酮Ⅱ。竞争性抑制。结论 隐丹参酮在Caco-2细胞模型中的吸收主要是由载体介导的主动转运，且该主动转运的载体位于Caco-2细胞单层的顶端。     

8-异丙胺亚甲基橙皮素(IPHP)在Caco-2细胞模型上跨膜转运的研究

目的利用Caco-2细胞模型研究8-异丙胺亚甲基橙皮素(IPHP)在小肠吸收转运的机制。方法在Caco-2细胞模型上进行IPHP的跨膜转运实验,探讨药物浓度、p H、温度、P-gp抑制剂维拉帕米、MRP2抑制剂MK-571和丙磺舒对IPHP在体外细胞模型上跨膜转运的影响。结果 IPHP在Caco-2细胞模型上的转运具有一定的浓度依赖性,IPHP不同浓度从A侧到B侧的渗透系数Papp(AP-BL)(×10-5)分别为:(2.21±0.200)、(3.56±0.306)、(3.81±0.179)、(4.23±0.229)、(4.17±0.262)cm·s-1,B侧到A侧的渗透系数Papp(BL-AP)(×10-5)分别为:(3.57±0.209)、(4.51±0.113)、(4.97±0.229)、(5.24±0.550)、(5.07±0.557)cm·s-1,外排率分别为:1.61、1.26、1.3、1.23、1.21。温度和p H对其转运均有影响,而P-gp抑制剂对于IPHP的转运没有明显的影响,MRP2抑制剂在一定程度上增加了IPHP的转运量(P<0.05)。结论 IPHP在Caco-2细胞模型上的转运方式主要是被动扩散,且其转运不受P-gp外排蛋白影响,而外排蛋白MRP2可能参与了IPHP的外排转运。     

坎地沙坦与坎地沙坦酯在Caco-2细胞模型中的转运特性

目的 研究坎地沙坦(Cand)与坎地沙坦酯(Cil)在Caco-2细胞中的跨膜转运特征.方法 采用Caco-2细胞单层膜模型来考察药物的浓度、介质pH与P-gp抑制剂维拉帕米对Cand与Cil跨膜转运的影响,并比较两者双向跨膜转运的差异.结果 两者的吸收转运具有pH依赖性,分泌转运具有浓度依赖性,其分泌(BL-AP)方向转运均快于吸收(AP-BL)方向转运,且Cil的AP-BL方向转运比Cand快;在P-gp抑制剂维拉帕米存在下,两者的转运外排率显著下降(P<0.01).结论 Cil容易通过Caco-2细胞的单层膜,且外排蛋白参与了Cand与Cil的跨膜转运.     

金丝桃苷在Caco-2细胞模型中的跨膜转运方式

目的研究金丝桃苷在Caco-2细胞模型中的吸收机制。方法用Caco-2细胞单层模型研究金丝桃苷的双向转运,考察pn、药物质量浓度、方向、温度、抑制剂对金丝桃苷细胞转运的影响。采用HPLC法检测金丝桃苷的含量,计算其表观渗透系数(P_app)。结果金丝桃苷的细胞转运P_app。具有pH依赖性。金丝桃苷肠腔（A）侧→基底（B）侧P_app>B→A,并且随着金丝桃苷质量浓度的增大而减小,具有浓度依赖性。P-gp抑制剂维拉帕米增加金丝桃苷的细胞正向转运P_app,降低了其逆向转运P_app。金丝桃苷较高浓度时,MRPl抑制剂吲哚美辛和ATP抑制剂叠氮化钠显著降低了金丝桃苷的转运量。结论金丝桃苷在Caco-2细胞单层模型中的转运具有pH依赖性和浓度依赖性,是以主动转运为主,被动扩散为辅,同时涉及外排蛋白作用的转运方式。     

仙茅苷在Caco-2细胞模型中跨膜转运特征研究

目的：采用Caco-2细胞Transwell模型研究仙茅苷的跨膜转运机制。方法：建立Caco-2细胞Transwell吸收模型,用聚酯碳酸酯膜培养Caco-2细胞21天,形成致密的单层细胞模型。研究浓度、时间、温度、细胞旁路转运及跨膜转运蛋白（P-糖蛋白,多药耐药蛋白,乳腺癌耐药蛋白）在仙茅苷跨膜转运中的作用。结果：仙茅苷在Caco-2细胞模型中的跨膜转运存在一定的浓度及时间依赖性,细胞旁路转运不参与其转运,仙茅苷的外排转运存在一定的能量依赖性,且由P-gp参与。结论：仙茅苷在Caco-2细胞模型上主要以主动转运方式作跨膜转运,且P-gp参与其跨膜转运。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.